52
B. Conceptual Framework
Designing effective learning materials is the main focus of this study. Materials refer to anything which is used by the teachers or learners to
facilitate the learning of a language to improve the students’ knowledge and
experience of the language Tomlinson, 1998: 2. It is believed that effective learning materials should meet the needs of the learners, help students to
develop their confidence, equip the learners to use the language effectively, facilitate learners in learning process, help learners to feel at ease, and provide
learners with opportunities to use the target language to achieve
communicative purposes. In developing English learning materials for students of International
Accounting Education study program, a number of factors are worth considering. English learning materials conducted in this study is for a specific
purpose to fulfil their needs i.e. mastering English that is related to their speaking skill. Developing materials must be based on some related literatures
and learners’ needs. In this case, the students of International ɑccounting Education of Yogyakarta State University needs specific English knowledge,
English for Accounting. To develop the materials, this research has many steps; they are
conducting need analysis, writing course grid, writing the first draft of the materials, getting experts’ validation, and writing the final draft of the
materials. To gather information a out the learners’ needs, Hutchinson and Waters 1987: 58 suggest a number of ways that are most frequently used,
53
namely questionnaire, interviews, observations, data collection e.g. gathering texts informal, consultation with parties, and others. In this research, the
researcher uses questionnaire that is purposed for the students of International Accounting Education study program. The observation is done in the early
stage. The researcher collected the information about the lack of materials. Therefore, the researcher tries to design English speaking materials to enable
students have better speaking skills. In order to facilitate the students of International Accounting Education
learn English through English Speaking Club, the researcher will design English materials. Since the materials will be closely related to accounting that
suit this attempt, the materials are called English for Specific Purposes ESP. ESP is an approach to language learning which is based on the learners
’ needs. An ESP approach starts with an analysis of the learners
’ needs. Thus, a need analysis will be conducted prior developing materials to analyze the learners
’ needs, the learning needs, and the target needs.
The result of the need analysis will be used to determine the aims, objectives, input, kinds of activities the learners will be using the language for.
This information, taken together, is used to design an effective unit design as the basis of developing effective materials. The materials should be developed
as far as possible based on the principles of materials development and meet the characteristics of good materials. The materials will be in some units. Units
organize what the students will learn in ways that help them learn. Units are constructed around a theme which supports a teacher
’s overall goal. The unit
54
has a number of tasks or activities. The types of tasks and activities have to reflect the nature of language, language use, and language learning. They must
be organized as an efficient basis for second language learning. There are some components of task: goal, input, procedure, teacher and learner roles, and
setting. Tasks should be arranged graded and sequenced in such a way that it can help the students to learn English easily and effectively. After the materials
are developed, material evaluation, namely the empirical evaluation should be done. Finally, the output of this study is a set of English speaking materials for
intermediate level students of International Accounting Education study program of Yogyakarta State University.
55
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter highlights the research design, research subjects, research setting, research procedure, data collection techniques, research instruments, and
data analysis techniques.
A. Research Design
This research is Educational Research and Development RD study as the goal is to design an educational product which can be used effectively
in educational programs. Educational Research and Development Educational RD is an industry-based development model in which the
findings of the research are used to design new products and procedures, which then are systematically field-tested, evaluated, and refined until they
meet specified criteria of effectiveness, quality, or similar standard Gall, Gall and Borg 2003: 569.
The term ‘product’ includes not only materials o jects, such as textbooks, instructional films, and so forth, but it is also intended to
refer to establish procedures and processes such as method of teaching or method for organizing instruction. It is important to analyze the need and
validate the effectiveness of product in order to produce the product that can
give good contribution in educational fields Gall and Borg, 1983: 772.
Kategori