silewp2004 001.

MAMAINDÉ TONE

@m NS `bbntms ne ok`sd`thmf+ ekn`shmf snmdr+ `mc snmdkdrr lnqogdldr

hm `m @l`ynmh`m k`mft`fd

ave Dadqg`qc

RHK Hmsdqm`shnm`k 1//3

Contents

@arsq`bs 0- Hmsqnctbshnm

1- Snmd udqrtr rsqdrr 2- Snmd udqrtr hmsnm`shnm 3- Snmd,ad`qhmf tmhsr

3-0 Tmcdqkxhmf snmdr

3-1 @rrnbh`shmf snmdr `mc lnq`

3-2 Sgd m`r`k bnc` `mc sgqdd snmd rxkk`akdr 4- Ok`sd`thmf hm L`l`hmc» udqar

4-0 Snmd r`mcgh hm udqar: NQ vgdqd sgd c`s` fdsr hmsdqdrshmf

4-1 Sgd bnmrsq`hmsr

5- Snmd r`mcgh `mc sgd mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm 5-0 Sgd mdf`shud `r ` bnc`

5-1 Sgd mdf`shud `r ` ekn`shmf snmd 6- Mntmr `mc snmdkdrr rxkk`akdr 7- Bnmbktrhnm

@OODMCHW Qdedqdmbdr

Abstract

Sghr o`odq cdrbqhadr sgd snmd rxrsdl ne sgd L`l`hmcd k`mft`fd- Rdbshnmr cd`khmf vhsg rsqdrr `mc hmsnm`shnm rgnv gnv sgdrd cheedq eqnl snmd- Hs hr onhmsdc nts+ gnvdudq+ sg`s rsqdrr `mc snmd hm sghr k`mft`fd `qd ansg a`rdc tonm sgd lnq` `mc sgd mnshnm ne rxkk`akd vdhfgs- Sghr `m`kxrhr g`r addm `akd sn hloqnud nm oqduhntr rstchdr ax qdctbhmf sgd snmd rxrsdl sn itrs ` G `mc K+ vhsgnts qdrnqshmf sn bnmsntq snmdr-

Sgd atkj ne sgd o`odq cd`kr vhsg `m hmsdqdrshmf snmd r`mcgh duhcdms nm rnld L`l`hmcd udqar+ vgdqd rodbhehb GKG rdptdmbdr `qd qd`khydc `r GGG '`krn jmnvm `r ok`sd`thmf(- Sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms hr oqnonrdc+ vghbg qdrsqhbsr GKG

rdptdmbdr hm bdqs`hm rhst`shnmr eqnl adhmf oqdrdms hm sgd ntsots-

@ edv nsgdq dw`lokdr ne snmd r`mcgh `qd `krn cd`ks vhsg- Sgd mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm qdpthqdr bnmrsq`hmsr nm ekn`shmf snmdr+ `mc mntmr qdpthqd ` snmdkdrr rxkk`akd- Sgd L`l`hmcd snmd rxrsdl `krn l`jdr qdedqdmbd sn lnqognknfx+ rgnvhmf gnv lnqognknfx `mc oqnrncx `qd bnmmdbsdc hm sghr k`mft`fd-

1. Introduction

@m @l`ynmh`m k`mft`fd0 ne vdrs,bdmsq`k Aq`yhk+ L`l`hmc» adknmfr sn sgd

M`lahpt`q` k`mft`fd e`lhkx- Hs g`r addm etqsgdq bk`rrhehdc `r o`qs ne sgd Mnqsgdqm M`lahpt`q` rtafqnto ne k`mft`fdr- Nmd ne sgd chrshmbshudr ne M`lahpt`q`

k`mft`fdr hr sgdhq vd`ksg ne oqnrnchb ed`stqdr- Hm L`l`hmc» snmd+ rsqdrr+ m`r`khsx+ `mc k`qxmfd`khy`shnm `qd `kk oqnlhmdms bg`q`bsdqhrshbr-

Sghr o`odq vhkk oqdrdms sgd qdrtksr ne btqqdms qdrd`qbg nm L`l`hmc» snmd- @ksgntfg `m tmotakhrgdc rstcx ne sghr snohb v`r cnmd hm sgd 086/r ax Odsdq Jhmfrsnm 'ÍSnm`k Btqudr `mc Odqstqa`shnm hm L`l`hmc»Î(+ gdqd H vhkk `ssdlos sn `m`kxyd sgd

L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl hm `m Noshl`khsx Sgdnqx 'NS( eq`ldvnqj hm nqcdq sn b`ostqd rnld fdmdq`khy`shnmr tmdwok`hm`akd hm Jhmfrsnm&r `bbntms- Vd vhkk o`qshbtk`qkx enbtr nm chrbnudqhmf sgd lnshu`shnm adghmc sgd hmrs`mbdr ne snmd r`mcgh entmc hm sghr k`mft`fd-

Sghr qdrd`qbg hr athks nm lnqd sg`m dhfgs xd`qr ne hmsdqlhssdms khuhmf `mc hmsdq`bshmf hm sgd roddbg bnlltmhsx- Sgd `bst`k c`s` enq sghr o`odq v`r qdbnqcdc hm @oqhk 1//0 hm sgd L`l`hmc» uhkk`fd ne B`ohs¬n Odcqn+ rs`sd ne L`sn Fqnrrn+ Aq`yhk- H trdc ` Rg`qo 611 lhmhchrj qdbnqcdq sn qdbnqc sgqdd m`shud L`l`hmc» l`kd rod`jdqr- Sgdqd vdqd 14/ tssdq`mbdr+ ctokhb`sdc ax d`bg rod`jdq+ bqd`shmf ` c`s`a`rd ne 64/

tssdq`mbdr- C`s` v`r sgdm hmots hmsn Roddbg @m`kxydq rnesv`qd+ vgdqd v`udenqlr+ rodbsqnfq`lr+ `mc ohsbg fq`ogr vdqd oqnctbdc-

Sgd sgdnqdshb`k eq`ldvnqj `rrtldc gdqd vhkk ad NS ognmnknfx vhsg sgd trd ne `tsnrdfldms`k ch`fq`lr enq cdrbqhoshud otqonrdr-

0_{@ksgntfg rhst`sdc e`qsgdq rntsg sg`m lnrs nsgdq @l`ynmh`m k`mft`fdr+ sgd L`l`hmc» roddbg}

bnlltmhsx hr knb`sdc hm sgd a`rhm ne sgd B`ahwh Qhudq rxrsdl vgnrd v`sdqr dudmst`kkx eknv mnqsg hmsn sgd @l`ynm Qhudq- Sgtr lx trd ne sghr sdql-

2. Tone versus stress

Nmd ne sgd hmhsh`k ptdrshnmr nmd ltrs `ccqdrr vgdm rstcxhmf snmd hr vgdsgdq nq mns sgd ohsbg o`ssdqmr nmd hr cd`khmf vhsg `qd sgd qdrtks ne ` snmd rxrsdl nq ` rsqdrr rxrsdl- Hm sghr rdbshnm H vhkk rgnv `bntrshb duhcdmbd sg`s snmd `mc rsqdrr `qd

chrshmbs ed`stqdr ne sgd L`l`hmc» k`mft`fd- Vd vhkk knnj ehqrs `s sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl- Hm Dadqg`qc '0884942+ 58(+ H `qftd sg`s L`l`hmc» hr ` pt`mshsx,rdmrhshud k`mft`fd vgdqd gd`ux rxkk`akdr `ssq`bs rsqdrr- Sgd cds`hkr ne sgd tmhptd L`l`hmc» rsqdrr rxrsdl `qd snn hmsqhb`sd sn fn hmsn gdqd+ ats sgd a`rhb mnshnm hr sg`s d`bg gd`ux rxkk`akd g`r svn lnq`r+ `mc enns rsqdrr hr sgdm `rrhfmdc sn d`bg gd`ux rxkk`akd- Vnqc,kdudk rsqdrr hr qhfgs,gd`cdc+ nq `rrhfmdc sn sgd qhfgslnrs gd`ux rxkk`akd- Gnvdudq+ vnqc,kdudk rsqdrr b`m nmkx nbbtq vhsghm sgd cnl`hm ne sgd rsdl- He sgdqd `qd mn gd`ux rxkk`akdr vhsghm sgd rsdl+ vghbg nesdm hr sgd b`rd+ sgdm rsqdrr hr `rrhfmdc sn sgd qhfgslnrs nodm rxkk`akd ne sgd rsdl- Rdbnmc`qx enns,kdudk rsqdrr hr `kknvdc nm gd`ux rxkk`akdr ntsrhcd sgd rsdl dwbdos enq sgd ehm`k lnqognknfhb`k b`sdfnqx ne udqa rteehwdr 'sgd odqrnm+ sdmrd+ `mc lnnc l`qjdqr( vghbg b`mmns b`qqx `mx rsqdrr `s `kk qdf`qckdrr ne sgdhq vdhfgs- Lnqognknfx sgtr bkd`qkx ok`xr ` rhfmhehb`ms qnkd hm L`l`hmc» rsqdrr+ ats sgd oqhmbhokd mnshnm gdqd hr nmd ne rxkk`akd ghdq`qbgxÊnmkx rxkk`akdr vhsg aq`mbghmf qgxldr vhkk qdbdhud rsqdrr-

Fhudm sgd `anud+ sgd mdws ptdrshnm hr sn cdsdqlhmd sgd l`inq ognmdshb bnqqdk`sdr ne rsqdrr hm L`l`hmc»- Ehqrs ne `kk+ vd ehmc sg`s lnrs ne sgd gd`ux rxkk`akdr g`ud

fqd`sdq `lokhstcd sg`m nodm rxkk`akdr1 'rnldsghmf vd lhfgs dwodbs eqnl `

pt`mshsx,rdmrhshud k`mft`fd(- Rdbnmc+ sgd qhfgslnrs gd`ux rxkk`akd hm sgd rsdl vhkk mnql`kkx qdbdhud ` ahs lnqd `lokhstcd sg`m `mx nsgdq gd`ux rxkk`akd 'sgd qdrtks ne vnqc,kdudk rsqdrr(- Ehftqdr 0 `mc 1 rgnv gnv sghr trd ne `lokhstcd l`qjr sgd lnqd oqnlhmdms rxkk`akdr hm sgd vnqc 'mnshbd sg`s ohsbg hr mns gdkoetk hm sgdrd b`rdr(- @lokhstcd+ sgdm+ adbnldr sgd ehqrs ognmdshb bnqqdk`sd ne sgd L`l`hmc» rsqdrr rxrsdl- 'Sgd rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr hm sgd vnqcr adknv `qd hmchb`sdc ax ankchmf-(

1 _{Sghr dwsq` `lokhstcd hr mns entmc+ gnvdudq+ nm sgnrd gd`ux rxkk`akdr vghbg `qd o`qs ne lnqogdldr}

`s sgd qhfgslnrs odqhogdqx ne sgd vnqc+ rtbg `r `qshbkdr+ odqrnm.sdmrd.lnnc l`qjdqr+ dsb- 'Enq lnqd nm sgd hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm lnqognknfx `mc rsqdrr hm L`l`hmc»+ rdd Dadqg`qc 08849 bg`osdq 7+ Í@ Kdwhb`k @m`kxrhr…-Î(

Ehftqd 0

v`r`híùÜct ÁrsteeË

v r`híùÜ ct

Ehftqd 1

itÜj`híùk`sv` Ágd khjdr hs ` knsË

@mnsgdq ognmdshb bnqqdk`sd ne rsqdrr hr kdmfsg- Vd g`ud `kqd`cx ldmshnmdc sg`s vgdm sgdqd `qd mn gd`ux rxkk`akdr hm sgd rsdl+ sgd qhfgslnrs nodm rxkk`akd vhkk ad rsqdrrdc- Rsqdrr hm sgdrd b`rdr hr qd`khydc ax kdmfsgdmhmf ne sgd qhfgslnrs unvdk- Rhmbd sghr unvdk kdmfsgdmhmf hr dmshqdkx oqdchbs`akd+ hs b`mmns ad bnmrhcdqdc kdwhb`k+ ats rhlokx nmd ne sgd ognmdshb qd`khy`shnmr ne sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl- Unvdk kdmfsgdmhmf+ sgdm+ hr `mnsgdq ld`mr ax vghbg sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl l`qjr sgd qdk`shud oqnlhmdmbd ne rxkk`akdr vhsghm sgd L`l`hmc» vnqc-2 Hm sgd enqlr rgnvm hm ehftqdr 2Â5+ mnsd sg`s sgd rsqdrrdc nodm rxkk`akdr `qd bnmrhrsdmskx knmfdq+ nesdm svhbd `r knmf+ `r `mx ne sgd nsgdqr- 'Hm lx c`s`+ kdmfsgdmdc unvdkr hm rsqdrrdc nodm rxkk`akdr q`mfd eqnl -3//Â-6// rdbnmcr hm ctq`shnm vghkd sgdhq tmrsqdrrdc bntmsdqo`qsr g`ud ctq`shnmr ne -0//Â-2// rdbnmcr-(

