7 Bryan, n.d. In addition, in this study, the red means blood of those who are
injured and victimized during some political conflicts in Indonesia.
6. Surface Meaning
Case and Marshall 2009 mention surface meaning as literal meaning. Associate with this concept, literal approach is the tacit acceptance of information
and memorization. It does not promote understanding for long term retention of knowledge pp. 9-18. In short, the surface meaning is meaning that the readers
can obtain without conducting further analysis.
7. Deeper Meaning
On the contrary, deeper meaning comes from the interpretation and further analysis of the literary work. Case and Marshall 2009 define that deep learning
analysis involves the critical analysis on the new idea pp. 9-18. Thus, the readers need background knowledge and critical thinking in order to find the deeper
meaning.
8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of three parts. The first part is the review of related theories. It presents explanation of applied approaches, namely Marxism and
Katresnanism. Besides, the theory of character and characterization is applied as the theory
of literature. In order to know the effect of Bhisma’s characteristics towards his struggles, the researcher applies theory of ideology, theory of power
and powerless, and Katresnanism theory. Next, the theoretical framework consists of elaboration of the theories to answer the two formulated problems. The last part
is the context of the novel which explains the setting of the novel and its author.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part consists of three theories which are applied in this research. They are theory of character and characterization, theory of Marxism theory of
ideology and theory of power and powerless, and theory of Katresnanism aos andhom slamet.
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Character is one of intrinsic elements in literary work which plays an important role. As mention by Kennedy and Gioia 1999, the character is
presumably an imaged person who inhabits a story p. 60. The character can be a human or non-human, an animal or thing, which represents a human being.
