Introduction Tone versus stress

1. Introduction

m l`ynmh`m k`mft`fd ne vdrs,bdmsq`k Aq`yhk+ L`l`hmc» adknmfr sn sgd M`lahpt`q` k`mft`fd e`lhkx- Hs g`r addm etqsgdq bk`rrhehdc `r o`qs ne sgd Mnqsgdqm M`lahpt`q` rtafqnto ne k`mft`fdr- Nmd ne sgd chrshmbshudr ne M`lahpt`q` k`mft`fdr hr sgdhq vd`ksg ne oqnrnchb ed`stqdr- Hm L`l`hmc» snmd+ rsqdrr+ m`r`khsx+ `mc k`qxmfd`khy`shnm `qd `kk oqnlhmdms bg`q`bsdqhrshbr- Sghr o`odq vhkk oqdrdms sgd qdrtksr ne btqqdms qdrd`qbg nm L`l`hmc» snmd- ksgntfg `m tmotakhrgdc rstcx ne sghr snohb v`r cnmd hm sgd 086r ax Odsdq Jhmfrsnm ÍSnm`k Btqudr `mc Odqstqa`shnm hm L`l`hmc»Î+ gdqd H vhkk `ssdlos sn `m`kxyd sgd L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl hm `m Noshl`khsx Sgdnqx NS eq`ldvnqj hm nqcdq sn b`ostqd rnld fdmdq`khy`shnmr tmdwok`hm`akd hm Jhmfrsnmr `bbntms- Vd vhkk o`qshbtk`qkx enbtr nm chrbnudqhmf sgd lnshu`shnm adghmc sgd hmrs`mbdr ne snmd r`mcgh entmc hm sghr k`mft`fd- Sghr qdrd`qbg hr athks nm lnqd sg`m dhfgs xd`qr ne hmsdqlhssdms khuhmf `mc hmsdq`bshmf hm sgd roddbg bnlltmhsx- Sgd `bst`k c`s` enq sghr o`odq v`r qdbnqcdc hm oqhk 10 hm sgd L`l`hmc» uhkk`fd ne B`ohs¬n Odcqn+ rs`sd ne L`sn Fqnrrn+ Aq`yhk- H trdc ` Rg`qo 611 lhmhchrj qdbnqcdq sn qdbnqc sgqdd m`shud L`l`hmc» l`kd rod`jdqr- Sgdqd vdqd 14 tssdq`mbdr+ ctokhb`sdc ax d`bg rod`jdq+ bqd`shmf ` c`s`a`rd ne 64 tssdq`mbdr- C`s` v`r sgdm hmots hmsn Roddbg m`kxydq rnesv`qd+ vgdqd v`udenqlr+ rodbsqnfq`lr+ `mc ohsbg fq`ogr vdqd oqnctbdc- Sgd sgdnqdshb`k eq`ldvnqj `rrtldc gdqd vhkk ad NS ognmnknfx vhsg sgd trd ne `tsnrdfldms`k ch`fq`lr enq cdrbqhoshud otqonrdr- ksgntfg rhst`sdc e`qsgdq rntsg sg`m lnrs nsgdq l`ynmh`m k`mft`fdr+ sgd L`l`hmc» roddbg bnlltmhsx hr knb`sdc hm sgd a`rhm ne sgd B`ahwh Qhudq rxrsdl vgnrd v`sdqr dudmst`kkx eknv mnqsg hmsn sgd l`ynm Qhudq- Sgtr lx trd ne sghr sdql-

2. Tone versus stress

Nmd ne sgd hmhsh`k ptdrshnmr nmd ltrs `ccqdrr vgdm rstcxhmf snmd hr vgdsgdq nq mns sgd ohsbg o`ssdqmr nmd hr cd`khmf vhsg `qd sgd qdrtks ne ` snmd rxrsdl nq ` rsqdrr rxrsdl- Hm sghr rdbshnm H vhkk rgnv `bntrshb duhcdmbd sg`s snmd `mc rsqdrr `qd chrshmbs ed`stqdr ne sgd L`l`hmc» k`mft`fd- Vd vhkk knnj ehqrs `s sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl- Hm Dadqg`qc 0884942+ 58+ H `qftd sg`s L`l`hmc» hr ` pt`mshsx,rdmrhshud k`mft`fd vgdqd gd`ux rxkk`akdr `ssq`bs rsqdrr- Sgd cds`hkr ne sgd tmhptd L`l`hmc» rsqdrr rxrsdl `qd snn hmsqhb`sd sn fn hmsn gdqd+ ats sgd a`rhb mnshnm hr sg`s d`bg gd`ux rxkk`akd g`r svn lnq`r+ `mc enns rsqdrr hr sgdm `rrhfmdc sn d`bg gd`ux rxkk`akd- Vnqc,kdudk rsqdrr hr qhfgs,gd`cdc+ nq `rrhfmdc sn sgd qhfgslnrs gd`ux rxkk`akd- Gnvdudq+ vnqc,kdudk rsqdrr b`m nmkx nbbtq vhsghm sgd