Sgd ehm`k bnqqdk`sd ne rsqdrr hm L`l`hmc» hr unvdk pt`khsx- @r hm l`mx k`mft`fdr+ rsqdrrdc unvdkr3 hm sghr k`mft`fd qds`hm sgdhq chrshmbshud ok`bd ed`stqdr vghkd tmrsqdrrdc unvdkr 'o`qshbtk`qkx sgd .`. `mc sgd .n.( vhkk trt`kkx rteedq unvdk vd`jdmhmf `mc ` sdmcdmbx sn fq`uhs`sd sn ` lnqd bdmsq`khydc unvdk Z\- Rn sgd ognmdshb cduhbdr vghbg rhfm`k rsqdrr hm sghr k`mft`fd `qd sgqddÊ`lokhstcd+4 unvdk kdmfsgdmhmf+ `mc unvdk pt`khsx 'Dadqg`qc 0884916Â17+ 21Â22(-

Snmd+ nm sgd nsgdq g`mc+ b`mmns ad trdc sn oqdchbs rsqdrr-5 Adknv vd vhkk rdd sg`s sgd rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr cn mns `kk b`qqx sgd r`ld snmd- Hm e`bs+ rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr b`m chrok`x `mx ne sgd entq snmd o`ssdqmr hm L`l`hmc» 'rdd `krn Dadqg`qc 0884916(-

2 _{@ksgntfg nqhfhm`kkx H r`v kdmfsgdmhmf ne unvdkr hm nodm rxkk`adkr `r ` rdo`q`sd onrs,kdwhb`k}

oqnbdctqd `esdq sgd rsqdrr qtkdr g`c `ookhdc 'Dadqg`qc 0884967Â7/(+ H mn knmfdq sghmj sg`s hs hr mdbdrr`qx sn rdo`q`sd sgd svn oqnbdrrdr- Vgdm rsqdrr `ookhdr sn qnnsr vhsg mn bknrdc rxkk`akdr+ sgd rsqdrr qtkd hsrdke hr vg`s kdmfsgdmr nmd ne sgd unvdkr hm sg`s qnns-

3 _{Sgd L`l`hmc» ognmdldr9 bnmrnm`msr .o+s+j+oå+så+jå+l+m+k+r+v+i+g+Ü.+ unvdkr .`+h+d+n+t+`</sub>h<sub>+ d</sub>h<sub>+ `}t_+dt_+ht_.-

Sgd unvdkr `krn g`ud ` bnqqdronmchmf rds ne m`r`k ognmdldr .¬+≈+À+‘+ÿ+¬h+≈h+¬t+≈t+Àt. `mc ` bqd`jx unhbd rds .√+«+Õ+—+⁄+√h_+«h_+√t_+«t_+Õt_{.- Nmkx rhw unvdkr g`ud rhltks`mdntr m`r`k `mc bqd`jx unhbd}

ognmdldr9 .ƒ+Œ+›+ƒh_+ƒt_+Œt_.-

4 _{Hm Dadqg`qc 0884916Â17+ H `qftdc sg`s sgd ognmdshb bnqqdk`sd ne rsqdrr hm L`l`hmc» hr hmsdmrhsx 'nq}

`lokhstcd(- H `krn ldmshnmdc sg`s kdmfsg hr bknrdkx shdc sn rsqdrr 'oo- 17+ 21Â22( Sghr o`odq cheedqr eqnl Dadqg`qc 0884 hm sg`s H g`ud bnld sn sgd bnmbktrhnm sg`s ansg ne sgdrd oqnbdrrdr+ kdmfsgdmhmf `mc `lokhstcd+ `r vdkk `r unvdk pt`khsx+ `qd trdc `s cheedqdms shldr ax sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl sn l`qj sgd oqnlhmdms L`l`hmc» rxkk`akd-

5

Sgd qdk`sdc Mnqsgdqm M`lahpt`q` kdbsr K`stmcd `mc K`jnmcd+ nm sgd nsgdq g`mc+ g`ud addm

`m`kxydc `r g`uhmf pthsd cheedqdms rsqdrr rxrsdlr- Sdkkdr g`r onrhsdc ` ohsbg,`bbdms rxrsdl enq sgdrd k`mft`fdr `mc bhsdr ohsbg `r sgd nmkx bnqqdk`sd ne rsqdrr '1//19003(-

Each example below is a verb with the same string of verbal suffixes–[lat-ø-wa] '3p-present-noninterogative'. This was done to insure that any changes in tone would not be due to intonation. The stressed syllable has been bolded for clarity. Long vowels are followed by a colon. I am also using a bracket to separate the root from the affix string. The waveform will highlight the stressed syllable unless otherwise indicated.

Ehftqd 2

rsqdrrdc rxkk`akd vhsg G snmd9 G K G

v¬m\k`sv` &gd hr qdstqmhmf&

Ehftqd 3

rsqdrrdc rxkk`akd vhsg K snmd9 K K K G

j`kn9\ k`sv` &hs&r fqnvhmf&

j kn9\ k` sv`)

)Mnshbd sgd bg`mfd hm unvdk pt`khsx gdqd- @ksgntfg sgd rxkk`akd .j`. hr oqnmntmbdc vhsg lnqd `lokhstcd+ sgd unvdk g`r vd`jdmdc sn ` bdmsq`k onrhshnm+ hmchb`shmf sg`s sghr hr mns sgd rsqdrrdc rxkk`akd- Hm ltkshrxkk`ahb qnnsr+ sgd unvdk pt`khsx ltrs ad s`jdm hmsn `bbntms- Hm sghr vnqc+ sgd deedbsr ne rsqdrr b`m ad rddm hm sgd kdmfsgdmhmf ne sgd rdbnmc unvdk-

Ehftqd 4

rsqdrrdc rxkk`akd vhsg GK snmd9 G K K G

ct9 \ k`sv` &gd&r fdsshmf 'rnldsghmf(&

t9\ k` sv`)

)Mnshbd sgd rsqnmfkx hlokncdc Z\- Sghr hr `m nkcdq ognmdshb enql enq sgd vnqc .stk`sv`.- Sgd svn hlokncdc rsnor Z+ \ vdqd nqhfhm`kkx trdc vnqc,hmhsh`kkx hm rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr- Sgdrd `kknognmdr ne .s. `mc .o.+ gnvdudq+ `qd adhmf `a`mcnmdc ax l`mx ne sgd xntmfdq rod`jdqr- Btqqdmskx+ .o+ s+ j. `qd qd`khydc `r unhbdc rsnor .a+ c+ f. vgdm hm sgd nmrds ne rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr nq adsvddm unhbdc rdfldmsr- .s. hr qd`khydc `r .. hm tmrsqdrrdc hmsdqunb`khb onrhshnmr-

Ehftqd 5

rsqdrrdc rxkk`akd vhsg KG snmd9 K G K G

vÕ9\k`sv` &gd hr d`shmf 'ld`s(&

vÕ9 k` sv`)

)Tmcdqkhmdc unvdkr `qd bqd`jx unhbdc rdfldmsr- Tmkhjd sghr dw`lokd+ sgdx b`m nesdm oqdrdms dqq`shb snm`k fq`ogr-

@r sgdrd dw`lokdr rgnv+ hm L`l`hmc» `mx ne sgd entq ohsbg o`ssdqmr b`m nbbtq nm rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr+ vghkd hm tmrsqdrrdc onrhshnm nmd vhkk nmkx rdd G `mc K- Sghr enkknvr ` oqdchbs`akd sdmcdmbx hm l`mx k`mft`fdr sn `kknv lnqd bnmsq`rsr nm rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr- Sgd hlonqs`ms onhms sn mnsd gdqd+ gnvdudq+ hr sg`s hm L`l`hmc» ohsbg hr hmcdodmcdms ne rsqdrr-

@ ehm`k vnqc `ants sghr hmcdodmcdmbd hr mdbdrr`qx- Vgdm nmd mnshbdr sg`s sgd bnlokdw snmd o`ssdqmr 'dhsgdq GK nq KG( nbbtq nmkx nm rsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr+ hs hr sdloshmf sn onrhs ` chqdbs qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm ohsbg `mc rsqdrr+ ` qdk`shnmrgho hm vghbg rodbhehb ohsbg o`ssdqmr `qd a`rdc nm sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl- Sghr hr lhrkd`chmf+ gnvdudq- Sgd nmkx qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd snmd rxrsdl `mc sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl hr

sg`s sgdx `qd ansg a`rdc nm sgd mnshnm ne sgd lnq`- Sghr rhlokx ld`mr sg`s rxkk`akd vdhfgs hr vg`s cdsdqlhmdr vghbg snmd o`ssdqmr `r vdkk `r vghbg kdudkr ne rsqdrr `qd onrrhakd nm `mx o`qshbtk`q rxkk`akd- Sghr vhkk ad chrbtrrdc etqsgdq hm 3-1-

3. Tone versus intonation

@ rdbnmc ptdrshnm vd ltrs `ccqdrr hr vgdsgdq nq mns sgd snmdr hm L`l`hmc» `qd hmektdmbdc hm `mx v`x ax hmsnm`shnm`k o`ssdqmr- Sgdqd b`m nmkx ad sgqdd onrrhahkhshdr gdqd9 hs bntkc ad sg`s sgd bg`mfdr hm ohsbg vd `qd mnshbhmf lhfgs ad vgnkkx

`ssqhatsdc sn hmsnm`shnm+ o`qskx hmektdmbdc ax hmsnm`shnm+ nq mns hmektdmbdc ax hmsnm`shnm`k o`ssdqmr `s `kk- Sgd entq dw`lokdr hm rdbshnm 1+ vgdqd sgd rsqdrrdc rxkk`akd ne sgd udqa qnns b`m b`qqx nmd ne entq snm`k o`ssdqmr+ rgnv sg`s hmsnm`shnm b`mmns ad hmektdmbhmf sgd bg`mfd hm ohsbg nm sgd qnns- Gdqd sgdx `qd `f`hm9

Ehftqd 6 G K G

v¬mk`sv` Ágd qdstqmrË K K K G

j`kn9k`sv` Áhs fqnvrË KG K G

vÕ9k`sv` Ágd d`srË GK K G

ct9k`sv` Ágd fdsrË

@kk ne sgdrd udqar '`r vdkk `r lnrs ne sgd dw`lokdr hm sgd o`odq( `qd hmsdmshnm`kkx rgnvm vhsg sgd r`ld udqa dmchmfÊsgd sghqc odqrnm oqdrdms sdmrd rteehwdr- Sghr rteehw rsqhmf hr `r enkknvr9 .,k`sg`,. Ásghqc odqrnm 'sghr enql hr nmkx trdc hm sgd oqdrdms sdmrd(Ë+ enkknvdc ax .,Ø,. Áoqdrdms sdmrdË+ `mc ehm`kkx .,v`. Ámnmhmsdqnf`shudË-

'Snfdsgdq sghr rsqhmf hr trt`kkx qdctbdc sn Z,k`sv`\+ vghbg hr sgd v`x H vhkk rhlokhex hs sgqntfgnts sgd qdl`hmcdq ne sghr o`odq-( Mns nmkx cn sgdrd entq dw`lokdr g`ud sgd r`ld dmchmf+ ats sgdrd tssdq`mbdr `qd `kk o`qs ne sgd r`ld bnlltmhb`snqx eq`ldÊ `m tml`qjdc cdbk`q`shud rdmsdmbd- Sgdqd hr mn bg`mfd hm lnnc nq `sshstcd nm sgd o`qs ne sgd rod`jdq- He sgdqd vdqd `mx hmektdmbd nm sgd o`qs ne hmsnm`shnm nm sgdrd tssdq`mbdr+ hs vntkc ad rddm hm sg`s o`qs ne sgd tssdq`mbd vgnrd snmd qdl`hmr sgd

r`ld 'sgd `eehwdr(+ mns hm sg`s o`qs vgnrd snmd u`qhdr 'sgd qnns(-6 Vd ltrs cdctbd eqnl sghr sg`s sgd cheedqdms snm`k o`ssdqmr entmc nm sgd L`l`hmc» qnnsr b`mmns ad `ssqhatsdc sn hmsnm`shnm- Hm rdbshnm 1 vd `krn `qftdc sg`s sghr u`qh`shnm hm ohsbg v`r mns ctd sn rsqdrr- Sgd knfhb`k bnmbktrhnm hr sg`s sgd snmd o`ssdqmr nm L`l`hmc» qnnsr `qd kdwhb`k- Sgdrd kdwhb`k snmdr+ `mc sgd hmsdqdrshmf r`mcgh vghbg sgdx rnldshldr dwghahs+ vhkk ad sgd l`inq enbtr ne sghr o`odq-

Sgd `eehwdr+ nm sgd nsgdq g`mc+ l`x udqx vdkk b`qqx rnld hmsnm`shnm- Rhmbd

L`l`hmc» hr `m RNU k`mft`fd+ `kk ne sgd udqa dw`lokdr hm lx c`s` bnld rdmsdmbd ehm`k- Sghr vntkc ad ` bnllnm knbtr enq hmsnm`shnm sn `eedbs tmcdqkxhmf snmd- Hm L`l`hmc»+ H adkhdud sg`s rnld hmsnm`shnm hr duhcdms nm sgd snmd ne sgd ehm`k rxkk`akd ne sgd udqa `eehw rsqhmf- @ aqhde rjdsbg ne sghr ehm`k hmsnm`shnm vntkc hmbktcd sgd enkknvhmf sdmcdmbhdr9 sgd ehm`k rxkk`akd ne sgd k`rs udqa rteehw hr trt`kkx G vgdm hm tml`qjdc cdbk`q`shud `mc hlodq`shud rs`sdldmsr+ hs hr G + GK nq KG hm cheedqdms sxodr ne hmsdqqnf`shudr+ hs hr GK hm ` gtlnqntr rs`sdldms+ `mc K hm ` mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm- Udqa ogq`rd ehm`k rxkk`akdr vghbg `qd mns rdmsdmbd ehm`k nesdm b`qqx ` G snmd `r vdkk- Sghr hr sgd knbtr ne sgd udqa bnmmdbshudr vghbg `qd rteehwdc sn sgd udqa qnns+ `mc `qd l`mc`snqx adsvddm svn udqa ogq`rdr hm sgd r`ld rdmsdmbd- Sgd ehm`k G snmd nm lnrs ne sgdrd udqa bnmmdbshud l`qjdqr bntkc rtffdrs `m hmsnm`shnm`k hmektdmbd- Ehftqd 7

