13 conscious of what they are doing in life. Althusser offers the way to pass the base
or superstructure without omitting the Marxist perspective. The general purpose of these Althusserian ideas is to enable a view on how
society works. He has a term to encourage an individual to see that himself or herself is free and independent in social forces. Thus, it makes a person has
interpellation. The interpellation is A lthusser’s modification from psychoanalytic
theory. It works by showing an image of relation between the super-ordinate and sub-ordinate the repressed. Thus, the ideology for Athuesser is profoundly
unconscious; i t has been lived in individual’s life because he always uses the
ideology in his life Barry, 2002.
b. Theory of Power and Powerless
Power according to Foucault 1980 is relation between people in which one affects another’s action. Theory of power and powerless is a part of Marxism.
In Marxism, there are two classes based on economy: bourgeoisie powerful part of society and proletariat powerless part of society. These two classes always
fight against one another so that they become a conflict for both. It is because their economic objective interests are different, but the competition makes the
bourgeoisie become a dominant power to proletariat. Karl Marx states that the economy has a great impact of the existence of
society’s power. Another expert, Weber 1968 agrees with Karl Marx. He adds, ―power as the ability to impose a person’s will on another, even when the other
o bjects‖ p. 72. Furthermore, the power cannot be separated from authority.
14 One
’s authority can be powerful and oppressed the powerless. The power consists of three types. According to Mills as cited in Elwell, 2002
1. Authority: power justifies by the beliefs of the voluntarily obedient.
2. Manipulation: power wielded to the powerless.
3. Coercion: the final form of power, where the powerless are forced to obey
the powerful. From those types, the coercion usually appears in a society. The bourgeoisie
always wants the proletariat to obey and work for them. This condition emerges alienation for people, particularly the proletariat. Next, the alienation is a
condition where an individual lives in a distance of something. For Marx, most individuals are alienated from themselves and others in the society. In addition,
the alienation explodes individuals to be victimised and dehumanised so that it needs struggle to have them humanised.
3. Theory of Katresnanism
Theory of Katresnanism is a critical theory which derived from Javanese philosophy. According to Herujiyanto 2001 in Katresnan Criticism states that
―theory of katresnanism divine love is a term which refers to the result of an inductive work functioning as a reminder and an invitation éling-kèlingan of
one’s true self jati diri and one’s existence which was granted due to katresnan divine love as soon as one was born p. 2. Based on this meaning,
Katresnanism has a positive way of thinking which leads everyone to have positive deeds in every his daily situation. Katresnanism gives an opportunity for
