Sentence: the evidence would enable us to arrive at firm conclusions. WO to INF
Based on the sentence that found in the data result as secondary data, we
found that most of the deadjectival verbs except the verb ‘enlarge’ only belong to
transitive verb. We can categorize the verbs as shown in the table:
The deadjectival Verbs
Category Intransitive verb
Transitive verb Embitter
-
Enable -
Enlarge
Ennoble -
Ensure
-
Enrich -
Endear
-
Table 2. Data result of categorizing the verb
The other way to know the differences of function and meaning is through the way the meaning is created. According to James R hurford, as a step toward
developing a full account of these meaning differences, semanticists have invented a number of classificatory labels for the various kinds of derivation
found in language. It means that a number of classificatory labels for derivation words are the way to figure out development of meaning. These labels include
such terms as ‘inchoative’, ‘causative’ and ‘resultative. The notion of ‘inchoative’, ‘causative’, and ‘resultative’ take one ‘round in a
circle. Inchoative form denotes the beginning, or coming into existence of some state or denotes an aspect of a verb expressing the beginning of an action,
typically one occurring of its own accord. In many English verbs, inchoative uses alternate systematically with causative uses.
A causative form denotes an action
which causes something to happen or defines as a word, typically a verb, which
has the meaning of causing something to happen .
A resultative form denotes a state resulting from some action. This notion began with ‘state’ go to the
‘process’ through inchoative form which usually means ‘become X’. Then from the ‘process’ label, the notion go to the action through causative form. Later the
‘action’ goes to the ‘state’ through resultative form. The cycle will go like this:
For example, the word ‘noble’ is considered as the state of adjective. When
the word ‘noble’ is going to the ‘process’ through the inchoative form, it has no
derivational process which can fit the word. In the case of noble, one could use a phrase, such as
‘become noble’, to convey the inchoative meaning rather than using derivational affixes. After that, the word
‘noble’ will go to causative action as in the form of ennoble. Then, the word
‘ennoble’ will go to the resultative state in the form of
‘ennobled’. The existence of the ‘gaps’ which in the case word ‘noble’ do not have the inchoative form to the state denoting ‘noble’ and the
causative ‘ennoble’ shows us to the notion of the productivity of derivational process. We can organize the relationship as this:
noble - ennoble ennobled
state
process
causative
action result
Ennoble is the result of the causative process of the state ‘noble’ while
ennobled is the result of the resultative process of the causative process ‘ennoble’.
Most of the {en- } prefixation of adjective stem have the problem or ‘gaps’
like the word ‘noble’. The other example are the words ‘bitter’, ‘able’, ‘dear’,
‘sure’ and ‘rich’. However, there is one word which has inchoative form: large enlarge
1
enlarge
2
enlarged Enlarge is the result of the inchoative process of state
‘large’ while enlarge
2
is the result of causative process of the inchoative process ‘enlarge
1
’ and enlarged is the result of the resultative process of the causative process
‘enlarge
2
’. These examples conclude that most of the adjective states have no inchoative
form in derivational form but they can convey the meaning in different way by using phrase. To simplify the finding, the state is considered as lexical categories.
The inchoative form is sometimes considered as intransitive verb while causative forms as transitive verb. This method is can be used to determine the categories of
verb.
2. The Meaning of the Deadjectival Verbs in {-en} Suffixation
CheapenV
Cheap Adj +
-en DeepenV
Deep Adj +
-en BroadenV
Broad Adj +
-en Roughen V
Rough Adj +
-en The suffix {-en} form verbs cheapen, deepen, broaden, and roughen from
adjective base cheap, deep, broad, and rough. This changes of lexical classes are proof that the suffix {-en} is defined as derivational.
Based on the linguistic field, there is one general meaning of the suffix {-en} when it is attached to the adjective stem. The meaning denotes the development,
creation, or intensification of a state. However, when it attached to adjective verb the meaning of the verb is going to change.
It means that by attaching to the adjective, it can produce the meaning related to “make someone or something to be become X”. The examples of {-en}
suffixation produce the meaning “the act of making someone or something to be become X”.
Example 1 : wide widen
Change of meaning: of great or more than average width including a great variety of people or things make or become wider.
Example 2 : deep deepen
Change of meaning: used to describe or ask about the depth of sth, showing great knowledge or understanding
to become deeper; to make sth deeper.