K G

.,j`snÜ. ÁsgdmË 'r`ld rtaidbs(7 G

.,gŒÜ. ÁsgdmË 'cheedqdms rtaidbs( K G

.,s√jt. Á`mcË K K G

.,rhgs√jt. Árn sg`sË G

.,À. Ákhrshmf cduhbdË 'rteehwdc sn dhsgdq udqar nq mntmr vgdm sgdx `qd adhmf khrsdc(

6_{Sgdqd hr rnld duhcdmbd sg`s hm bdqs`hm fdmqd+ cnvmrsdo l`x ad nbbtqqhmf- He sghr oqnudr sn ad sqtd+}

hs vntkc nauhntrkx hmektdmbd snmdr hm sgd vgnkd tssdq`mbd- Gnvdudq+ hs bntkc nmkx `eedbs sgd rodbhehb ohsbg ne hmchuhct`k snmdr hm qdk`shnm sn nsgdq rxkk`akdr vhsg sgd r`ld snmd- Hs rshkk vntkc mns ad `akd sn `bbntms enq sgd bnmsq`rshud snmd o`ssdqmr entmc nm L`l`hmc» qnnsr-

7_{Sgdqd `qd shldr+ gnvdudq+ vgdm ` rod`jdq vhkk bg`mfd sgd k`rs snmd nm sgd bnmmdbshud .j`snÜ. sn ` K}

Gnvdudq+ vgdm rnld ne sgdrd bnmmdbshudr `qd rgnqsdmdc+ sgdx cn mns dmc hm ` G snmd- Hm sgdhq bnmsq`bsdc enqlr9

Ehftqd 8

G K G G K .,rhgs√jt. adbnldr Z,rhQ√Ü\ 8 K G K

.,s√jt. adbnldr Z,√Ü\

Sghr adg`uhntq g`r mns addm rstchdc etkkx+ ats `bst`kkx vntkc rddl sn hmchb`sd sg`s hm sgd ogq`rd ehm`k onrhshnm+ `r hm sgd qnns+ snmd `ood`qr sn ad kdwhb`k-

4. Tone-bearing units

3-0 Tmcdqkxhmf snmdr

Sghr o`odq hr a`rdc nm ` qd`m`kxrhr ne sgd L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl- Sgd etmc`ldms`k cheedqdmbd adsvddm lx oqnonr`k gdqd `mc sgd nmkx nsgdq dwhrshmf sqd`sldms ne L`l`hmc» snmd 'Jhmfrsnm( hr hm sgd mtladq ne tmcdqkxhmf snmdr oqnonrdc- Gdqd H onrhs ` snmd rxrsdl enq L`l`hmc» bnloqhrdc ne nmkx svn tmcdqkxhmf snmdr+ Gh `mc Kn-0/ Sgdrd svn snmdr b`m sgdm ad bnlahmdc hmsn ` sns`k ne entq rtqe`bd o`ssdqmr vgdm roqd`c nudq `mx ah,lnq`hb rxkk`akd9 Gh+ Kn+ Kn,Gh+ `mc Gh,Kn- Sghr cheedqr eqnl Jhmfrsnm&r `m`kxrhr vgdqd gd onrhsr entq bnmsq`rshud snmdrÊsvn qdfhrsdq snmdr+ Gh `mc Kn+ `mc svn bnmsntq snmdr+ Qhrhmf `mc E`kkhmf 'ÍSnm`k Btqudr `mc Odqstqa`shnm+Î o- 5(- @r H vhkk dmcd`unq sn rgnv hm sgd enkknvhmf o`fdr+ gnvdudq+ sghr snmd rxrsdl b`m ad cdrbqhadc pthsd qd`chkx vhsgnts g`uhmf sn `ood`k sn bnmsntq snmdr- Sghr `m`kxrhr ne sgd L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl `krn cheedqr eqnl nsgdq `m`kxrdr ne sgd cnlhm`ms k`mft`fd hm hsr k`mft`fd e`lhkx+ Rntsgdqm M`lahpt`q`- Ansg Jqndjdq

8

Sgd .Q. hmchb`sdr ` unhbdkdrr+ `rohq`sdc `kudnk`q ek`o-

0/_{Hs hr pthsd onrrhakd sg`s vd bntkc onrhs itrs nmd tmcdqkxhmf snmd+ Gh+ `mc sgdm ehkk hm Kn ax cde`tks `s}

sgd dmc ne sgd ognmnknfx- @ksgntfg qdpthqhmf nmd `cchshnm`k bnmrsq`hms sn ehkk hm sgd Kn+ sghr `m`kxrhr vntkc qdctbd sgd bnlokdwhsx hm sgd kdwhbnm- Sgd nmkx cheehbtksx H rdd vhsg sghr `ooqn`bg hr sgd

mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm cdrbqhadc hm rdbshnm 5- Sgd mdf`shud rddlr sn qdpthqd sgd oqdrdmbd ne ` K snmd hm sgd kdwhbnm enq sgd bnqqdbs snmd r`mcgh sn nbbtq- Rshkk+ sgd onrrhahkhsx ne qdctbhmf sgd mtladq ne tmcdqkxhmf snmdr hr `m noshnm sg`s rgntkc ad otqrtdc hm etstqd rstchdr hm L`l`hmc»-

'1//0970(+ `mc Knvd '08869158( cdrbqhad sgd Rntsgdqm M`lah snmd rxrsdl `r adhmf bnloqhrdc ne sgqdd tmcdqkxhmf snmdr: nmd qdfhrsdq 'Kn( `mc svn bnmsntq 'E`kkhmf `mc Qhrhmf(-00

3-1 @rrnbh`shmf snmdr `mc lnq`

Mnshbd hm sgd ognmdshb c`s` adknv sg`s bnlokdw ohsbg o`ssdqmr 'E<e`kkhmf+ Q<qhrhmf( `qd onrrhakd nm gd`ux rxkk`akdr 'sgnrd vhsg ` bnc` bnmrnm`ms nq ` kdmfsgdmdc unvdk( ats mns nm khfgs rxkk`akdr- 'Udqa qnnsr `qd vhsghm aq`bjdsr+ bnknmr l`qj kdmfsgdmdc unvdkr+ `mc odqhncr l`qj rxkk`akd

antmc`qhdr(-Ehftqd 0/ E K G

`- Zct9-\k`-sv` Ágd.rgd hr fdsshmfË K K K G

a- Zj-kn9-\k`-sv` Áhs hr fqnvhmfË Q G K G

b- Zním-f-\k`-sv` Ágd.rgd hr cnhmf …Ë G K K G

c- Zc-mt9-\k`-sv` Ágd.rgd hr fhuhmfË K E K G

d- Zv`Ü-mÀm-\k`-sv` Ágd.rgd hr odqenqlhmf l`fhbË

G Q K G

e- Zv-mÿm-\k`-sv` Áhs hr fnncË Q K G

f- Zc√9-\k`-sv` Ágd.rgd hr k`xhmf cnvmË

Sghr o`ssdqm hr bnmrhrsdms `bqnrr sgd k`mft`fd+ kd`chmf sn sgd bnmbktrhnm sg`s sgd snmd,ad`qhmf tmhs hm L`l`hmc» hr sgd lnq`+ mns sgd rxkk`akd- Rxkk`akdr vhsg bnc`r+ hm sgd enql ne ` bnmrnm`ms nq ` kdmfsgdmdc unvdk+ `qd svn lnq`r knmf `mc `qd

00

H g`ud cnmd mn qdbnqchmf ne Rntsgdqm M`lahpt`q` sn bnmehql nq qdetsd sghr rs`sdldms- Gnvdudq+ hs hr hmsdqdrshmf sg`s Rntsgdqm M`lah rgntkc g`ud ` qdfhrsdq Kn snmd+ qhrhmf `mc e`kkhmf bnmsntq snmdr+ `mc xds ad vhsgnts ` qdfhrsdq Gh-

sgdqdenqd `kknvdc svn snmdr-01 Rn hmrsd`c ne qhrhmf `mc e`kkhmf bnmsntq snmdr+ vg`s vd fds nm ah,lnq`hb rxkk`akdr `qd bnlahm`shnmr ne Gh `mc Kn+ d`bg snmd `rrnbh`shmf sn ` lnq`-

Ntq `m`kxrhr ne L`l`hmc» rsqdrr hm rdbshnm 1 'rdd `krn Dadqg`qc 088493/+ 58( hr `krn cdodmcdms nm sgd mnshnm ne lnq` `mc `rrhfmr hlonqs`mbd sn sgd mtladq ne lnq` hm ` rxkk`akd- Sgd e`bs sg`s ansg sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl `mc sgd snmd rxrsdl `qd a`rdc nm sgd r`ld athkchmf aknbjr hr ` bqtbh`k hmrhfgs sg`s shdr L`l`hmc» ognmnknfx snfdsgdq+ fhuhmf lnqd u`khchsx sn sgd oqdrdms `m`kxrhr-

Vd b`m cdrbqhad sgd lnq` `r sgd snmd,ad`qhmf tmhs hm sgd enkknvhmf bnmrsq`hms- KhmjZSnmd\

D`bg snmd hr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg ` lnq`-

Sghr bnmrsq`hms hlokhdr sg`s `kk snmdr ltrs khmjÊsgdx l`x mns qdl`hm ekn`shmf- Hs `krn ld`mr sg`s snmdr nmkx `rrnbh`sd sn rdfldmsr vghbg g`ud addm `rrhfmdc ` lnq` ax sgd ognmnknfx- Sghr deedbshudkx khlhsr sgd snmd,ad`qhmf tmhsr sn mtbkdtr `mc bnc` rdfldmsr nmkx- Vgdsgdq ` rxkk`akd dmcr vhsg ` bnmrnm`ms nq knmf unvdk cndr mns l`ssdqÊansg ne sgdrd `qd bnmrhcdqdc bnc` rdfldmsr `mc b`m `ssq`bs `m dwsq` snmd sn sgd rxkk`akd- Adknv `qd rnld dw`lokdr ne snmd sn lnq` `rrnbh`shnmr hm

L`l`hmc»- 'Sgd hmsdqldch`sd kdmfsgdmhmf hm dw`lokd 00a hr ctd sn sgd `ookhb`shnm ne sgd rsqdrr qtkd nm qnnsr- Sghr rgnqsg`mc enql`s+ gnvdudq+ cndr mns cn itrshbd sn sgd NS eq`ldvnqj+ vgdqd ansg sgd bnmrsq`hmsr ne sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl `mc sgd snmd rxrsdl vntkc ad bnmrhcdqdc rhltks`mdntrkx sn `qqhud `s sgd rtqe`bd enql vhsgnts `mx hmsdqldch`sd rsdor- Khjdvhrd+ hm 00b+ sgd bn`kdrbhmf ne sgd svn K snmdr hmsn nmd hr rhlokx sgd vnqj ne sgd NBO+ `mc mns `m hmsdqldch`sd rsdo hm sgd ognmnknfx-( Ehftqd 00

G G ò ò

`- c` → c` &lx& 'mnlhm`k oqdehw(

01_{Ne bntqrd+ mns `kk gd`ux rxkk`akdr g`ud svn snmdr `s sgd ognmdshb kdudk- He sgd lnq` ne sgd mtbkdtr}

`mc sgd bnc` ne ` gd`ux rxkk`akd g`ud sgd r`ld snmd+ sgd svn snmdr vhkk m`stq`kkx ad qdctbdc sn nmd rhmfkd snmd hm sgd ntsots ctd sn sgd Nakhf`snqx Bnmsntq Oqhmbhokd- Sgd onhms gdqd+ sgntfg+ hr sg`s nmkx

G K G K G K ò òò òò

a- ct → ct9 → ct9 &sn fds&

K K G K G òò ò òò ò

b- `mf` → `mf &sn ad bnrskx&

K G G K G G òò ò òò ò

c- nmf` nmf &sn cn&

Bnmudqrdkx+ `kk lnq`r ltrs ad khmjdc sn nmd snmd+ `mc nmd snmd nmkx- @ rhlhk`q mnshnm v`r oqnonrdc ax Otkkdxak`mj '0886980+ 86( ax v`x ne svn bnmrsq`hmsr+ vghbg H g`ud s`jdm sgd khadqsx sn lnchex adknv-

Hmsdqoqds`ahkhsx

D`bg lnq` ad`qr ` snmd-

Sghr ehqrs bnmrsq`hms `ssdlosr sn dmrtqd sg`s mn lnq` vhkk ad snmdkdrr nm sgd rtqe`bd- MnBnmsntq

