Arnold 1993 states that the affixes which can still be used to create a new word indicate that the affixes are productive while the less productive ones means
may have been used in the past to create a lot of words, but now they are not. This condition also happened in affix {en} through adjective stem.
Based on the table 1, we can see that the suffix {-en} is relatively more productive rather than the
prefix {en-}. Even though the prefix {en-} is quite productive in the other lexical stem such as noun and verb, the prefix {en-} in the adjective stem is less
productive. We found the {en-} prefixation on adjective stems is less productive because there are many constraint in adjective stems that have to be considered to
attach the prefix {en-}. This chapter is divided into four main sections. On the four main sections,
the first section is characteristic analysis of adjective stems from complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en}. The aim of the first
section is to present the characteristics of the adjective stem words from the complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en}. The
second section is the phonological analysis on the word-formation of the complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en}. The third section
is the analysis of the changes of the meaning and the function of the prefix {-en} or the suffix {-en} in the process of word formation. The last section contains the
differences of the {en-} prefixation and the {-en} suffixation from the three previous section.
A. The Characteristics of Adjective Stems Attached to the Prefix {en-} and
The Suffix {-en}
From the whole content of Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary as the
main object of the study, there are seven complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-}. All those seven words would be the primary data of this study.
1. The Characteristics of Adjective Stems Attached to the Prefix {en-}
endear dear enlarge large
enrich rich ennoblenoble
enable able ensuresure
There are six occurrences of the adjective stem from the complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-}. The first discussion is an analysis of the
etymology of the stem. There are two words of adjective stem which are originally borrowed from Old English of Germanic origin. Those examples of the
adjective stem from Old English of Germanic origin such as dear endear and
rich enrich. The origins of the word can be seen in the explanation below the
Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, 1966:
dear: Old English dēore, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch dier beloved, also to
Dutch duur and German teuerexpensive. rich: Old English rīce powerful, wealthy, of Germanic origin, related to Dutch rijk
and German reich; ultimately from Celtic; reinforced in Middle English by Old French riche rich, powerful.
From this example, we can see that dear and rich are belong to Germanic Origin. Besides, there are also some adjective words which are borrowed from
Middle English of Old French language such as able enable, large enlarge,
noble ennoble, and sure ensure. The origins of the word
can be seen in the explanation below the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, 1966:
able : late Middle English also in the sense easy to use, suitable: from Old
French hable, from Latin habilishandy, from habere to hold. large : Middle English in the sense liberal in giving, lavish, ample in quantity: via
Old French from Latin larga, feminine of largus copious. noble : Middle English: from Old French, from Latin gnobilis noted, high-born,
from an Indo-European root shared by know. sure : Middle English: from Old French sur, from Latin securus free from care.
From the data about etymological analysis above, we can conclude that most of the adjective of the prefix {en-} are originally from Middle English of Old
French. From the etymological determination above, we can see that the most of the stems are derived from Old French and the prefix {en-} itself also originally
derived from Old French and productive in English.
The second discussion is adjective classification based on adjective morphological classification. There are four stems that belong to monosyllabic
word. Monosyllabic words mean that the word has one syllable. For example, large, rich, dear, and sure are categories as monosyllabic. While there are three
stems are considered disyllabic. Disyllabic words mean that the word has more than one syllable. For example, bitter, able, and noble
belong to disyllabic. It concluded that the stems that attached to the prefix {en-} are mostly
monosyllabic.
2. The Characteristics of Adjective Stems Attached to the Suffix {-en}
At the end of the data collection, there are twenty five words which are attached to the suffix {-en} found in
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The first analysis about the characteristics of the stem attached to the suffix {-en} is
the analysis based on etymological analysis. Most of the stems are borrowed from Old English of Germanic origin. There are about twenty two 21 complex words
which the stems are from Old English of Germanic Origin. Some example of the complex words which the stem derived from Old English are:
Black Blacken Sad Sadden
Bright Brighten Dark Darken
Fat Fatten Hard Harden
Quick Quicken Sharp Sharpen
Short Shorten The origins of the word can be seen in the explanation below the Oxford
Dictionary of English Etymology, 1966:
Sad : Old English sæd sated, weary, also weighty, dense, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch zat and German satt, from an Indo-European root shared by Latin satis
enough. The original meaning was replaced in Middle English by the senses steadfast, firm and serious, sober, and later sorrowful.
Fat : Old English fǣtt well fed, plump, also fatty, oily, of West Germanic origin;
related to Dutch vet and German feist Weak: Old English wāc pliant, of little worth, not steadfast, reinforced in Middle
English by Old Norse veikr, from a Germanic base meaning yield, give way.
There are also some words which are borrowed from late Middle English of Old French. This study found three stems which are borrowed from Old French
such as in the words flat flatten, loose loosen, moist moisten. The origins
of the word can be seen in the explanation below the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, 1966:
Flat : Middle English: from Old Norse flatr.noun sense 1early 19th cent.
Denoting a floor or storey: alteration of obsolete flet floor, dwelling, of Germanic origin and related to flat level.
Loose : Middle English loos free from bonds, from Old Norse lauss, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch and German los.
Moist : late Middle English: from Old French moiste, based on Latin mucidus mouldy influenced by musteus fresh, from mustum, neuter used as a
noun of mustus new.
From the etymological determination above, we can see that most of the
stems are derived from Old English of Germanic Origin and the suffix {-en} itself also originally derived from Old English from word
–nian. The second discussion is adjective classification based on adjective
morphological classification. In the data of adjective stems in {en-} suffixation,