From those examples above, we can see that the suffix {-en} can produce the meaning “the act of making someone or something to be become X”. In the
example of number 1, the suffix {- en} which produce complex words ‘widen’ has
a meaning of “making the connection more wide”. The development can be defined as the increasing of something X or making a large scale of growth of X.
In this example, the word ‘widen’ here means increasing the width of a
community or make a large scale of sth. In example 2, the meaning is almost the same with making the large scale of
growth or increasing of something. Deepen here refers to making the improvement or intensification of something to learn more.
These meaning shows that the complex words are doing some action. It means that the words are changed from just being a state word into an action
word. So the function of the suffix {-en} is to change from adjective to verb. And this changes called the deadjectival verb which mean the verb is derived from
adjective. We can see the categorizing of the deadjectival verbs in verb category:
The deadjectival Verbs
Category Intransitive verb
Transitive verb Blacken
Brighten
Darken
Loosen
Whiten
Fasten
Quicken
Sadden -
Cheapen
-
Table 3. Data result of categorizing verbs
Based on this table we can see that in the {-en} suffixation, we found almost all of the complex words belong to intransitive and transitive verb. There are
some the deadjectival verbs that belong only in transitive verb. This complex words are sadden and cheapen.
The other way to differentiate the function and the meaning is through the notion of ‘inchoative’, ‘causative’, and ‘resultative’ take one ‘round in a circle.
This notion also the same with the {en- } prefixation began with ‘state’ go to the
‘process’ through inchoative form which usually means ‘become X’. Then from the ‘process’, the inchoative form go to the action through causative form. Later
the ‘action’ goes to the ‘state’ through resultative form.
For example, the word ‘black’ belong the state of adjective. When the word
‘black’ is going to the ‘process’ the state will change to the inchoative form as ‘blacken’. After that, the word ‘blacken’ will go to causative action as in the form
‘blacken’. Then, the word ‘blacken’ will go to the resultative state in the form ‘blackened’. We can organize the relationship as this:
black blacken
1
blacken
2
blackened Blacken is the result of the inchoative process of state
‘black’ while blacken
2
is the result of causative process of the inchoative process ‘blacken
1
’ and blackened is the result of the resultative process of the causative process
‘blacken
2
’. Most of the {-en} suffixation of adjective stem has a complete notion than
{en-} prefixation. The other examples are the words ‘bright’, ‘dark’, ‘fat’, ‘hard’
and ‘loose’. However, there are few words which do not have inchoative form:
Cheap - Cheapen Cheapened Cheapen is the result of the causative process of the state
‘cheap’ while cheapened is the result of the resultative process of the causative process
‘cheapen’. The other examples are ‘sad’, ‘fresh’, and ’damp’. These examples conclude that most of the adjective states have a complete notion with inchoative
form. To simplify the finding, the state is considered as lexical categories. The inchoative form is sometimes considered as intransitive verb while causative
forms as transitive verb. Thus, most of the complex words of {-en} suffixation belong to both transitive and intransitive verb since the complex word have a
complete notion.
D. Differences on the Deadjectival Verbs of {en-} Prefixation and {-en}
Suffixation
This is the last part of the analysis section of this study. Generally, this part will analyze the differences between the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} which
have discussed on the previous part. In this part, the present writer will only present the differences in the three previous sections. First, for some reason, we
always think that the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} are one family which means that both derived and create in the same origin but they did not. They are
completely created or derived from different origin. The prefix {en-} belong to Old French which the prefix {en-} originally is the prefix {in-} in the Latin and
because of this, most of the adjective stems that attached to the prefix {en-} are from Old French. While the suffix {-en} are originally derived from Old English
from word –nian. Therefore, most of the adjective stems of {-en} suffixation are
from Old English of Germanic origin. Second, the adjective stems of {en-} prefixation belong to monosyllabic words and polysyllabic words while the
adjective stems of {en-} suffixation only belong to monosyllabic words. Third, there are differences on the process of word formation between {en-}
prefixation and {-en} suffixation. The suffix {-en} can only attached to adjective stem that is monosyllabic stem and only if they end in an obstruent. The
examples of the stem which end by obstruent in their final position which are permissible to be attached to the suffix {-en} are:
Example: - Black blak Blacken ˈblakən
- Tough tʌf Toughen ˈtʌfn
