Theory of Character Review of Related Theories

narrative modes, third person point of view, first person point of view, and second person point of view. In a third person point of view, the narrator can be seen as someone from outside the story who addresses the characters by name or pronoun he, she, and they. Third person point of view can be classified into two more style by characteristics. First is the Omniscient third person point of view. According to Abrams 1999, Omniscient third person point of view is a characteristic of third person point of view that focuses on the god-like narrator. It means that the narrator knows everything about the story, and the characters. Second style is limited point of view. “The narrator tells the story in the third person, but stays inside the confines of what is perceived, thought, remembered, and felt by a single character or at most by very few character within the story.” Abrams, 1999:232-233 In the first person point of view, the narrator speaks as “I” in the story and considered having a weaker kno wledge of the story. “This mode insofar as it is consistently carried out, limits the matter of the narrative to what the first person narrator knows experiences, infers, or can find out by talking to other characters.” Abrams, 1999:233-234. Finally, in the second person point of view, the narrator is addressed throughout the story by using second pronoun “you”. “This second person may turn out to be a specific fictional character, or the reader of the story, or even the narrator himself or herself, or not clearly or consistently the one or the other; and the story may unfold by shifting between telling the narratee what he or she is now doing, has done in the past, or will or is commanded to do in the future.” Abrams, 1999:234 According to Abrams 1999, this form of narration can be seen quite often in some traditional fictions, or passages in the Bible. However, this narrative style is rarely used in modern fiction.

5. Theory of Unreliable Narrator

Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” brings the figure of the narrator. The characteristics and characterization theories help this study to see beyond the dynamic of the narrator’s unconscious mind through his various quotations. However, the determination whether the narrator is reliable or not cannot be proven with such theories. Therefore, the theory of unreliable narrator becomes the crucial means to determine this argument. The earliest definition of unreliable narrator is suggested by Wayne C. Booth in The Rhetoric of Fiction 1961. Booth 1961 suggests that there are two kinds of narrator, reliable narrator and unreliable narrator. “…I have called a narrator reliable when he speaks for or acts in accordance with the norms of the work which is to say the implied authors norms, unreliable when he does not.” Booth, 1961:158. There is another explanation by Rabinowitz 1977. He suggests that a narrator is considered unreliable when heshe lies. “an unreliable narrator however, is not simply a narrator who does not tell the truth – what fictional narrator ever tells the literal truth? Rather an unreliable narrator is one who tells lies,