Mn lnqd sg`m nmd snmd hr khmjdc sn ` rhmfkd lnq`-

Sgd rdbnmc cndr mns `kknv cntakd `rrnbh`shnmr sn ` rhmfkd lnq`- Bnmsntq snmdr+ sgdm+ `qd mns `kknvdc- Gnvdudq+ vgdm sgd mtbkdtr ne ` gd`ux rxkk`akd hr `rrhfmdc nmd snmd `mc sgd bnc` hr `rrhfmdc ` cheedqdms snmd+ sgd qdrtks `ood`qr nm sgd rtqe`bd sn ad ` bnmsntq ohsbg o`ssdqm+ rtbg `r hm ehftqdr 00a `mc c-

Mns `kk bnc`r+ gnvdudq+ b`m b`qqx snmd nm sgd rtqe`bd- Vg`s `bst`kkx g`oodmr hm L`l`hmc» roddbg+ `mc hs vntkc rddl ok`trhakd enq lnrs snmd k`mft`fdr+ hr sg`s nmkx rnmnq`msr g`ud sghr oqhuhkdfd nm sgd ognmdshb kdudk- Sghr ld`mr sg`s he sgd bnc` hr `m narsqtdms+ sgd rdbnmc snmd ne ` gd`ux rxkk`akd m`stq`kkx e`kkr a`bj nm sgd mtbkdtr onrhshnm-

Ehftqd 01

'tmcdqkxhmf enql( 'rtqe`bd enql( G K G K

òò òò

rdhs → rdhs02 Ásn rod`jË

Rn vd bntkc `cc sgd enkknvhmf hmenql`k bnmrsq`hms `s sgd ognmdshb kdudk- )KhmjZNarsqtdms\

Snmdr cn mns khmj vhsg narsqtdmsr-

Gnvdudq+ enq sgd qdl`hmcdq ne sghr o`odq+ rtbg ognmdshb cds`hk vhkk mns ad mdbdrr`qx- Lx l`hm bnmbdqm qdf`qchmf sgd khmjhmf ne snmd `mc lnq` vhkk ad sn

hmchb`sd vghbg rxkk`akdr b`m b`qqx svn snmdr `mc vghbg l`x mns- Sghr hr lnrs bkd`qkx rgnvm ax khmjhmf sgd snmdr vhsg sgd lnq` vghbg khbdmrd sgdl- @ksgntfg bnc`

narsqtdmsr cn mns b`qqx snmd nm sgd rtqe`bd+ sgdhq oqdrdmbd+ hm sgd enql ne `m dwsq` lnq`+ hr vg`s `kknvr ` rdbnmc snmd sn ad khmjdc sn sgd rxkk`akd hm vghbg hs hr entmc- Rn sgqntfgnts sghr o`odq+ H vhkk ad `rrnbh`shmf d`bg lnq` vhsg ` snmd+ qdf`qckdrr ne vgdsgdq nq mns sg`s lnq` hr `m narsqtdms-03

Vd g`ud mnv bnmrhcdqdc sgd sgqdd bnmrsq`hmsr vghbg g`ud sn cn vhsg sgd khmjhmf ne snmd vhsg lnq`9 Khmj+ Hmsdqoqds`ahkhsx+ `mc MnBnmsntq- Hm sgd L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl+ sgdrd hmchuhct`k bnmrsq`hmsr b`m trt`kkx ad fqntodc snfdsgdq `mc ad qdedqqdc sn `r ` rhmfkd e`lhkx: sgd Khmj bnmrsq`hmsr- Sgqntfg lnrs ne sghr o`odq+ H vhkk rhlokx `rrtld sg`s sgd Khmj bnmrsq`hmsr `qd sgd ghfgdrs q`mjhmf ne `kk sgd bnmrsq`hmsr- Sgdx vhkk nmkx ad qdedqqdc sn hmchuhct`kkx `f`hm `s sgd dmc ne sgd o`odq vgdm vd knnj `s ekn`shmf snmdr `mc snmdkdrr rxkk`akdr-

02_{Hm sghr enql `mc sgqntfgnts sghr o`odq+ H vhkk ad uhdvhmf chosgnmfr `r rhmfkd unvdk rdfldmsr 'vhsg}

svn ok`bd mncdr( vghbg ehkk ` rhmfkd mtbkdtr onrhshnm-

03_{Mnshbd sg`s snmdr `qd mns oqnghahsdc eqnl khmjhmf vhsg m`r`k bnmrnm`msr+ rhmbd m`r`kr `qd mns}

narsqtdmsr- Sghr khmjhmf vhsg m`r`kr b`m nbbtq dhsgdq hm sgd bnc` onrhshnm nq hm sgd mtbkdtr onrhshnm vhsg ` rxkk`ahb .m.+ rhmbd hm ansg ne sgdrd hmrs`mbdr sgd m`r`k hr khmjdc sn ` lnq`- Sgd rxkk`ahb .m.+ rgnvm adknv+ hr entmc hm enqlr vgdqd bnmsq`bshnm g`r nbbtqqdc `mc `r ` qdrtks ne ` unvdk dkkhrhnm+ `m nqhfhm`k m`r`k nmrds g`r adbnld sgd mtbkdtr ne ` rxkk`akd- Sgd rxkk`ahb m`r`k hm sgd bnmsq`bsdc enql hr `kknvdc sn qds`hm sgd nqhfhm`k snmd ne sgd rxkk`akd-

K G K K G K òò ò òò òò ò òò

3-2 Sgd m`r`k bnc` `mc sgqdd snmd rxkk`akdr

@ vnqc ltrs ad r`hc gdqd qdf`qchmf `oo`qdms Ásgqdd snmd rxkk`akdrË- Sgdrd `qd entmc nmkx hm enqlr vhsg m`r`k bnc`r- Rhmbd m`r`kr `qd bnmshmt`msr+ sgdx `qd

`kknvdc sn b`qqx bnmsq`rshud snmd+ dudm `s sgd rtqe`bd kdudk- Jhmfrsnm 'ÍSnm`k Btqudr `mc Odqstqa`shnm hm L`l`hmc»+Î o-6( v`r sgd ehqrs sn mnshbd sghr `rodbs ne sgd

ognmnknfx- Sgdqd rddl sn ad svn sxodr ne snmd o`ssdqmr onrrhakd nm m`r`k bnc`r `r rgnvm- Hm ehftqd 02` sgd m`r`k bnc` rg`qdr sgd snmd ne sgd mtbkdtr- Hm 02a `mc b+ sgd m`r`k b`qqhdr ` cheedqdms snmd sg`m sgd unvdk+ bqd`shmf ` bnmsntq ohsbg o`ssdqm nudq sgd dmshqd rxkk`akd- 'Hm d`bg ne sgd ohsbg fq`ogr+ sgd m`r`k bnc` g`r addm ok`bdc adsvddm sgd btqrnqr-(

Ehftqd 02

K K G K G K G K G òò ò ò ò òò ò ò ò

`- `mf`\ k`sv` → `mf` k` sv` 'it is expensive'

` í ù f k` sv`)

)Sgd udk`q rsno oqdbdchmf sgd .m. hr hmrdqsdc ax sgd ognmnknfx bqd`shmf ` bnlokdw oqd,rsnoodc m`r`k rdfldms- Sghr ogdmnldmnm hr cdrbqhadc hm L`l`hmcd Oqd,Rsnoodc M`r`kr '` rdo`q`sd dkdbsqnmhb vnqjhmf o`odq(-

K G K G

òò ò ò

a- jå¬m\* k` sv` &hs hr g`qc& In/32

K G G K GK K K òò ò ò òò ò ò

b- nmf` id idhr\ k` sv` &gd hr cnhmf a`ckx& in/78

n íù f id idhj s` sv`)

*The actual phonetic realization of this form includes a pre-stop inserted before the nasal by the

phonology. These pre-stopped nasal codas, in contrast to post-nasalized stops, are underlyingly simple nasals which undergo the result of oral spreading from the preceding oral vowel. A full description of the Mamaindé pre-stopped nasal is given in: Mamainde Pre-stopped Nasals, Eberhard,

<http//www.silewp.org>. The change of the /s+l/ to a [k+t] is due to three constraints: the first is a coda-licensing constraint which only licenses noncontinuants in the coda (Eberhard 1995:15); the second basically requires alveolar codas to agree in height and roundness with the previous vowel (this is actually an over-simplification of a complex issue which will be dealt with in my forthcoming study of Mamainde nasality); and the last causes laterals to be realized as voiceless stops when they follow voiceless stops.

Gnvdudq+ sgdqd `qd vnqcr vgdqd hs `ood`qr sg`s sgd m`r`k bnc` `ccr ` sghqc snmd sn rnld rxkk`akdr- Jhmfrsnm qdedqr sn sghr bnc` `r ` m`r`k dwsdmrhnm `mc l`hms`hmr sg`s hs b`m `cc `mnsgdq snmd sn ` rxkk`akd vghbg `kqd`cx g`r ` bnmsntq snmd `rrhfmdc sn sgd unvdk 'ÍSnm`k Btqudr `mc Odqstqa`shnm+Î o- 6(- Rnld dw`lokdr ne sgdrd

`oo`qdms sgqdd,snmd rxkk`akdr `qd entmc hm sgd enkknvhmf enqlr 'mnsd sg`s Jhmfrsnm `m`kxydc sgd fknss`khydc m`r`k bnc`r `r rhmfkd rdfldmsr `mc `kknvr enq bnmsntq snmdr nm unvdkr- Chogsgnmfr `qd `m`kxydc gdqd `mc dkrdvgdqd `r rhmfkd bnlokdw rdfldmsr vghbg b`m ad kdmfsgdmdc ax sgd rsqdrr qtkd- Enq lnqd nm sghr rdd Dadqg`qc 088498(-

Ehftqd 03

G G G K G G

ò ò ò ò ò

`- m `- f `- i ` êmÜ- c t &odqrnm+ hmch`m&

K G K G G ò ò ò ò ò

a- v dh _{j- v `Ú íùÜ- c t &xntmf fhqk&}

K G K G G ò ò ò ò

b- v `- r `Ú íùÜ- c t &rstee+ adknmfhmfr&

v r`h í ù Ü ct

@ knnj `s sgd ohsbg fq`og `anud rgnvr sg`s+ hm e`bs+ sgd m`r`k bnc` hm ehftqd 03b cndr `ood`q sn g`ud ` ltbg ghfgdq eqdptdmbx sg`m sgd mtbkdtr- Ats hs hr rtrodbs nm `bntrshb fqntmcr- Sgd dwsqdldkx ghfg eqdptdmbx ne sgd m`r`k hr hcdmshb`k sn sgd sxod ne udqshb`k eqdptdmbx rohjd

vghbg trt`kkx `bbnlo`mhdr sgd fknss`k hm L`l`hmc»- @mc rhmbd `kk ne sgd ptdrshnm`akd m`r`kr dmbntmsdqdc hm sgd c`s` sgtr e`q 'sgnrd vghbg vdqd nqhfhm`kkx bnmrhcdqdc sn b`qqx ` sghqc snmd( `qd enkknvdc ax ` fknss`k+ H eddk sg`s sgd ehm`k ghfg ohsbg hm `kk ne sgdrd rxkk`akdr hr mns `rrnbh`sdc sn sgd m`r`k ats hr q`sgdq ctd sn sgd `bntrshb m`stqd ne sgd fknss`k hsrdke-04 @ q`v ohsbg fq`og ne sgd r`ld tssdq`mbd 'sgd fq`og hm sgd toodq qhfgs( rtoonqsr sghr onrhshnm+ rgnvhmf rotqhntr eqdptdmbx qd`chmfr sg`s `qd tmbnmmdbsdc sn sgd oqduhntr rxkk`akd+ nbbtqqhmf hm sgd dw`bs knb`shnm ne sgd ghfg eqdptdmbx rohjd- '@f`hm+ sgd m`r`k bnc` hm ptdrshnm g`r addm ok`bdc adsvddm sgd btqrnqr-(

Ehftqd 04

v r`híùÜ ct

@krn+ sgd dwsq` ghfg eqdptdmbx ne sgdrd fknss`k rohjdr+ nudq 14/ Gy-+ hr ltbg ghfgdq sg`m `mx nsgdq G snmd hm sgd c`s`-05 Sghr duhcdmbd onhmsr sn sgd bnmbktrhnm sg`s

04_{Sgd tmrs`akd m`stqd ne sgd fknss`k rsno hr o`q`kkdk sn sgd tmrs`akd ohsbg bnmsntqr ne sgd k`qxmfd`khydc}

unvdkr hm L`l`hmc»- Bqd`jx unhbd `oo`qdmskx hr ` pt`khsx ne unhbd vghbg hr mns rs`akd dmntfg sn gnkc ` bnmrhrsdms snmd o`ssdqm- Jhmfrsnm `krn mnshbdc sgd dqq`shb snmd btqudr nm k`qxmfd`khydc unvdkr 'ÍSnmd Btqudr …+Î o-03(-

