symbols that lie within the story are described and elaborated. At last, the dynamic of the narrator unconscious mind is explained by theory of id, ego, and super-ego.
B. Approach of Study
For this research, Freudian Psychoanalytic approach is used. In Freudian psychoanalytic approach there are five distinctive features. First is the distinction
between the conscious and the unconscious mind is highlighted Barry, 2002:105. Second, unconscious motives and feelings based on the author or the characters
of the work are considered. Third, it demonstrates their presence in the literary work of classic psychoanalytic symptoms, conditions, or phases oral, anal, phallic stage in
the scope of emotional and sexual development in infants. Fourth, psychoanalytic approach makes large-scale applications of psychoanalytic concepts to literary history
in general. Fifth,
‘psychic’ context for the literary work can be identified by using psychoanalytic approach. Focusing the conflict between generations or siblings or
between competing desires within the same individual looms much larger than conflict between social classes becomes the importance of the approach with the literary work.
The stand point of this research is the fourth feature of psychoanalytic approach. The fourth feature becomes essential in this research because psychoanalytic theories such
as; id, ego, superego theory, and death anxiety theory are used. Both theories are applied side by side with literature theories such as; theory of symbol, theory of
unreliable narrator, and character and characteristics theory. The psychoanalytic
theories and literature theories are implemented and connected by the use of relation between psychology and literature theory.
C. Method of Study
This study employed library research method because this study did not use field data and only used sources from books such as book of theories, undergraduate
thesis and internet references. The main or primary source of this study is the short story itself. The other sources are psychological theories, literary theories, and
criticisms, such as Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Wood jr’s Reading and Writing about Literature,
Peter Barry’s Beginning Theory, an introduction to literary and cultural theory, M.H.A
brams’s A Glossary of Literary Terms. Seventh Edition, Butcher-Mineka-
Hooley’s Abnormal Psychology Overtime, Jess Feist and Gregory J. Feist’s Theories of Personality, Eagleton’s Literary Theory; An Introduction, Wayne
C. Booth’s The Rhetoric of Fiction, and also Freud’s Neurosis and Psychosis. This method also allows several steps. The first step is thoroughly reading the
short story. T o identify the main character’s characteristics, Abrams’ theory of
character and Rohrberger-Wood theories of characteristics is used. In this study, the narrator’s characteristics are the main focus. Therefore, theory point of view is
important to determine how the story gets told by the narrator. To examine the unreliability of the narrator,
Rabinowitz and Nunning’s unreliable narrator theory is used.
