The Characteristics of Adjective Stems Attached to the Suffix {-en}

ɛnˈnəʊbəl and embitter ɛmbɪtə but we cannot find largen, dearen, noblen, and bitteren. It is because the stem dear ˈdɪə, noble ˈnəʊbəl, bitter bɪtə have sonorant in the final letter which is vowel ɪə, ə and lateral l and voiced affricates dʒ in the stem large ˈlɑːdʒ. So the stem that can be attached to prefix {en-} have vowel, bilabial consonants [m, n, p, b], alveolar consonants [t, d, l, r], velar [g] and voiceless fricatives [f,s] in the initial letter and sonorant vowel, nasal, liquid in final letter. There is a constraint on the {en-} prefixation of adjective stems. There are adjective stems that cannot be attached to the prefix {en-} such as white, hard, black, bright, etc because the stems have the consonant with the glide w, h in initial letter such as white, wide, and weak and liquid [l,r] in the second letter such as black and bright eventhough there is bilabial consonant in the initial letter. The other phonological analysis on the stem words of the prefix {en-} is about the stress shift. In Victoria Fromkin’s opinion, one or more of the syllables in each content word words other than ‘little words’ such as to, the, a, of, and so on are stressed. A stress shift is a phonological process when the stress pattern change or has different position after the word is added by the inflectional or derivational prefixes or suffixes. In the English phonetic transcription, stress pattern is symbolized with an apostrophe ‘ before the stressed syllable of the word. Based on the analysis of the data of the prefix {en-}, this study finds a stress shift between the stem words and the complex words added by the prefix {en-}. This phenomenon can be examined by analyzing the phonetic transcription of the stem words and complex words. For example when we have the word bitter  embitter ˈbɪtəɛmˈbɪtə, the stress position change from first syllable to second syllable. The process of stress shift can be seen in notation below: Underlying forms bɪtə ɛm+bɪtə Stress position +stress +stress Surface forms bɪtə ɛmbɪtə The other example is when we have the word able  enable 1 ˈeɪbəl 1 ɛˈn 2 e ɪbəl, there are stress shift changes. The stress shifts are moving from stressing the vocal e to stressing the consonant [n]. The process of stress shift can be seen in notation below: Underlying forms eɪbəl ɛn+eɪbəl Stress position +stress Stress Insertion +stress Surface forms ˈeɪbəl ɛˈneɪbəl From the first and the second examples, we can see that the stem has one or more than one syllable poly-syllabic, the possibility of changing the stress pattern of the complex words are high. However the changes happened only on syllabic point of view while the stress remains in the stem. 2. Phonological Analysis in The Process of the Deadjectival Verbs in {-en} Suffixation The next analysis on the deadjectival verbs of the suffix {-en} will be discussed from the phonological analysis. The data collection on this study also covers on phonetic transcription both of the complex words and the stem words of the suffix {-en}. Not only the phonetic transcription, but this study will also try to analyze the stress shift between the stem words and the complex words of the suffix {-en}. The aim of this phonological analysis is to examine whether there is some phonological change before and after the stem words attached to the suffix {-en}. Generally, the form of phonetic transcription on the final position of the complex words is in the same form. The phonetic transcription from the suffix {- en} is ən. This study found that there are phonological change between the stem words and complex words. The phonological change here concerns with the consonant change before and after the addition of the suffix {-en}. The suffix { –en} can be attach to fricatives and stop as follows: Quicken ˈkwɪk. ə n , Roughen ˈrʌf. ə n, Cheapen ˈtʃiː.p ə n From the data of adjective stem of the suffix {-en}, we can see that all of the stem are monosyllabic stems. The stems end with stop and fricative [k, d, f, p] are obstruent. It means that the suffix {-en} can only be attached to adjective stem if adjective stem is monosyllabic stem and only if they end in an obstruent. This study notices that when we have stem word with two consonant in which the consonant is considered as obstruent in the final position. There will be deletion of the consonant [t] in the final position. For example; Soft  Soften s ɔːft  s ɔːfn Moist  Moisten mɔɪst  ˈmɔɪsən Fast  Fasten fɑːst  ˈfɑːsən There is a process of deletion when a stem has two obstruent, phonological rules applied to delete the [t]. The notion will be state: [t]  ᶲ C[+fricative] _V. underlying forms s ɔːft s ɔːft+ən T-deletion surface forms s ɔːft s ɔːfn The suffix { –en} is attached to stem which already pass the process of deletion, namely sof-, mois-, and fas-. This means that the condition must be stated as: the suffix {-en} attaches to monosyllabic stems which end in obstruent . This rule also make a constraint for the productivity of the suffix {-en}. The word quick, black, loose, thick, tough, cheap, and white are possible to attach to the suffix {-en} however, not all adjective monosyllabic word can be attached to suffix {-en} such as dry, free, new, blank, blind, and clean. We cannot have dryen, freen, newen, blanken, blinden, and cleanen. It is because dry draɪ , free fri, new nju, blank blæŋk, blind blaɪnd, and clean klin have sonorant aɪ, i, u in the final letter of the stem dry, free, and new and nasal n and glide ŋ before the final letter which is a stop k,d. So the stems that can be attached to suffix {-en} have a consonant with stop, and fricatives in final letter while the stem that cannot be attached to suffix {-en} have vowel, liquid, voiced affricate and nasal in final letter. In this study also found that some of the deadjectival verb form pairs of antonyms such as softenharden, tightenloosen, weakentoughen, darkenlighten brighten however there are some that do not form the pair such as sweetensouren, lessenmoren, thickenthinnen, and roughensmoothen.