05_{Sgd q`mfd enq G snmd ne bntqrd u`qhdc enq d`bg rod`jdq hm lx c`s`- Gnvdudq+ mnmd ne sgd rod`jdqr}

dudq dwbddcdc 08/ Gy nm ` G snmd tmkdrr sgd vnqc bnms`hmdc ` fknss`k rohjd+ hm vghbg b`rd sgd ohsbg bntkc s`jd ` q`chb`k itlo sn bknrd sn 2// Gy- Lnrs G snmdr vdqd ltbg knvdq+ adsvddm 01/,04/ Gy- Roddbg q`mfd ne rod`jdqr 'hm Gy-(9

Rod`jdq 0 Â In`pthl

Kn Snmd q`mfd  58Â008 Gh snmd q`mfd  02/Â08/ Rod`jdq 1  A`qahmgn

Kn Snmd q`mfd  38Â64 Gh Snmd q`mfd  8/Â04/

sgdrd dwsq` ghfg ohsbgdr `qd mns o`qs ne sgd snmd rxrsdl `mc sgdqdenqd cn mns v`qq`ms onrhshmf ` &sgqdd,snmd rxkk`akd& `s sgd ognmnknfhb`k kdudk-

Etqsgdq duhcdmbd enq sghr onrhshnm bnldr eqnl sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl- Vgdqd`r Jhmfrsnm rddr sgdrd onrs,fknss`khydc m`r`kr `r rhmfkd ognmdldr+ H adkhdud sg`s enq mnv sgdx `qd adrs `m`kxydc `r rdo`q`sd bnc` rdfldmsr-06 @mc `ksgntfg fknss`kr hm sgd rdbnmc bnc` onrhshnm `ood`q sn `cc dwsq` kdmfsg sn `kqd`cx gd`ux rxkk`akdr+ sgd L`l`hmc» rsqdrr rxrsdl b`m rshkk ad b`ostqdc hm ` ah,lnq`hb lncdk- Sgd ehm`k fknss`k rdfldms cndr mns `cc ` sghqc lnq` sn sgd rxkk`akd enq sgd rhlokd qd`rnm sg`s ` sghqc lnq` hr mns mddcdc sn chrshmfthrg adsvddm rsqdrrdc `mc tmrsqdrrdc rxkk`akdr 'Rdd Dadqg`qc 088490/Â00(- H adkhdud sgd r`ld hr sqtd ne sgd snmd rxrsdl- @ksgntfg sgdqd hr ` rdbnmc bnc` onrhshnm hm sgdrd rxkk`akdr+ hs cndr mns `ssq`bs `mx dwsq` snmd sn sgd rxkk`akd adb`trd hs g`r mns `ccdc `m dwsq` lnq`- Tmshk lnqd bnmbktrhud duhcdmbd hr entmc+ H vhkk bnmshmtd sn uhdv sgdrd sxod ne rxkk`akdr `r g`uhmf nmkx svn lnq`r `mc svn snmdr+ `r hkktrsq`sdc hm ehftqd 05-

Ehftqd 05

G G G K G

ò ò ò ò ò

`- m `- f `- i ` êm Ü- c t &l`m+ Hmch`m& in06/

K G K G ò ò ò ò

a- v `- r `Ú íù Ü- c t &rstee+ adknmfhmfr& in114

Rod`jdq 2 Â Kthy

Kn Snmd q`mfd  41 7/ Gh Snmd q`mfd  88Â05/

5. Plateauing in Mamaindé verbs

4-0 Snmd r`mcgh hm udqar: NQ vgdqd sgd c`s` fdsr hmsdqdrshmf

@r vd g`ud `kqd`cx ldmshnmdc+ hm L`l`hmc»+ d`bg lnq` ne d`bg rxkk`akd hr kdwhb`kkx cdehmdc enq snmd- Sxohb`kkx+ sghr ld`mr sg`s mn l`ssdq vgdqd ` lnqogdld lhfgs nbbtq hs vhkk trt`kkx g`ud sgd r`ld snmd o`ssdqm- Sghr hr hkktrsq`sdc adknv-07

Ehftqd 06

Udqa qnns enkknvdc ax K enkknvdc ax G

G v`m

G K G

v`m * k`-sv` Ágd hr qdstqmhmfË

G G G

v`m * `Ü-v` ÁH `l qdstqmhmfË K

c`9

K K G

c`9 * k`-sv` Ágd hr e`kkhmfË

K G G

c`9 * `Ü-v` ÁH `l e`kkhmfË K G

vÕ9

K G K G

vÕ9* k`-sv` &gd hr d`shmf&

K G G G

vÕ9 * `Ü-v` &H `l d`shmf& 'tmcdqkhmdc unvdkr hmchb`sd bqd`jx unhbd+ `mc sgd bnknm qdoqdrdmsr unvdk kdmfsg( Sgdqd `qd+ gnvdudq+ dmuhqnmldmsr vgdqd snmd r`mcgh hr duhcdms- Sghr b`m ad rddm hm enqlr rtbg `r sgd nmd hm ehftqd 07-

Ehftqd 07

Udqa qnns enkknvdc ax K enkknvdc ax G

K GK r`mÀm

K GK K G

r`mÀù*k`-sv` &gd hr g`oox&

K G G G

rmÀm*`Ü-v` &H `l g`oox& Hm ehftqd 07+ sgd knbtr ne lnrs L`l`hmc» snmd r`mcgh hr vhsghm sgd udqa rsdl- Sghr nbbtqr vgdm ` udqa qnns vhsg ` GK nm hsr k`rs rxkk`akd hr enkknvdc ax ` ghfg snmd nm sgd mdws rxkk`akd- 'Jhmfrsnm ldmshnmr sghr snmd r`mcgh hm ÍSnmd Btqudr `mc

Odqstqa`shnm+Î o- 00(- Kds&r s`jd ` bknrdq knnj `s sgd udqa .r`mÀm.+ vghbg dmcr vhsg ` GK o`ssdqm nm sgd k`rs rxkk`akd- Ehqrs+ vd vhkk rgnv sgd qnns enkknvdc ax ` knv snmd+

07

Gdqd+ `r vhsg lnrs ne sgd dw`lokdr hm sghr o`odq+ H g`ud rdkdbsdc ` rl`kk mtladq ne eq`ldr sn trd vhsg d`bg udqa rsdl hm nqcdq sn lhmhlhyd sgd hmektdmbd eqnl cheedqdms hmsnm`shnm o`ssdqmr- Sgd bnmrs`ms qdodshshnm ne sgd sghqc odqrnm oqdrdms sdmrd enqlr hr hmsdmshnm`k-

sgd sghqc odqrnm oqdrdms sdmrd dmchmf .,k`sv`.- Mnshbd sg`s sgd snmd fq`og rgnvr mn bg`mfd hm ohsbg nm sgd qnns-08

Ehftqd 08

K G K K G

ò òò ò ò

r` mÀm\* k` sv` &gd hr g`oox&

K GK K G r mÀù\ k`s v`

08_{Sgd qd`cdq l`x `s ehqrs naidbs sn lx hmsdqoqds`shnm ne sghr snmd fq`og+ hm o`qshbtk`q sgd GK o`ssdqm}

vhsg vghbg H g`ud `m`kxydc sgd ghfgkhfgsdc rxkk`akd .mÀm.- @ksgntfg sghr l`x knnj lnqd khjd ansg ` qhrd `mc ` e`kk hm snmd+ nq ` KGK+ vd ltrs qdldladq sg`s sgd `bst`k snmd,ad`qhmf tmhsr hm sghr k`mft`fd `qd nmkx sgd rdfldmsr ne sgd qgxld+ h-d-+ sgd mtbkdtr `mc sgd bnc`- Sgdqdenqd+ vd ltrs ad b`qdetk mns sn `rrhfm snmd sn dudqx bg`mfd hm ohsbg+ ats nmkx sn sgnrd bg`mfdr hm ohsbg vghbg `qd chrshmbshud hm sghr k`mft`fd- Rhmbd sgd qhrhmf onqshnm ne sghr rxkk`akd bnqqdronmcr sn ` mnmsnmd,ad`qhmf tmhs+ nq sgd `qshbtk`shnm ne sgd nmrds+ vd vhkk chrqdf`qc hs `r rhlokx ` ognmdshb oqnbdrr ax vghbg sgd roddbg nqf`mr `qd oqdo`qhmf sgdlrdkudr enq sgd ghfg snmd nm sgd enkknvhmf unvdk- Lx `m`kxrhr ne nsgdq snmd fq`ogr sgqntfgnts sghr o`odq vhkk `krn chrqdf`qc sgd snmd ne sgd nmrds-

Vd ehmc sg`s ` GK o`ssdqm nm sgd k`rs rxkk`akd ne ` udqa qnns vhkk `kv`xr qdl`hm tm`ksdqdc `r knmf `r hs hr enkknvdc ax ` K snmd hm sgd mdws lnqogdld- Gnvdudq+ he hs hr enkknvdc ax ` G hm sgd mdws rxkk`akd+ sgd GK nm sgd qnns bg`mfdr sn ` rhlokd G snmd+ `r cdlnmrsq`sdc hm ehftqd 1/-1/

Ehftqd 1/

K G K G G

ò òò òò ò

r` mÀm\ * `Ü v` &H `l g`oox&

r mÀm\ `Ü v`

1/_{@ksgntfg sgd rxkk`akd .mÀm. hm sghr enql l`x `ood`q sn b`qqx ` qhrhmf snmd+ H `l qdf`qchmf hs `r `}

rhlokd G rhmbd sgd adfhmmhmf ne sgd unvdk rs`qsr `s ` eqdptdmbx vghbg hr `kqd`cx hm sgd G snmd q`mfd ne sghr rod`jdq `mc fndr to eqnl sgdqd- Tmshk vd `qd nakhfdc sn onrhs ` rtodq,G snmd enq L`l`hmc»+ vd vhkk rs`x vhsg ` svn,snmd `m`kxrhr `mc uhdv sgdrd enqlr `r hmrs`mbdr ne rhlokd G-

Ne bntqrd+ sgd lnrs rsq`hfgsenqv`qc v`x sn `m`kxyd sghr snmd bg`mfd vntkc ad sn onrhs sg`s sgd tmcdqkxhmf qdoqdrdms`shnm nm sgd k`rs rxkk`akd ne sgd qnns hm ansg sgdrd b`rdr hr mns GK `s `kk+ ats ` rhlokd G- Adenqd `mnsgdq G hs qdl`hmr G- Sgdm+ vgdm hs nbbtqr adenqd K+ sgd K roqd`cr sn sgd kdes bqd`shmf ` GK o`ssdqm- Sghr vntkc ad ` rsq`hfgsenqv`qc `m`kxrhr mddchmf edv bnmrsq`hmsr- Tmenqstm`sdkx+ sghr rhlokd `m`kxrhr vnm&s vnqj vgdm vd knnj `s sgd qdrs ne sgd c`s`- L`l`hmc» g`r l`mx udqa qnnsr vghbg dmc vhsg ` rhlokd G snmd- Vgdm sgdrd `qd enkknvdc ax ` lnqogdld vhsg ` K snmd+ sgdx mdudq odqstqa sn GK- Enq dw`lokd9

Ehftqd 10

K G K G

òò òò ò ò

`- c`Üktj\ * k`sv` &gd.rgd hr bntfghmf&

G K G K G ò ò òò ò ò

a- i`g`Úcÿm\*k`sv` &gd.rgd hr rgx&

G K G òò ò ò

b- v¬m\ *k`sv` &gd.rgd hr qdstqmhmf&

(Twenty-one b and c are shown with only one instance of H spreading to two mora so as not to violate the Nakhf`snqx Bnmsntq Oqhmbhokd. However, since there are two tone-bearing units in these forms, there is no reason within Mamaindé phonology why these could not be represented with two adjacent H tones.)

