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d. Past Life
The past life of a certain character shapes the character’s characteristic. It
is because one’s past life influences one’s characteristic in the future. His or her past life can be told directly by an author of the novel or other characters in the
novel.
e. Conversation of Others
The researcher describes of a certain character through the conversation of other characters. It can be clues which reveal the characteristics of a particular
character.
f. Reactions
The reaction of a certain character in dealing with some situations and events which he or she faces in the novel can reveal his or her characterisation.
g. Direct Comment
By describing or giving a comment on a certain character, the researcher shows the characterisation to the readers through sentences in the novel.
h. Thought
In order to know the characteristics of a certain character, the researcher describes
through the character’s thoughts.
i. Mannerism
The researcher shows the characteristic of a certain character through his or her traits, habits, or manners.
Those are the ways to analyse the character s’ characteristics and
personalities introduced by Murphy in Understanding Unseen.
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2. Theory of Marxism
Marxism is an approach applied in social, political, economic, scientific, and philosophical field. It is strongly political oriented criticism which is derived
from a theory of German social philosopher, Karl Marx, and Frederich Engels, a German sociologist Barry, 2002. Marxism approach can be said as the theory of
Marxism. This theory looks at a progress through struggles from different social classes. The theory is popular as class struggle by competition for economic,
social, and political advantage. Marxism is called as materialist philosophy which has some perspectives
on social class, economy, and how social existence can determine one ’s
awareness. However, Marx and Engels call their economic theories as communist rather than Marxism Barry, 2002. In Communism, private ownership is banned
and changed into state ownership. Moreover, Marxist theory argues that the way of thinking and experiencing the world is largely conditioned by the way of
organising the economy Bertens, 2008, p. 63. Marxism believes that in a communist society, there is a human alienation as a result of exploitation of a
social class by another. As stated by Barry 2002, Marx and Engels have their reverence for great
art and literature in representing the class. Their views are relaxing and non- dogmatic art which means the good art always has a degree of freedom from
many economic circumstances. Thus, Marxism is used to express the social class struggles and clashes of large historical forces. It is supported by Lenin as cited
in Barry, p. 160 that literature must become an instrument of the party. Marxist
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