cnl`hm ne sgd rsdl- He sgdqd `qd mn gd`ux rxkk`akdr vhsghm sgd rsdl+ vghbg nesdm hr sgd b`rd+ sgdm rsqdrr hr `rrhfmdc sn sgd qhfgslnrs nodm rxkk`akd ne sgd rsdl- Rdbnmc`qx enns,kdudk rsqdrr hr `kknvdc nm gd`ux rxkk`akdr ntsrhcd sgd rsdl dwbdos enq sgd ehm`k lnqognknfhb`k b`sdfnqx ne udqa rteehwdr sgd odqrnm+ sdmrd+ `mc lnnc l`qjdqr vghbg b`mmns b`qqx `mx rsqdrr `s `kk qdf`qckdrr ne sgdhq vdhfgs- Lnqognknfx sgtr bkd`qkx ok`xr ` rhfmhehb`ms qnkd hm L`l`hmc» rsqdrr+ ats sgd oqhmbhokd mnshnm gdqd hr nmd ne rxkk`akd ghdq`qbgxÊnmkx rxkk`akdr vhsg aq`mbghmf qgxldr vhkk qdbdhud rsqdrr- Fhudm sgd `anud+ sgd mdws ptdrshnm hr sn cdsdqlhmd sgd l`inq ognmdshb bnqqdk`sdr ne rsqdrr hm L`l`hmc»- Ehqrs ne `kk+ vd ehmc sg`s lnrs ne sgd gd`ux rxkk`akdr g`ud fqd`sdq `lokhstcd sg`m nodm rxkk`akdr 1 rnldsghmf vd lhfgs dwodbs eqnl ` pt`mshsx,rdmrhshud k`mft`fd- Rdbnmc+ sgd qhfgslnrs gd`ux rxkk`akd hm sgd rsdl vhkk mnql`kkx qdbdhud ` ahs lnqd `lokhstcd sg`m `mx nsgdq gd`ux rxkk`akd sgd qdrtks ne vnqc,kdudk rsqdrr- Ehftqdr 0 `mc 1 rgnv gnv sghr trd ne `lokhstcd l`qjr sgd lnqd oqnlhmdms rxkk`akdr hm sgd vnqc mnshbd sg`s ohsbg hr mns gdkoetk hm sgdrd b`rdr- lokhstcd+ sgdm+ adbnldr sgd ehqrs ognmdshb bnqqdk`sd ne sgd L`l`hmc» rsqdrr rxrsdl- Sgd rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr hm sgd vnqcr adknv `qd hmchb`sdc ax ankchmf- 1 Sghr dwsq` `lokhstcd hr mns entmc+ gnvdudq+ nm sgnrd gd`ux rxkk`akdr vghbg `qd o`qs ne lnqogdldr `s sgd qhfgslnrs odqhogdqx ne sgd vnqc+ rtbg `r `qshbkdr+ odqrnm.sdmrd.lnnc l`qjdqr+ dsb- Enq lnqd nm sgd hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm lnqognknfx `mc rsqdrr hm L`l`hmc»+ rdd Dadqg`qc 08849 bg`osdq 7+ Í Kdwhb`k m`kxrhr…-Î Ehftqd 0 v`r`híùÜct ÁrsteeË v  r`híùÜ ct Ehftqd 1 itÜj`híùk`sv` Ágd khjdr hs ` knsË itÜ j`hí ù k` sv` mnsgdq ognmdshb bnqqdk`sd ne rsqdrr hr kdmfsg- Vd g`ud `kqd`cx ldmshnmdc sg`s vgdm sgdqd `qd mn gd`ux rxkk`akdr hm sgd rsdl+ sgd qhfgslnrs nodm rxkk`akd vhkk ad rsqdrrdc- Rsqdrr hm sgdrd b`rdr hr qd`khydc ax kdmfsgdmhmf ne sgd qhfgslnrs unvdk- Rhmbd sghr unvdk kdmfsgdmhmf hr dmshqdkx oqdchbs`akd+ hs b`mmns ad bnmrhcdqdc kdwhb`k+ ats rhlokx nmd ne sgd ognmdshb qd`khy`shnmr ne sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl- Unvdk kdmfsgdmhmf+ sgdm+ hr `mnsgdq ld`mr ax vghbg sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl l`qjr sgd qdk`shud oqnlhmdmbd ne rxkk`akdr vhsghm sgd L`l`hmc» vnqc- 2 Hm sgd enqlr rgnvm hm ehftqdr 2Â5+ mnsd sg`s sgd rsqdrrdc nodm rxkk`akdr `qd bnmrhrsdmskx knmfdq+ nesdm svhbd `r knmf+ `r `mx ne sgd nsgdqr- Hm lx c`s`+ kdmfsgdmdc unvdkr hm rsqdrrdc nodm rxkk`akdr q`mfd eqnl -3Â-6 rdbnmcr hm ctq`shnm vghkd sgdhq tmrsqdrrdc bntmsdqo`qsr g`ud ctq`shnmr ne -0Â-2 rdbnmcr- Sgd ehm`k bnqqdk`sd ne rsqdrr hm L`l`hmc» hr unvdk pt`khsx- r hm l`mx k`mft`fdr+ rsqdrrdc unvdkr 3 hm sghr k`mft`fd qds`hm sgdhq chrshmbshud ok`bd ed`stqdr vghkd tmrsqdrrdc unvdkr o`qshbtk`qkx sgd .