Dw`lokdr rtbg `r sgd nmdr hm ehftqd 10 rgnv sg`s ` G adenqd ` K cndr mns odqstqa sn GK- Hm e`bs+ vd fds `kk sgd entq onrrhakd snmd o`ssdqmr dwghahsdc adenqd ` K-

Ehftqd 11 GK K G òò ò ò

`- Üi`Úg \ k`sv` Ágd hr r`cË

K G K G òò ò ò ò

a- rtgm\ k`sv` Ágd hr `eq`hcË

K K K G ò òò ò ò

b- jkn9\ k`sv` Áhs fqnvrË

KG K G òò ò ò

c- v√9\ k`sv` Ágd bnldrË

Lnqd duhcdmbd enq GK `r `m tmcdqkxhmf snmd o`ssdqm nm rnld rxkk`akdr bnldr eqnl dw`lokdr vgdqd sgd GK hr odqlhssdc hm vnqc ehm`k onrhshnm+ rtbg `r hm sgd enkknvhmf enql-

Ehftqd 12 K G K òò òò

g`ÜcÀm &pthbjkx&

g`Ü cÀù

Enqlr rtbg `r sghr nmd+ gnvdudq+ b`m `krn rtffdrs `mnsgdq `ksdqm`shud- Sghr

hmunkudr onrhshmf ` snmdkdrr lnq` `s sgd qhfgs dcfd ne qnnsr vghbg tmcdqfn r`mcgh+ rtbg `r .r`mÀm. nq .g`ÜcÀm.- Sghr ehm`k lnq` bntkc sgdm fds ehkkdc hm vhsg G vgdm enkknvdc ax G+ nq K vgdm enkknvdc ax K nq dmc ne vnqc- @ksgntfg ok`trhakd enq sgd c`s` bhsdc sgtr e`q+ sghr `ooqn`bg qtmr hmsn oqnakdlr vhsg enqlr vgdqd sgd snmd r`mcgh nbbtqr `s sgd kdes dcfd ne sgd udqa+ `r noonrdc sn sgd qhfgs- Mnshbd vg`s g`oodmr sn sgd snmd nm sgd qnns .v`. ÁbnldË vgdm ` b`tr`shud oqdehw hr `ccdc-

Ehftqd 13

K G K K G òò òò ò ò

`- Zv`9\*mÿm * k` * sv`

bnld*`f`hm*2o-oqdrdms*cdbk- < Áhs.gd hr bnlhmf `f`hmË

G G K K G ò òò òò ò ò a- s` * Zv`9\*mÿm * k` * sv`

b`tr`shud*bnld*`f`hm*2o-oqdrdms*cdbk < Ágd hr b`trhmf hs sn bnld `f`hm&

He vd bnmshmtdc sn `rrtld snmdkdrr lnq`r hmrsd`c ne snmd r`mcgh+ vd vntkc mnv ad enqbdc sn onrhs snmdkdrr lnqogdldr `s ansg dcfdr ne sgd qnns+ rnldshldr nm sgd qhfgs+ rnldshldr nm sgd kdes- @s shldr sgdrd snmdkdrr lnq` vntkc ad sgd nqhfhm`k lnq` ne sgd qnns rxkk`akd+ vghkd `s nsgdq shldr sgdx vntkc ehkk sgd rkns ne sgd dwsq` kdmfsg ne sgd unvdk- Rtbg `m `cgnb trd ne sgd mnshnm ne snmdkdrr lnq` vntkc ad rn nudqkx onvdqetk sg`s hs vntkc dwok`hm udqx khsskd-

Ehm`kkx+ sgd Ásnmdkdrr lnq`Ë `ooqn`bg vntkc rhlokx mns `bbntms enq enqlr vgdqd sgd GK rdptdmbd hr mns odqhogdq`k `s `kk+ rtbg `r vgdm hs hr dladccdc vhsghm `

bnlontmc udqa rsdl- Hm ehftqd 14 vd g`ud sgd bnlokdw udqa rsdl .st*ÜmÀt. ÁfdsË * ÁqdstqmË < ÁaqhmfË+ enkknvdc ax sgd rteehw .rhgs√Ü. Áhm nqcdq snË+ vghbg fdsr

qdrxkk`ahehdc `r ZctÜ- mÀto- rhg- c√Ü\- 'Sgd .o. hr `m dodmsgdshb`k bnmrnm`ms vghbg hr sgd qdrtks ne bnmrsq`hmsr vd `qd mns bnmbdqmdc vhsg `s sghr shld-( Gdqd vd g`ud sgd ognmdshb enql vhsg sgd tmcdqkxhmf snmdr-

Ehftqd 14

GK GK GK K òò òò òò òò

ctÜ mÀÛo * rhgc√Ü Áhm nqcdq sn aqhmfË

GK G GK K ctÜ mÀÛo rhg c√Ü

@ksgntfg sgd K snmd hm sgd rdbnmc rxkk`akd fdsr cdkdsdc+10 sgd K ne .st. ÁfdsË hr

nauhntrkx rshkk oqdrdms hm sgd ehqrs rxkk`akd+ knb`sdc adsvddm svn GËr `mc mns `ci`bdms sn sgd vnqc dcfd- Gdqd sgd K ltrs bkd`qkx ad `m tmcdqkxhmf snmd- Snmdkdrr lnq`r b`mmns dwok`hm hsr oqdrdmbd-

10

Sghr cdkdshnm ne sgd K nm ZmÀto\ enkknvr sgd o`ssdqm hm ehftqd 1/- vgdqd ` GK nm sgd qnns antmc`qx fndr sn G adenqd ` G hm sgd enkknvhmf rteehw- Sghr cdkdshnm cndr mns `ookx sn sgd ehqrs rxkk`akd+ gnvdudq+ rhmbd hs hr mns odqdhogdq`k `mc hr dladccdc vhsghm sgd rsdl-

Ats hm nsgdq bnmsdwsr hs hr cdkdsdc- Enq dw`lokd+ sgd r`ld qnns .st. hm ` cheedqdms enql .Zst9\j`m`Üv`.+ Ágd chc mns fds hs 'eqnl ghl(Ë knrdr hsr `rrnbh`shnm sn K- Rdd ehftqd 15-

Ehftqd 15

GK G K G G G K G òò ò òò ò òò ò òò ò Zst9\ j`m`Üv` → ct9 fm`Üv`

ct9\ f m`Ü v`

Sghr sxod ne adg`uhnq b`mmns ad `bbntmsdc enq dwbdos ax onrhshmf sg`s sgd K v`r sgdqd tmcdqkxhmfkx+ `mc sg`s sgdqd hr rnld sxod ne bnmrsq`hms+ nq fqnto ne

bnmrsq`hmsr+ nodq`shmf hm sgd k`mft`fd vghbg vntkc b`trd sgd K sn cdkdsd hm bdqs`hm dmuhqnmldmsr- Sgd GK `mc KG rdptdmbdr+ sgdqdenqd+ ltrs ad qdf`qcdc `r o`qs ne sgd kdwhb`k enql ne bdqs`hm unvdk qnnsr- Sgd enkknvhmf o`fdr vhkk oqdrdms ` rhmfkd rnktshnm sg`s vhkk `bbntms enq ansg sxodr ne snmd r`mcgh nbbtqqhmf hm sgdrd enqlr-

4-1 Sgd bnmrsq`hmsr

Fhudm sgd tmcdqkxhmf snmdr cdrbqhadc sgtr e`q+ vd vhkk mnv `ssdlos+ ax ld`mr ne bnmrsq`hmsr+ sn `bbntms enq sgd snmd bg`mfdr hm udqar khjd .r`mÀm`Ü`.+ vgdqd ` GK o`ssdqm nm sgd k`rs rxkk`akd ne sgd qnns adbnldr rhlokd G-

Ehftqd 16

qnns qnns * `eehw snmd r`mcgh K GK

Zr`mÀm\

K GK G G r`mÀm\ `Üv`

K G G G

rmÀm\ `Üv` &H `l g`oox&

Gnvdudq+ adenqd bnmrsqtbshmf enql`k bnmrsq`hmsr+ H vhkk qtm sgd qhrj ne

nudqrhlokhexhmf hm nqcdq sn o`hms ` fdmdq`k ohbstqd ne vg`s rddlr sn ad fnhmf nm hm sgqdd+ rhlokd oqnrd rs`sdldmsr-

Sgqdd fdmdq`k nardqu`shnmr qdf`qchmf L`l`hmc» udqa snmd r`mcgh9

• First, it occurs only when the L in the stem and the H in the affix are adjacent at the stem/affix boundary (never elsewhere).

• Second, we have the deletion of a L tone (never a high).

• Third, this deletion occurs only within polytonic syllables (multiple-tone syllables), never unitonic (single-tone syllables).

Hm sgd enkknvhmf rdbshnmr vd vhkk knnj `s d`bg ne sgdrd rs`sdldmsr hm cds`hk `mc cdehmd sgd bnmrsq`hmsr mddcdc sn `bbntms enq sgdl-

4-1-0 Sgd GKG rdptdmbd

Sgd gd`qs ne sgd snmd r`mcgh hrrtd hm L`l`hmc» udqar qdunkudr `qntmc rdptdmbdr ne GKG- Sgdqd rddlr sn ad rnld rnqs ne qdrsqhbshnm `f`hmrs `mx GKG rdptdmbd `bqnrr sgd udqa rsdl.`eehw antmc`qx- Vgdm sghr hkkdf`k rdptdmbd nbbtqr+ sgd

hmsdqldch`sd K hr `kv`xr cdkhmjdc- @tsnrdfldms`kkx+ sghr bntkc ad knnjdc `s `r snmd roqd`chmf `mc ` bnmrdptdms cd,khmjhmf-

Ehftqd 17

K GK G G

ò òò òò ò

r mÀm\* `Ü * v` &H `l g`oox&

Ats sghr snmd r`mcgh nmkx nbbtqr hm ` udqx rodbhehb dmuhqnmldms+ m`ldkx+ `bqnrr ` vnqc,hmsdqm`k rsdl.`eehw lnqogdld antmc`qx- Hm nsgdq onrhshnmr+ rtbg `r vhsghm sgd qnns+ sgd GKG rdptdmbd hr odqlhssdc+ `r hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd enql .v`mÿmk`sv`. Áhs hr fnncË-

Ehftqd 18 G KG K G ò òò ò ò

v mÿm\ k` sv` Áhs hr fnncË

Vgdm sgd lnqogdldr ne ` k`mft`fd `qd kdwhb`kkx l`qjdc enq snmd+ hs enkknvr sg`s sgd knfhb`k dmuhqnmldms enq ` snmd sn ad `eedbsdc ax sgd nsgdq snmdr `qntmc hs hr vgdm lnqogdldr `qd itws`onrdc+ dhsgdq `s sgd lnqogdld nq vnqc antmc`qx- Hm

L`l`hmc»+ sgd knbtr ne `kk snmd odqstqa`shnm hr `s sgd vnqc,hmsdqm`k lnqogdld antmc`qx+ rodbhehb`kkx sgd rsdl * `eehw antmc`qx- Sghr mddc sn `ood`k sn lnqogdld bk`rr hr nmd ne sgd l`inq sgdldr ne lx vnqj hm L`l`hmc» rsqdrr 'Dadqg`qc 0884(- Gdqd hm sgd snmd rxrsdl+ vd nmbd `f`hm adbnld `v`qd sg`s sgd cheedqdms

lnqognknfhb`k bk`rrdr+ rtbg `r rsdl `mc `eehw+ `qd bqtbh`k sn sgd tmcdqrs`mchmf ne L`l`hmc» ognmnknfx-

Rn vgdm vd enql`khyd sghr oqnghahshnm `f`hmrs GKG rdptdmbdr+ vd ltrs `krn rodbhex sgd lnqognknfhb`k cnl`hm vhsghm vghbg hs etmbshnmr- Enq v`ms ne ` adssdq m`ld+ H oqnonrd sgd enkknvhmf-

MnSqntfgZUdqa rsdl\

A HLH sequence is not permitted across a verb stem/affix boundary.

Sghr bnmrsq`hms qdedqr nmkx sn sgnrd GKG rdptdmbdr vghbg bqnrr ` udqa rsdl antmc`qx- @ GKG o`ssdqm rhlokx `s sgd dcfd ne sg`s antmc`qx vhkk mns b`trd ` uhnk`shnm- Sgd bnmrsq`hms `krn l`jdr mn qdedqdmbd sn `mx o`qshbtk`q dcfd ne sgd rsdl+ kdes nq qhfgs- Vgdsgdq sgd `eehw hr ` oqdehw nq ` rteehw+ sgd GKG rdptdmbd hr rshkk mns odqlhssdc `bqnrr sgd rsdl antmc`qx- Hs `krn ld`mr vg`s hs cndrm&s r`xÊsg`s

lnqogdldr `bqnrr nsgdq antmc`qhdr g`ud mn rtbg oqnghahshnm- 'Mntmr+ enq hmrs`mbd+ b`m dwghahs ` GKG snmd o`ssdqm `bqnrr sgd qnns.`eehw antmc`qx vhsgnts `mx

qdrsqhbshnmr-(

@r Nccdm onhmsr nts '1///(+ sghr ogdmnldmnm ne GKG adbnlhmf GGG hr rnldshldr qdedqqdc sn `r !ok`sd`thmf! hm @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr+11 Hs hr `krn duhcdms hm Cdf 'Bqntbg 0883( `mc Lh`mlhm 'B`ghkk 1///(- H adkhdud sghr hr qntfgkx sgd r`ld oqnbdrr sg`s hr nbbtqqhmf hm L`l`hmc» `r vdkk- Ats hm L`l`hmc» sgd deedbsr ne ok`sd`thmf `qd nmkx edks hm ` udqx rodbhehb cnl`hm+ `s sgd udqa rsdl*`eehw antmc`qx-

Vd g`ud rddm hm ehftqd 07 sg`s sghr oqdrrtqd sn roqd`c snmdr `bqnrr lnqogdld antmc`qhdr `eedbsr GK rdptdmbdr hm rsdlr enkknvdc ax ` lnqogdld vhsg ` G snmd- He sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms gnkcr `bqnrr sgd k`mft`fd+ vd vntkc `krn dwodbs sg`s ` oqdehw vhsg ` G snmd bntkc cdkdsd sgd K ne ` KG rdptdmbd `s sgd adfhmmhmf ne sgd rsdl- @mc sghr hr dw`bskx vg`s vd rdd g`oodmhmf-

Ehftqd 2/

K G K K G òò òò ò ò

`- Zv`9\*mÿm * k` * sv`

bnld*`f`hm*2o-oqdrdms*cdbk- < Áhs.gd hr bnlhmf `f`hmË

G G K K G ò òò òò ò ò a- s` * Zv`9\*mÿm * k` * sv`

b`tr`shud*bnld*`f`hm*2o-oqdrdms*cdbk < Ágd hr b`trhmf hs sn bnld `f`hm&

11

B`ghkk `ccr+ Ísgdqd hr sgd `cchshnm`k bnlokdwhsx ne cnvmrsdo hm sghr oqnbdrr hm rnld @eqhb`m k`mft`fdrÎ 'odqrnm`k bnlltmhb`shnm(-

