CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
English, as a universal language, has many linguistic systems. The linguistic systems cover morphology, phonology, semantics, syntax and stylistics. The
system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation is called morphology. The most reliable defining property of words is that they are
the smallest free forms found in language. Like syllables and sentences, words have an internal structure consisting of smaller unit organized to each other in
particular way. The most important component of word structure is the morpheme. A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a word. Some words
consist of single morpheme. For example, the word “dog” cannot be divided into smaller parts Katamba, 1993:17-21.
A morpheme can be divided into lexical morpheme or free morpheme, and bound lexical morphemes. The lexical morphemes can occur as independent
morphemes. Bound lexical morphemes include inflectional and derivational morphemes or usually known as inflectional and derivational affixes. An affix is a
morpheme or group of morphemes which are added to the beginning or end of a word to make a new word. In English, most words are formed with roots or the
base word and affixes. The root words are defined as lexical morphemes while affixes are defined as derivational morphemes Katamba, 1993:41-45.
The process of adding an affix to the word is called affixation. An affix which is added in the beginning is called a prefix and an affix which is added at the final
position of the word is called a suffix. Despite the fact that prefixes and suffixes are just a combination of two, three or four sounds, they have meaning in English
so they can change the meaning of the root word. It is because derivational affixes characteristically change the categories and or the types of meaning of the form to
which they apply and are therefore said create a new word. As a result when the process of affixation is done, the words can build new meaning and new
categories. As we know, there are so many affixes in English, for example, {un-, dis-, il-,
en-} and so on. Affixes that can be attached as a prefix are {un-, dis-, il-, mis-, pre-}, etc while suffixes are {-ance, -ment, -tion, -y, - less, -ness, -dom}, etc.
Those affixes are usually categorized as one class of affixes; as prefixes or as suffixes. In this case, {un-} can only attached at the beginning of the word as
undress, unbend, unbind, uncover, etc. The affix {un-} will be categorized as
prefix. This affix cannot be attached at the end of the word as fair-un. The case
on prefix above are same with the suffix, for example, affix {-ment] can only be attached at the end of the word such as government, and cannot be attached to
prefix ment-govern. This type of affixes can be differentiated easily. However, there is an affix that can be used as a prefix or a suffix or both as a
prefix and suffix which is difficult to differentiate. When a root can be attached to two
process of affixation; prefixation and suffixation, sometimes we don’t know which one is going to be attached to the root first or which one is suitable for the
root. The example of an affix that can attach as both prefix and suffix is the word ‘enlighten’. The word ‘enlighten’ is formed with two process of affixation, first
affix {en} is attached as suffix then as prefix. We can conclude that the first process of affixation on the word
‘enlighten’ is the process of suffixation because the word
‘Lighten’ is already registered as a word. ‘Lighten’ is the output of affixation {-en} as suffix from root
‘light’ [light + bound {-en} lighten]. Then the second process of affixation is the process of prefixation, [bound {en-} +
lighten enlighten]. If the process of prefixation is going at the first step, we will
have new word since we cannot check the word ‘enlight’ because that word is not
existed. As result, the prefixation is added as second process, while the complex word of suffixation will be treated as base word of prefixation.
This study focuses on the affix {en} which can be used as a prefix or a suffix. The affix {en} is the one case of these problems. The affix {en} can be added as
prefix, suffix or both can be installed in the same word or root or lexical classes. For example, in word
‘enrich’, we have prefixation process attached to bound morpheme [{en-} + stem rich
enrich]. The other example is the word “broaden” we can see the suffixation process of the stem [broad + bound
morpheme {-en} broaden]. The bases words rich and broad are both adjective
and the affix {en} both have a causative meaning. The affix
{
en} is very unique like other affixes. However, like the other affixes, {en} is also limited to certain word. The choice of the prefix {en-} and the
suffix {-en} as a main discussion in this study because this affix plays important rule in the language especially the way a word is produced. By knowing the way
the affix formed words, we will understand the use of the affixation {en} itself.
The other reason this affix needs to be observed because there is still misunderstanding in the use or attachment of the affix, especially for the prefix
{en-} and the suffix {en}. People may think why the word rich enrich have to use prefixation process rather than suffixation process
‘richen’ while broad broaden used suffixation process not prefixation process enbroad. There are
differences for this affix and reasons why this affix is divided into two while the final results of the process are in the same lexical categories.
In other words, this study would try to analyze deeper about the use of the prefix and the suffix in adjective root in English language. The analysis is meant
to dig more about the characteristics of the deadjectival prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en}, the morphological process which include phonological influence and
meaning in the word formation. In analyzing those problems, the data will be taken from
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the problem presented above there are two problems that can be formulated as follows:
1. What are the characteristics of adjective stems that can be attached by the
prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en}? 2.
What are the phonological analysis and changes in meaning of the deadjectival verb the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en}?
3. What are the differences causing the affix {en} to be attached separately as
a prefix and as a suffix?
C. Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the problem, there are three objectives that need to be achieved in this study. The first objective is aimed to observe and to analyze the
characteristics of adjective stems that can be attached to the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en}. So that we can see which words can go with the prefix {en-} and go
with the suffix {-en}. The second objective is aimed to analyze the changes in meaning and phonology analysis of the Deadjectival verb affix {en} after the
process. The third objective is to identify the differences in which word can be attached to prefix or suffix then analyze the reason why affixes {en} have to be
attached separately if the result will be similar.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid the different perception about the concepts and terminologies this is used in this study. The definitions of terms in this study are:
1.
Roots and Stem Roots
or bases are the morphemes free or bound that carry the principal or basic concept, idea or meaning in a word. Stems are free roots to which
derivational affixes have been added or are likely to be added. The part of a word
which an affix is attached to is called base. The writer will use the term root to
refer to bases that cannot be analyzed further into morphemes. The term ‘stem’ is
usually used for bases of inflections, and occasionally also for bases of derivational affixes. To avoid terminological confusion, the writer will avoid the
use of the term ‘stem’ altogether and speak of ‘roots’ and ‘bases’ only. Based on
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