8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of three parts. The first part is the review of related theories. It presents explanation of applied approaches, namely Marxism and
Katresnanism. Besides, the theory of character and characterization is applied as the theory
of literature. In order to know the effect of Bhisma’s characteristics towards his struggles, the researcher applies theory of ideology, theory of power
and powerless, and Katresnanism theory. Next, the theoretical framework consists of elaboration of the theories to answer the two formulated problems. The last part
is the context of the novel which explains the setting of the novel and its author.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part consists of three theories which are applied in this research. They are theory of character and characterization, theory of Marxism theory of
ideology and theory of power and powerless, and theory of Katresnanism aos andhom slamet.
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Character is one of intrinsic elements in literary work which plays an important role. As mention by Kennedy and Gioia 1999, the character is
presumably an imaged person who inhabits a story p. 60. The character can be a human or non-human, an animal or thing, which represents a human being.
9 Forster states in Gill 1995 that there are two kinds of character: flat character
and round character p. 130. Thomas and Johnson 2006 support that flat characters tend to stay in the same throughout story because they only have one or
two predominant traits, meanwhile round characters tend to change because they have more
predominant traits p. 64. Based on characters’ speech and action, Abrams 1985 defines that:
Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, and emotional
qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialogue and what they do the action p. 23.
As a result, the characters are always interesting to be analysed. The process of creating the character by an author is called characterization p. 21.
The author creates the characters live as real people in order to be understandable for the readers. Furthermore, Murphy 1972 mentions nine ways to analyse
characters’ characteristics and personalities pp.161-173
a. Personal Description
The researcher describes a certain character in the novel by his or her appearance, for instance by telling the character’s look and what he or she wears.
b. Character as Seen by Others
The researcher uses other characters’ opinions to characterize a certain
character.
c. Speech
The researcher describes a character through what the characters’ speech.
It can be identified by viewing the characters’ speech in a conversation with
others.
Kategori