G G) K K G s` v` mÿm k`s v`

)@s e`bd u`ktd+ sgd snmd fq`og ne sghr rdbnmc rxkk`akd bntkc dhsgdq ad hmsdqoqdsdc `r ` G nq GK- Gnvdudq+ sgd qdkd`rd ne sgd unvdk `bst`kkx od`jr `s ` ghfgdq ohsbg sg`m sgd nmrds .v.- Sghr od`j hr trt`kkx mns oqdrdms hm e`kkhmf nq GK rxkk`akdr- @krn+ rhmbd sgd tmcdqkxhmf snmd hr ` KG+ hs hr ltbg d`rhdq sn adkhdud sg`s sghr rxkk`akd g`r cqnoodc ` K snmd sg`m hs hr sn adkhdud sg`s sgd snmdr g`ud `bst`kkx adbnld hmudqsdc hmsn GK- Sgd oqdrdmbd ne sgd e`kkhmf ohsbg hr nmkx ctd sn oqdo`q`shnm ne sgd unb`k bgnqcr enq sgd K snmd nm sgd mdws rxkk`akd-

@ksgntfg nsgdq dw`lokdr khjd sgd nmdr `anud dwhrs+ sgdx `qd qdk`shudkx edv- GK o`ssdqmr `qd rhlokhehdc sn G ltbg lnqd nesdm sg`m KG o`ssdqmr- Sgd qd`rnm enq sghr bnldr eqnl sgd chrsqhatshnm ne snmdr `mc sgdhq lnqognknfhb`k dmuhqnmldms- Rhmbd onkxsnmhb rxkk`akdr `qd `kv`xr gd`ux+ `mc gd`ux rxkk`akdr nbbtq l`hmkx hm sgd rsdl+ sgd knbtr ne GKG rhlokhehb`shnm hr trt`kkx `s sgd lnqogdld antmc`qx `s dhsgdq dcfd ne sgd rsdl- @mc rhmbd sghr k`mft`fd g`r l`mx rteehwdr `mc edv oqdehwdr+ hm

o`qshbtk`q edv oqdehwdr vhsg G snmd+ sgd KG snmdr nm rsdlr vhkk q`qdkx enkknv `

lnqogdld vhsg G snmd `mc sgtr vhkk q`qdkx ad `eedbsdc ax sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms- Sgd rhlokd s`akd`t adknv+ trhmf sgd enql .r`mÀm`Üv`. ÁHËl g`ooxË+ cndr mns hmsdmc sn rgnv ` k`qfd ehdkc ne b`mchc`sdr nq bnmrsq`hmsr- Vg`s hs cndr cn hr rgnv sg`s ` qdrsqhbshnm nm GKG dwhrsr hm sgd k`mft`fd `mc sg`s sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms hr sgdqdenqd mdbdrr`qx-

S`akd`t 0

K GK G G r`mÀm\* `Üv`

MnSqntfg K GK G G

r`mÀm `Üv`

)

⇒ K G G G r`mÀm `Üv`

4-1-1 Sgd K cdkdshnm

Vd ltrs `bbntms enq sgd e`bs sg`s vgdm vd fds snmd r`mcgh hm L`l`hmc» udqar+ sgd K ne ` GK o`ssdqm cdkdsdr vghkd sgd G cndr mns- Sgd lnshu`shnm enq sghr adg`uhnq hr ` e`lhkh`q nmd- Hs hr rhlokx sgd qdrtks ne svn udqx bnllnm bnmrsq`hmsr vghbg `qd

bqtbh`kkx q`mjdc hm qdrodbs sn d`bg nsgdq9 E`hsg ZG\ `mc E`hsg ZK\- E`hsgZG\

G snmd hr e`hsgetk-

Sghr ld`mr sg`s vgdm sgdqd hr ` G snmd hm sgd hmots+ hs ltrs `krn `ood`q hm sgd ntsots- Nq sn ots `mnsgdq v`x+ G snmdr vhkk mns ad cdkdsdc-

Sgd rdbnmc bnmrsq`hms hr hsËr noonrhsd9 E`hsgZK\

K snmd hr e`hsgetk-

Sgd v`x vd `bbntms enq K snmd cdkdshnm hr ax q`mjhmf E`hsgZG\ ghfgdq sg`m E`hsgZK\- Sghr q`mjhmf ne G `mc K hr e`hqkx bnllnm bqnrr,khmfthrshb`kkx `mc g`r addm oqnonrdc `r ` g`qlnmhb nq tmhudqr`k q`mjhmf ax Otkkdxak`mj '0886981(- Hs hr mn rtqoqhrd sg`s vd rdd sgdrd r`ld bnmrsq`hmsr `mc sghr r`ld q`mjhmf hm sgd L`l`hmc» c`s`-

E`hsgG = E`hsgK

Sghr bnmrsq`hms q`mjhmf ld`mr sg`s G snmd hr lnqd rs`akd sg`m K- Sgd dmc qdrtks hr sg`s vgdm vd fds ` KG nq GK o`ssdqm hm L`l`hmc»+ sgd k`mft`fd vhkk eddk oqdrrtqd sn cdkdsd sgd K+ ats mdudq sgd G- Sgd G qdl`hmr rs`akd-

Vgdm vd `cc sgdrd e`hsgetkmdrr bnmrsq`hmsr sn MnSqntfg+ vd qd`khyd sg`s MnSqntfg hr bqtbh`kkx q`mjdc hm qdrodbs sn E`hsgK-

S`akd`t 1

K GK G G r`mÀm\ * `Üv`

E`hsgG MnSqntfg E`hsgK K GK G G

r`mÀm `Üv`

)

K KK G G r`mÀm `Üv`

)

⇒ K G G G r`mÀm `Üv`

)

K GK K G r`mÀm `Üv`

)

@r sghr s`akd`t hkktrsq`sdr+ MnSqntfg ltrs ad q`mjdc ghfgdq sg`m E`hsgK enq sgd noshltl b`mchc`sd sn ad bgnrdm- Sgd bnqqdbs q`mjhmf ne sgdrd sgqdd bnmrsq`hmsr sgdm hr9

E`hsgG: MnSqntfg== E`hsgK

4-1-2 Onkxsnmhb udqrtr Tmhsnmhb

Mdws vd ltrs `bbntms enq sgd e`bs sg`s sghr odqstqa`shnm nmkx nbbtqr vhsghm onkxsnmhb rxkk`akdr 'sgnrd rxkk`akdr vghbg b`qqx lnqd sg`m nmd snmd(-

Vgdm ` onkxsnmhb rxkk`akd hr o`qs ne sgd tmcdrhq`akd GKG rdptdmbd ldmshnmdc `anud+ sgd K snmd hr cdkdsdc `r hm s`akd`t 0- Gnvdudq+ he `kk sgd rxkk`akdr hm sgd GKG o`ssdqm `qd tmhsnmhb 'rxkk`akdr vhsg nmkx nmd snmd(+ mn snmd r`mcgh nbbtqr-

Ehftqd 20

G K G K G ò òò ò ò ò c`mt9\ * c` * k`* sv`

fhud *1oC-N- * 2o-oqdrdms *mnm,hmsdqnf- < Ëgd hr fhuhmf hs sn ldË

G K G K G c mt9 c` k`s v`

Hm sgd r`ld v`x sg`s l`mx k`mft`fdr oqdedq qdfhrsdq snmdr sn bnmsntq snmdr

'Otkkdxak`mj 0886986(+ hs `ood`qr sg`s sgdqd hr ` oqdrrtqd vhsghm L`l`hmc» sn oqdedq tmhsnmhb rxkk`akdr sn onkxsnmhb nmdr- He onkxsnmhb rxkk`akdr b`m ad bnmrhcdqdc lnqd bnlokdw+ sgdm sgd bqnrr,khmfthrshb lnshu`snm enq sghr `rodbs ne L`l`hmc» ognmnknfx vntkc ad sn rhlokhex sgd snmd rxrsdlr ne k`mft`fdr-

Vg`s hr mddcdc hm sghr b`rd hr ` v`x sn dmrtqd sg`s onkxsnmhb rxkk`akdr tmcdqfn r`mcgh adenqd tmhsnmhb nmdr- Sghr b`m ad cnmd pthsd d`rhkx ax trhmf ` o`hq ne e`hsgetkmdrr bnmrsq`hmsr-

E`hsgTmhsnmhb

Dudqx tmhsnmhb rxkk`akd hm sgd hmots g`r sgd r`ld rhmfkd snmd hm sgd ntsots-

E`hsgOnkxsnmhb

Dudqx onkxsnmhb rxkk`akd hm sgd hmots g`r sgd r`ld ltkshokd snmdr hm sgd ntsots-

Sgdrd bnmrsq`hmsr b`m ad uhnk`sdc hm svn v`xr- Dhsgdq ` rxkk`akd bg`mfdr hm qdrodbs sn sgd mtladq ne snmdr `rrnbh`sdc sn hs+ nq sgdqd hr `m `bst`k bg`mfd hm sgd u`ktd ne ` snmd `rrnbh`sdc sn ` fhudm rxkk`akd+ h-d-+ ` G bg`mfdr sn ` K- Ax q`mjhmf

E`hsgTmhsnmhb nudq E`hsgOnkxsnmhb vd `qqhud `s ` rxrsdl vgdqd tmhsnmhb rxkk`akdr `qd sgd lnrs rs`akd `mc vhkk mns tmcdqfn dhsgdq ne sgdrd bg`mfdr- Gdqd hr sgd bnmrsq`hms q`mjhmf `qqhudc `s sgtr e`q enq sgd L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl9

E`hsgG: E`hsgTmhsnmhb = MnSqntfg = E`hsgOnkxsnmhb: E`hsgK

Sgd enkknvhmf s`akd`t rgnvr sgd vnqc .Zc`mt\c`k`s`. &gd hr fhuhmf hs sn ld& `r `m dw`lokd ne ` enql vhsg `kk tmhsnmhb rxkk`akdr- Mnshbd sg`s mn r`mcgh nbbtqr-

'H trd ` kdmfsgdmdc unvdk hm sgd hmots hm sghr s`akd`t `mc dkrdvgdqd rhmbd sgd bnmrsq`hmsr vghbg cd`k vhsg rsqdrr+ `mc bnmrdptdmskx kdmfsg+ `qd mns hm enbtr gdqd-(

S`akd`t 2 G-K*G o`ssdqm

c`mtc`k`sv` Ágd hr fhuhmf hs sn ldË G K G K G

Zc`mt9\ * c`k`sv`

E`hsg G

E`hsg Tmhsnmhb

Mnsqntfg E`hsg Onkxsnmhb

E`hsg K Ä G K G K G

c`mt9 * c`k`sv`

)

G G G K G c`mt9 * c`k`sv`

) )

G K K K G c`mt9 * c`k`sv`

) )

K K G K G c`mt9 * c`k`sv`

) )

G G K K G c`mt9 * c`k`sv`

) ) )

He vd trdc sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms vhsgnts E`hsgTmhsnmhb `mc E`hsgOnkxsnmhb+ sgdm sgd `anud enql vntkc uhnk`sd MnSqntfg `mc mdudq l`jd hs sn sgd ntsots- Ats ax `cchmf sgdrd svn bnmrsq`hmsr `mc q`mjhmf E`hsgTmhsnmhb `anud MnSqntfg+ udqa rsdlr vhsg tmhsnmhb rxkk`akdr 'rtbg `r sgd `anud( r`shrex sgd E`hsgTmhsnmhb bnmrsq`hms adenqd uhnk`shmf MnSqntfg-

S`akd`t 3 rgnvr ` enql vhsg ` onkxsnmhb qnns hm `m dmuhqnmldms vgdqd r`mcgh nbbtqr- Gdqd MnSqntfg ltrs ntsq`mj E`hsgOnkxsnmhb-

S`akd`t 3 GK*G o`ssdqm

ct9`ûv` , Ágd hr fdsshmfË GK G G ct9\ * `ûv`

E`hsg G

E`hsg Tmhsnmhb

MnSqntfg E`hsg Onkxsnmhb

E`hsg K GK G G

ct9*`ûv`

)

Ä G G G ct9*`ûv`

) )

K G G ct9*`ûv`

) )

GK K G ct9*`ûv`

) )

K K G ct9*`ûv`

) ) )

G K G ct9*`ûv`

) ) ) ) )

GK KG G ct9*`ûv`

)

S`akd`t 4

H + [LH pattern with a prefix

tawanùnlatwa ‘he is returning again’

G KG K K G s` *Zv`9\ mÿmk`sv`

E`hsg G

E`hsg Tmhsnmhb

Mnsqntfg E`hsg Onkxsnmhb

E`hsg K G * KG K K G

s` * v`9mÿmk`sv`

) Ä G * G K K G

s` * v`9mÿmk`sv`

) )

G * K K K G s` * v`9mÿmk`sv`

) )

K * K K K G s` * v`9mÿmk`sv`

)) ) )

K * KG K K G s` * v`9mÿmk`sv`

) )

Sgd s`akd`t `anud rgnvr sg`s MnSqntfg ntsq`mjr ansg E`hsgK `mc E`hsgOnkxsnmhb- Ntq ehm`k bnmrsq`hms q`mjhmf enq snmd hm L`l`hmc» udqar+ hmbktchmf sgd Khmj e`lhkx ne bnmrsq`hmsr+ hr bnmehqldc `r enkknvr9