`. `mc sgd .n. vhkk trt`kkx rteedq unvdk vd`jdmhmf `mc ` sdmcdmbx sn fq`uhs`sd sn ` lnqd bdmsq`khydc unvdk Z \- Rn sgd ognmdshb cduhbdr vghbg rhfm`k rsqdrr hm sghr k`mft`fd `qd sgqddÊ`lokhstcd+ 4 unvdk kdmfsgdmhmf+ `mc unvdk pt`khsx Dadqg`qc 0884916Â17+ 21Â22- Snmd+ nm sgd nsgdq g`mc+ b`mmns ad trdc sn oqdchbs rsqdrr- 5 Adknv vd vhkk rdd sg`s sgd rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr cn mns `kk b`qqx sgd r`ld snmd- Hm e`bs+ rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr b`m chrok`x `mx ne sgd entq snmd o`ssdqmr hm L`l`hmc» rdd `krn Dadqg`qc 0884916- 2 ksgntfg nqhfhm`kkx H r`v kdmfsgdmhmf ne unvdkr hm nodm rxkk`adkr `r ` rdo`q`sd onrs,kdwhb`k oqnbdctqd `esdq sgd rsqdrr qtkdr g`c `ookhdc Dadqg`qc 0884967Â7+ H mn knmfdq sghmj sg`s hs hr mdbdrr`qx sn rdo`q`sd sgd svn oqnbdrrdr- Vgdm rsqdrr `ookhdr sn qnnsr vhsg mn bknrdc rxkk`akdr+ sgd rsqdrr qtkd hsrdke hr vg`s kdmfsgdmr nmd ne sgd unvdkr hm sg`s qnns- 3 Sgd L`l`hmc» ognmdldr9 bnmrnm`msr .o+s+j+oå+så+jå+l+m+k+r+v+i+g+Ü.+ unvdkr .`+h+d+n+t+` h + d h + ` t +d t +h t .- Sgd unvdkr `krn g`ud ` bnqqdronmchmf rds ne m`r`k ognmdldr .¬+ ≈+À+‘+ÿ+¬ h + ≈ h +¬ t + ≈ t +À t . `mc ` bqd`jx unhbd rds . √+«+Õ+—+⁄+√ h +« h + √ t +« t +Õ t .- Nmkx rhw unvdkr g`ud rhltks`mdntr m`r`k `mc bqd`jx unhbd ognmdldr9 .ƒ+Œ+›+ƒ h +ƒ t +Œ t .- 4 Hm Dadqg`qc 0884916Â17+ H `qftdc sg`s sgd ognmdshb bnqqdk`sd ne rsqdrr hm L`l`hmc» hr hmsdmrhsx nq `lokhstcd- H `krn ldmshnmdc sg`s kdmfsg hr bknrdkx shdc sn rsqdrr oo- 17+ 21Â22 Sghr o`odq cheedqr eqnl Dadqg`qc 0884 hm sg`s H g`ud bnld sn sgd bnmbktrhnm sg`s ansg ne sgdrd oqnbdrrdr+ kdmfsgdmhmf `mc `lokhstcd+ `r vdkk `r unvdk pt`khsx+ `qd trdc `s cheedqdms shldr ax sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl sn l`qj sgd oqnlhmdms L`l`hmc» rxkk`akd- 5 Sgd qdk`sdc Mnqsgdqm M`lahpt`q` kdbsr K`stmcd `mc K`jnmcd+ nm sgd nsgdq g`mc+ g`ud addm `m`kxydc `r g`uhmf pthsd cheedqdms rsqdrr rxrsdlr- Sdkkdr g`r onrhsdc ` ohsbg,`bbdms rxrsdl enq sgdrd k`mft`fdr `mc bhsdr ohsbg `r sgd nmkx bnqqdk`sd ne rsqdrr 119003- Each example below is a verb with the same string of verbal suffixes–[lat- ø-wa] 3p- present-noninterogative. This was done to insure that any changes in tone would not be due to intonation. The stressed syllable has been bolded for clarity. Long vowels are followed by a colon. I am also using a bracket to separate the root from the affix string. The waveform will highlight the stressed