C. The Meaning of The Deadjectival Verbs in the {en-} Prefixation and the

{-en}Suffixation This part is the next discussion about the meaning of the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en}. The aim of this part is to examine the function after the {en-} prefixation and the {-en}suffixation related to the meaning when the affixes are attached to certain word. The analysis on the meaning of the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} is very important in order to answer the second problem formulation about the meaning of the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en}. Probably, we will find more than one meaning from each prefix {en-} and suffix {-en} because the prefix {en} and the suffix {en} consider different morphemes which tent to have different meaning. However, this study will analyze the meaning of the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} step by step based on the stem. Besides, there are also another possibility of the problem we will find concerning the data about the meaning both on the complex word’s meaning and the stem’s meaning. As the data result, this study found that there are several complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en} that have more than one meaning.

1. The Meaning of the Deadjectival Verbs in {en-} Prefixation

endear V en- + dear Adj enrich V en- + rich Adj ensure V en- + sure Adj enlarge V en- + large Adj embitter V en- + bitter Adj ennobleV en- + noble Adj The prefix {en} form verbs endear, enrich, ensure, enlarge, embitter and ennoble from adjective base dear, rich, sure, large, bitter, and noble. These changes of lexical classes are proof that the prefix {en} is defined as derivational. As the derivational affixes, the prefix {en-} also has the certain function related to the meaning development. Based on the linguistic field, the prefix {en-} has meaning as “expressing conversion into the specified state”, “bring into the condition of”. The prefix {en-} occurred originally in loanwords from French and productive in English, forming verbs with the general sense “to cause a person or thing to b e in” the place, condition, or state named by the stem; more specifically, in forming the verb through adjective: “to cause to be in” enslave; entrust; enrich; encourage; endear. However, after the process of the {en-} prefixation, the meanings are slightly changed. Based on the data result, there are three other meanings of the prefix {en-} when it is attached to the adjective stem. The first meaning is “make something or someone to X”. It means that by attaching the prefix {en-} to the adjective stem, it can produce the meaning related to make something to do X. The examples of the {en- } prefixation which produces the meaning as “make something or someone to do X” can be seen on the explanation below:  Example 1 : bitter  embitter Change of meaning: feeling or showing anger, hurt, or resentment because of bad experiences or a sense of unjust treatment  make someone feel bitter or resentful.  Example 2 : large  Enlarge Change of meaning: of considerable of relatively great size, extent, or capacity  make or become larger of more extensive. Examples 1 and 2 show the changes of meaning from a state or description of something to an action. Example 1 bitter  embitter change the state of bitter to the action of making somebody to feel bitter. The example 2 large  enlarge change the description of large to an action which require redeveloping something to become larger. The second meaning is “give or provide something or someone to do X”. It means that by attaching the prefix {en-} to the adjective stem, it can produce the meaning related to giving or providing someone or something to do X.  Example 3 : able  enable Change of meaning : having the power, skill, means, or opportunity to do something  make something possible, Give someone the authority or means to do something.  Example 4 : dear  endear Change of meaning : regarded with deep affection  cause to be loved or liked  Example 5 : sure  ensure Change of meaning: certain to receive, get or do something  make certain of obtaining or providing something In the example 3, 4, and 5, we can see the different meaning that can occur after the process of {en-} prefixation. In this example 3 and 5 are having the same concept of meaning. For example, the meaning of able is related to the meaning of having the quality and quantity to do something. This meaning will be change into giving the right to do something or providing someone to do something. In the example 4 dear is related to the affection but this concept change into causing someone to be loved or liked. Example 6: rich  enrich Change of meaning: having a great deal of money or assets  1to improve the quality of something or 2 to make somebody or something rich or richer. The third meaning is “improving X”. It means that by attaching the prefix {en-} to the adjective stem, it can produce the meaning related to improving X. In the example 6, we can see the different meaning that can occur after the process of prefixation and somehow the few of them are not related with the meaning of the stem word. In this example the meaning of rich is related to the meaning of the second meaning of enrich which is related to having a quantity of assets or wealthy which in this case explain the improvement of gaining more the assets. However, the first one is not related at the meaning of the wealthy instead the meaning is more on the quality of something than quantity which means improving of gaining more knowledge. Example 7: noble  ennoble Change of meaning: 1 belonging by rank, title, or birth to aristocracy, 2 having or showing fine personal qualities or high moral principles  1 give someone a noble rank of title, 2 lead greater dignity or nobility of character. From example 7 above, we can see that the prefix {en-} can produce the meaning as “make someone or something to X”, giving or providing of something X, and improve X. These meaning shows that the complex words are doing some action. It means that the words are changed from just being a state word into an action word. So the function of the prefix {en-} is to change from adjective to verb. And this changes called the deadjectival verb which mean the verb is derived from adjective. After the process of the deadjectival verb are done, the differences of the application of the deadjectival verb as a sentence component can be seen in the complex word. The differences can be seen based on the verb categories point of view. A verb that does not need any object in their usage as a sentence component is usually called as intransitive or intensive verb. While a verb that need any object in their usage as a sentence’s component is called transitive or extensive verb Quirk et al 1980:14. The example of the sentence can be seen in the sentence below: Example 1: Enable verb