3.3 Instruments
The instrument used in the study was the researcher since the researcher was the one who made coding and categorization. According to Ary et al. 2010, the
primary instrument used for content analysis is the researcher himself or herself. However, to make the results of the study objective, other instruments used were
table and interview checklists. The table checklists were built based on the construct map See Chapter II of the current study. The interview checklists were
used to interview the authors in order to obtain more valid and richer data.
3.4 Research Setting
The study was conducted from December 2015 to March 2016. The first data collection using table analysis was conducted around Sanata Dharma
University from December 2015 to February 2016. Then, the second data collection through interview was conducted on 25 May 2016 at Elti Gramedia and
2 Ju
ne 2016 at Josephine‟s house.
3.5 Data Collection
According to Mayring 2004, in Cohen et al., 2011, content analysis is systematic and verifiable in its use of codes and categories, as the rules for
analysis are explicit, transparent and public. Based on the notion, the data were collected through codes and categories which were decided based on the construct
map. According to Treadwell 2014, a content analysis study typically has
seven parts: 1 developing a hypothesis or research question about PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
communication content, defining the content to be analyzed, sampling the universe of content, select units for coding, developing a coding scheme,
assigning each occurrence of a unit in the sample to a code in the coding scheme, counting occurrences of the coded units and report their frequencies.
To make all things clear, the tables were designed to categorize the data. The example is presented as follows,
Table 3.2: The Percentage of Female and Male Characters Unit
Female Male
Both Unidentified
Total
Table 3.3: Components to Analyze Attributes Category
Textbook A Textbook B
Textbook C Textbook D
F M
F M
F M
F M
The number of female
and male characters
The percentage of female and male characters
Firstness The percentage of female and male characters
Occupation doctor, driver, soldier, scientist, nurse, farmer teacher, seller,
worker Noun
doll, car, ball, Masculine
generic construction
mankind, manpower, man-to-man, man-made, businessman, chairman, fireman, statesman, etc.
Adjective 1.
Physical appearance: tall and beautiful 2.
Intellectual or education: bright and stupid 3.
Emotionality or state of mind: sad and calm 4.
Physical state or condition: strong and tired 5.
Personality traits: friendly and disagreeable 6.
Age: old and young 7.
Environmentally descriptive: rich and poor 8.
Rapport or reputation: great and unpopular 9.
Normality or deviance: normal and strange 10.
Ability: capable and incapable 11.
Environmentally induced: lucky and restricted. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Category Textbook A
Textbook B Textbook C
Textbook D F
M F
M F
M F
M
Activities watching television, coming home after work, and taking daughter
to zoo, receiving visitors, ironing, and serving drink, playing football, coming late to the school, and fighting in the library,
studying, playing hide and seek, drawing, etc.
Place library, school, hospital, police office, etc.
Moreover, the interview was also employed to clarify and obtain richer data. The
interview questions are presented in the table 3.3.
Table 3.4: Interview Questions No.
Questions
1. How do you define a textbook?
2. How do you design a textbook? process
3. What are the objectives of your design?
4. In designing a textbook, what are components that you put into your
consideration? 5.
What is your opinion about gender awareness? 6.
Do you consider gender components in designing your book? Why? 7.
Do you think it is important to avoid gender stereotyping in a textbook? Why?
8. Do you consider sexism and avoiding gender stereotype in your
design? Why? 9.
For the illustrations in your book, do you get involved in design it? or do the illustrators consult or confirm it to you after designing it? Do
you give any description related to the picture?
Confirm certain cases found during analysis.
3.6 Data Analysis
Kategori