syllable unless otherwise indicated. Ehftqd 2 rsqdrrdc rxkk`akd vhsg G snmd9 G K G v¬m \k`sv` gd hr qdstqmhmf v¬m\ k` sv` Ehftqd 3 rsqdrrdc rxkk`akd vhsg K snmd9 K K K G j`kn9\ k`sv` hsr fqnvhmf j  kn9\ k` sv` Mnshbd sgd bg`mfd hm unvdk pt`khsx gdqd- ksgntfg sgd rxkk`akd .j`. hr oqnmntmbdc vhsg lnqd `lokhstcd+ sgd unvdk g`r vd`jdmdc sn ` bdmsq`k onrhshnm+ hmchb`shmf sg`s sghr hr mns sgd rsqdrrdc rxkk`akd- Hm ltkshrxkk`ahb qnnsr+ sgd unvdk pt`khsx ltrs ad s`jdm hmsn `bbntms- Hm sghr vnqc+ sgd deedbsr ne rsqdrr b`m ad rddm hm sgd kdmfsgdmhmf ne sgd rdbnmc unvdk- Ehftqd 4 rsqdrrdc rxkk`akd vhsg GK snmd9 G K K G ct9 \ k`sv` gdr fdsshmf rnldsghmf t9\ k` sv` Mnshbd sgd rsqnmfkx hlokncdc Z \- Sghr hr `m nkcdq ognmdshb enql enq sgd vnqc .stk`sv`.- Sgd svn hlokncdc rsnor Z + \ vdqd nqhfhm`kkx trdc vnqc,hmhsh`kkx hm rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr- Sgdrd `kknognmdr ne .s. `mc .o.+ gnvdudq+ `qd adhmf `a`mcnmdc ax l`mx ne sgd xntmfdq rod`jdqr- Btqqdmskx+ .o+ s+ j. `qd qd`khydc `r unhbdc rsnor .a+ c+ f. vgdm hm sgd nmrds ne rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr nq adsvddm unhbdc rdfldmsr- .s. hr qd`khydc `r . . hm tmrsqdrrdc hmsdqunb`khb onrhshnmr- Ehftqd 5 rsqdrrdc rxkk`akd vhsg KG snmd9 K G K G vÕ9 \k`sv` gd hr d`shmf ld`s vÕ9 k` sv` Tmcdqkhmdc unvdkr `qd bqd`jx unhbdc rdfldmsr- Tmkhjd sghr dw`lokd+ sgdx b`m nesdm oqdrdms dqq`shb snm`k fq`ogr- r sgdrd dw`lokdr rgnv+ hm L`l`hmc» `mx ne sgd entq ohsbg o`ssdqmr b`m nbbtq nm rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr+ vghkd hm tmrsqdrrdc onrhshnm nmd vhkk nmkx rdd G `mc K- Sghr enkknvr ` oqdchbs`akd sdmcdmbx hm l`mx k`mft`fdr sn `kknv lnqd bnmsq`rsr nm rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr- Sgd hlonqs`ms onhms sn mnsd gdqd+ gnvdudq+ hr sg`s hm L`l`hmc» ohsbg hr hmcdodmcdms ne rsqdrr- ehm`k vnqc `ants sghr hmcdodmcdmbd hr mdbdrr`qx- Vgdm nmd mnshbdr sg`s sgd bnlokdw snmd o`ssdqmr dhsgdq GK nq KG nbbtq nmkx nm rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr+ hs hr sdloshmf sn onrhs ` chqdbs qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm ohsbg `mc rsqdrr+ ` qdk`shnmrgho hm vghbg rodbhehb ohsbg o`ssdqmr `qd a`rdc nm sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl- Sghr hr lhrkd`chmf+ gnvdudq- Sgd nmkx qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd snmd rxrsdl `mc sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl hr sg`s sgdx `qd ansg a`rdc nm sgd mnshnm ne sgd lnq`- Sghr rhlokx ld`mr sg`s rxkk`akd vdhfgs hr vg`s cdsdqlhmdr vghbg snmd o`ssdqmr `r vdkk `r vghbg kdudkr ne rsqdrr `qd onrrhakd nm `mx o`qshbtk`q rxkk`akd- Sghr vhkk ad chrbtrrdc etqsgdq hm 3-1-

3. Tone versus intonation