7 To avoid any misunderstanding while discussing this research, the researcher will
explain briefly these four terms.
1. Perception
According to Robbins 2001 in his book Organizational Behaviour, perception can be defined as a process by which individuals organize and interpret
their sensory opinions in order to give meaning to their environment p. 221. In this research, perception is
the students’ feeling on their engagement or effort during the group discussion in the speaking sessions of CLS I.
2. Engagement
Engagement here is students’ participation during their classroom activity through group discussion technique. Barkley 2009 states that student
engagement is the product of motivation and active learning p. 6. It tells that if there is an element missing, the product will not occur. In this study, engagement
is the students’ motivation to participate during the classroom activities through group discussion. Therefore, the students have some efforts to be engaged in the
classroom activity.
3. Group Discussion
According to Flynn and Faso 1972, group discussion is a natural human activity, an interesting, exciting, and creative experience which define a small
group as not more than twenty-five people who recognize themselves and one another as members and who meet in a face-to-face situation to accomplish some
8 purposes they believe better fulfilled in this way p. 4-5. In this research, group
discussion is an interesting and exciting technique provided for students to participate in the classroom activity in order to give them chance to engage
themselves in classroom activity, especially in the speaking sessions of CLS I. The students can show their creativity and effort to be engaged through group
discussion in their learning process in the speaking sessions of CLS I.
4. Critical Listening and Speaking I
Critical Listening and Speaking I is one of compulsory courses in English Language Education Study Program at Sanata Dharma University of Yogyakarta.
This course is given for the third semester students. One of the major skills that will be learned in this course is speaking skills. Speaking skills is needed to learn
by the students because it is useful for them to improve their ability to communicate to each other. In this research, Critical Listening and Speaking I is
one of compulsory courses for the third semester that is used as a setting to obtain the data for the research.
9
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, all of the theories used in organizing this research will be explained by the researcher. It is divided into two sections, namely theoretical
description and theoretical framework. The researcher will be discussing some important theories related to the research in theoretical description. The theories
are perception, group discussion, and engagement. The researcher will be summarizing and relating the theories to the study in theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
