External modifications supportive moves

67 gratitude, begging for help, sweetener, disarmer, asking hearer’s opinion, and joking and upgrading external modifications i.e., reprimanding, confirmation of request, and moralizing. The coding of the external modifications are displayed in table 13. Table 13. Coding of External Modifications in Requests External modifications Strategies Description and example Downgrading external modifications DEM Preparator Prep ‘I have something to say to you’ or ‘May I ask you something?’ Grounder Grnd ‘I lost my wallet, can you lend me some money?’ or ‘There is a wedding at 3 o’clock, so come by 11 o’clock’. Cost minimizer Cost ‘I will return it to you tomorrow’ and ‘It won’t take long’. Promise of reward Prom ‘Do me a favor this time’, ‘allow me to treat you’ and ‘I will treat you’. Apology Apol ‘Sorry’ and ‘I am sorry, but…’ Humbling oneself Humb ‘I think I’m not capable of .....’ Self-introduction Intrd ‘I am a student of Beijing University’ and ‘I am from the Management Department’ Gratitude Grat ‘Thank you for your cooperation’ and ‘I’d appreciate it if you could help me’. Begging for help Beg ‘I beg you’ Sweetener Sweet ‘I know you are very good at making money’ and ‘No one can do this work as well as you’ Disarmer Disa ‘I know you don’t have time, but…’ and ‘I know it is very difficult, but…’ Asking the hearer’s opinion Askop ‘How about it?’, ‘Is that OK to you?’, and ‘What do you think?’ Joking Joke ‘I don’t want to let you move…’ Note: the boss said the sentence tongue in cheek Upgrading external modifications UEM Reprimanding Repr ‘Why can only you do these?’ and ‘This one is wrong. Don’t you know?’ Confirmation of request Conf ‘Confirm that document again. Are you clear about what I said?’ and ‘You should hand it by tomorrow. When can you do it?’ Moralizing Moral ‘Is your behavior appropriate?’ and ‘This is good for everyone, so…’ 68

2. Second step

After all of the utterances were identified and classified based on its type of the four explained strategies above, the second step was describing the rules of each requests strategy and modification based on its lexical and syntactic elements. This example is described in table 14 below. Table 14. Sample of Data Analysis of Each Response DM 001 Group 1 Sex: Female Response to situation 1: Hello bro, can you help me? I have something urgent tomorrow morning. Please, would you like to change your shift once with me? Strategy Dimension Category Element 1 .Head acts CIHA Qprep Would you like to change your shift once with me? 2 . Internal modification LD SD Polm Delm Intrg Please Once ... me? 3 . Openers OP Neutr Hello bro

4. External

modification DEM Prep can you help me? Number of words 23

3. Third step

The third step was basically the continuation and a part of the second step previously presented. In this step, the researcher explained the fine points of relation for each lexical and syntactical element. Referring to the result of the data analysis for each respondent in step 2, the data were further classified based on their group for each situation of the total 9 situations provided as seen in sample 1 in table 15 for group 1 and sample 2 in table 16 for group 2. 69 Table 15. Request Acts Strategies Pattern of Medicine Group Respondent 1 F Strategies Categories Situations Total Total All 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. OP

Upgr 1 1 1 3 8 Dwngr Neutr 1 1 1 1 1 5 2.HA Mood 1 1 11 Perf Oblig 1 1 Want Sugg 1 1 Qprep 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Shin 1 1 Mhin Polm 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 14 Down Subj 1 1 Unds Appl Hon 1 1 2 Hesm Delm 1 1 Hedg 1 1 Comm Rept Time 1 1 2 Cond Redp Intrg 1 1

4. EM

Prep 1 1 14 Grnd 1 1 1 1 4 Cost Prom 1 1 Apol 1 1 1 1 4 Humb Intrd Grat 1 1 Beg Sweet 1 1 2 Disa Askop 1 1 Joke Repr Conf Moral