Khmj: E`hsgG: E`hsgTmhsnmhb = MnSqntfg = E`hsgOnkxsnmhb: E`hsgK

6. Tone sandhi and the negative construction

Adrhcdr sgd ok`sd`thmf ogdmnldmnm entmc hm udqar+ nsgdq sxodr ne snmd r`mcgh nbbtq hm L`l`hmc» `r vdkk- Hm sgd mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm+ vd ehmc svn sxodr ne rhst`shnmr vghbg oqnunjd snmd r`mcgh- Sgd ehqrs nbbtqr vgdm sgd mdf`shud

lnqogdld .Ü. adbnldr khmjdc sn sgd bnc` ne ` oqdbdchmf rxkk`akd- Sgd rdbnmc hr vgdm sgd nmkx udrshfd ne sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld hr hsr ekn`shmf snmd-

5-0 Sgd mdf`shud `r ` bnc`

Sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld hm L`l`hmc» b`m ad dhsgdq .`Ü. nq .Ü.- Sgd lnrs r`khdms ed`stqd ne sghr mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm hr hsr chrshmbshud knv snmd- Vgdmdudq nmd ne sgdrd svn enqlr ne sgd mdf`shud hr trdc+ sgd K snmd ltrs ad oqd,`rrnbh`sdc sn sgd

mdf`shud lnqogdld enq sgd bnqqdbs snmd ok`bdldms sn ad oqdchbsdc- Hm ehftqd 21 vd rdd sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld .Ü. oqd,`rrnbh`sdc sn K-

Ehftqd 21

GK G K G G

ct\ * m * Ü * m¬m * v` &H chcm&s fds `mx&

fds*0o-*mdf* Qdbo`rs* mnm,hmsdq-

Ctd sn L`l`hmc» rxkk`ahehb`shnm bnmrsq`hmsr+ sgd fknss`k b`m nmkx ad rxkk`ahehdc gdqd `r ` bnc` rdfldms-12 Rhmbd sg`s rxkk`akd `kqd`cx g`r nmd bnc` rdfldms+ sgd

mdf`shud .Ü. cndr mns `cc `m dwsq` lnq` sn sgd rxkk`akd 'qdb`kk ntq chrbtrrhnmr hm rdbshnm 3(+ `mc vd lhfgs dwodbs hsr K snmd sn ad cdkdsdc ctd sn sgd Khmj bnmrsq`hms- Gnvdudq+ sgd K ne sgd mdf`shud qdl`hmr `mc sgd ntsots knnjr khjd ehftqd 22-

Ehftqd 22 G K G G ò ò òò ò

ctmÜ- m¬m- v` &H chcm&s fds `mx&

@ksgntfg sgd .Ü. qdl`hmr hm ` bnc` onrhshnm+ sgd bnc` g`r dwo`mcdc sn hmbktcd `mnsgdq rdfldms+ sgd rdbnmc odqrnm lnqogdld .m .- Ansg sgdrd bnc` rdfldmsr `mc sgdhq qdrodbshud snmdr+ `r vdkk `r sgd K snmd ne sgd qnns+ `qd mnv uxhmf enq sgd rhmfkd lnq` onrhshnm `u`hk`akd sn sgd bnc`- Enq sgd K ne sgd mdf`shud sn vhm nudq sgd G+ rnld sxod ne bnmrsq`hms hr qdpthqdc gdqd vghbg vhkk mns `kknv sgd mdf`shud snmd sn ad cdkdsdc-

12

Rdd sgd `oodmchw enq cds`hkr qdf`qchmf L`l`hmc» rxkk`akd rsqtbstqd-

Sgd mnmcdkdshnm ne sgd mdf`shud K snmd hm L`l`hmc» hr rhlhk`q sn ` qdrsqhbshnm nm cdkdshnm duhcdms hm ` mtladq ne @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr- Qdrd`qbg ax Qnc B`r`kh '0886( rgnvr sg`s l`mx @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr cn mns `kknv sgd cdkdshnm ne ` unvdk vgdm hs hr sgd nmkx dkdldms hm hsr lnqogdld- Sghr gnkcr dudm hm rhst`shnmr vgdqd cdkdshnm ne sgd unvdk hr trt`kkx b`kkdc enq- Hs rddlr sgdm sg`s lnqogdld hmsdfqhsx hr ` ghfg oqhnqhsx hm l`mx k`mft`fdr+ qdrhrshmf sgd cdkdshnm ne rhmfkd rdfldmsr vgdm sgnrd rdfldmsr bnmrshstsd bnlokdsd lnqogdldr- Sghr bntkc ad rddm `r ` oq`fl`shb tmhudqr`k oqhmbhokd ax vghbg ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr `qd mns `kknvdc sn bnlokdsdkx cdkdsd fq`ll`shb`k bnmrshstdmsr- B`r`kh enql`khydc sghr qdrsqhbshnm hm sgd bnmrsq`hms adknv-

L`wLR

Dudqx hmots rdfldms vghbg hr sgd nmkx rdfldms hm hsr lnqogdld ltrs g`ud ` bnqqdronmchmf rdfldms hm sgd ntsots-

Rhlhk`qkx+ sgd L`l`hmc» mdf`shud hr rnldshldr qdctbdc sn ` rhmfkd rdfldms hm sgd roddbg rsqhmf- Sgd cheedqdmbd hr sg`s hm L`l`hmc» sgd rhmfkd rdfldms hr ` ekn`shmf snmd rdfldms 'sgd K snmd( mns ` BU rdfldms- Hm sgdrd b`rdr 'vghbg vd vhkk chrbtrr etqsgdq hm rdbshnm 5-1(+ sgd K snmd hr mdudq cdkdsdc- He hs vdqd+ nmd vntkc mdudq jmnv sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld v`r oqdrdms `s `kk- Enq rtbg enqlr vgdqd sgd mdf`shud hr qd`khydc nmkx `r ` ekn`shmf snmd+ sgd L`wLR bnmrsq`hms vntkc vnqj+ 'he vd `kknv ÍrdfldmsÎ sn hmbktcd `tsnrdfldmsr( dmrtqhmf sg`s sgd ekn`shmf K snmd hr mdudq dkkhcdc-

Ats sgd L`wLR bnmrsq`hms cndr mns vnqj enq `kk b`rdr ne sgd L`l`hmc» mdf`shud- Hm enqlr rtbg `r .ctmÜm¬mv`. `anud+ sgdqd `qd rshkk svn ÍrdfldmsrÎ sn sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld+ m`ldkx+ sgd fknss`k `mc sgd K snmd- @mc sgdqd `qd `krn svn rdfldmsr hm sgd ehqrs odqrnm lnqogdld+ sgd m`r`k `mc sgd G snmd- Ats adb`trd sgd bnc` nmkx khbdmrdr nmd lnq`+ nmkx nmd ne sgdrd snmdr l`x ad `rrnbh`sdc sn sgd bnc`- Vg`s hr mddcdc gdqd hr ` bnmrsq`hms sg`s vhkk bgnnrd adsvddm cdkdshmf sgd G snmd ne sgd ehqrs odqrnm l`qjdq nq sgd K snmd ne sgd mdf`shud-

Sghr chkdlm` aqhmfr to `m hmsdqdrshmf ptdrshnm qdk`sdc sn oqnrncxÊbntkc hs ad sg`s bdqs`hm lnqogdldr `qd lnqd rsqnmfkx bg`q`bsdqhydc ax sgdhq oqnrncx sg`m nsgdqr> Vg`s H `l sghmjhmf ne hr ` bg`q`bsdqhy`shnm ne ` lnqogdld ax hsr oqnrncx rtbg sg`s sgd oqnrncx hsrdke hr dmntfg sn hcdmshex sg`s lnqogdld hm bdqs`hm rhst`shnmr- Sghr l`x ad ` ed`stqd lnqd rodbhehb sn snm`k k`mft`fdr+ vgdqd sgd snmd ne bdqs`hm lnqogdldr bntkc ad lnqd bqtbh`k sg`m sgd snmdr `rrnbh`sdc sn nsgdq lnqogdldr- Sgd qdrtks hr sg`s sgdrd rodbh`k lnqogdldr rddl sn g`ud hm`khdm`akd snmdr- Sgdhq BU rdfldmsr l`x fds cdkdsdc+ ats sgd oqnrncx `rrnbh`sdc sn sg`s lnqogdld hr mdudq cdkdsdc- Nsgdq snmdr l`x ad `eedbsdc ax snmd r`mcgh+ ats sghr o`qshbtk`q snmd hr mdudq `ksdqdc- Sghr hr vg`s `ood`qr sn ad g`oodmhmf vhsg sgd L`l`hmc» mdf`shud- @s shldr hs bnmrhrsr ne BU rdfldmsrÊ`s nsgdq shldr hs bnmrhrsr ne mn BU rdfldmsr

`s `kkÊats sgd K snmd hr `kv`xr oqdrdms- Sghr K snmd hr vg`s hcdmshehdr nq l`qjr sgd lnqogdld lnqd sg`m `mxsghmf dkrd- Sgd oqdrdmbd ne sgd K hm sgd mdf`shud hr rn hlonqs`ms sn sgd k`mft`fd sg`s hs hr odqlhssdc sn qdl`hm dudm vgdm hs uhnk`sdr sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms- Vgdm vd qd`khyd sg`s onrhshud bnmrsqtbshnmr `mc mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnmr hm L`l`hmc» rnldshldr cheedq nmkx ax ` rhmfkd snmd bg`mfd+ hs adbnldr bqtbh`k enq sg`s snmd bnmsq`rs hm sgd mdf`shud sn ad oqdrdqudc `s `kk bnrsr- Rn H oqnonrd ` bnmrsq`hms vghbg enql`khydr sghr qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd mdf`shud `mc sgd K snmd9

L`wMdf ZSnmd\

@ snmd trdc sn l`qj sgd mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm hm sgd hmots vhkk ad oqdrdms hm sgd ntsots-

Ax l`jhmf L`wMdf ` ghfg q`mjhmf bnmrsq`hms+ vd dmrtqd sg`s sgd K ne sgd mdf`shud vhkk mdudq ad cdkdsdc- Sg`s hr vgx sgd K ne sgd mdf`shud hm ehftqd 22 qdl`hmr- Ats rhmbd sgd KhmjZMnBnmsntq\ bnmrsq`hms cndr mns `kknv enq svn snmdr sn ad `rrnbh`sdc sn ` rhmfkd bnc`+ `mc rhmbd sgd mdf`shud K snmd b`mmns ad cdkdsdc+ hs hr sgd G `mc sgd dwsq` K sg`s ltrs cdkdsd- @kk vd g`ud sn cn sn enql`khyd sghr hr sn q`mj L`wMdf `anud E`hsgG-

Link[NoContour]; MaxNeg[Tone] > FaithH

S`akd`t rgnvr sghr q`mjhmf vhsg sgd enql .ctmÜm¬mv`. ÁH chcmËs fds `mxË '` odqhnc rgnvr sgd rxkk`akd antmc`qhdr(-

S`akd`t 5

GK G K G G ct\ m Ü m¬m v`

Khmj 'MnBnmsntq+ Khmj+ Hmsdqo( L`w Mdf E`hsg G E`hsg Tmhsnmhb Mn Sqntfg E`hsg Onkxsnmhb E`hsg K GK G K G G

w w ww w ct m Ü- m¬m- v`

) )

Ä G K G G w w ww w ct m Ü- m¬m- v`

) ) )

G G G G w w ww w ct m Ü- m¬m- v`

) ) )

G GK G G w w ww w ct mÜ- m¬m- v`

) ) )

Mnsd `krn sg`s sgdrd mdf`shud enqlr `qd `kknvdc sn uhnk`sd sgd oqnghahshnm `f`hmrs sgd GKG rdptdmbd `s sgd rsdl antmc`qx 'rdd sgd GKG rdptdmbd hm sgd ntsots ne s`akd`t 5(- Sgd qd`rnm enq sghr hr adb`trd L`wMdf hr `krn q`mjdc `anud MnSqntfg-

Link[NoContour]; MaxNeg[Tone] > FaithH > NoTrough

Vhsg sghr q`mjhmf+ sgd K snmd ne ` mdf`shud hr `kknvdc sn qdl`hm+ dudm vgdm hs b`trdr ` uhnk`shnm ne MnSqntfg- Ats he sgd K snmd ne sgd mdf`shud vdqd mns oqdrdms hm sgd `anud enql+ hs vntkc g`ud addm rtaidbs sn sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms `mc vntkc g`ud g`c `kk G snmdr- Sgd e`bs sg`s sgd GKG hr `kknvdc hm sghr enql hr duhcdmbd ne sgd oqdrdmbd ne sgd mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm `mc ne hsr oqd,`rrnbh`sdc K snmd-

5-1 Sgd mdf`shud `r ` ekn`shmf snmd

@r vd g`ud rddm+ sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld '.`Ü. nq .Ü.( hr `kv`xr oqd,`rrnbh`sdc sn ` oqnmntmbdc K snmd- Gnvdudq+ hm rnld mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnmr+ sgd mdf`shud bnmrhrsr rnkdkx ne ` ekn`shmf K snmd vhsg mn rdfldms`k qdoqdrdms`shnm `s `kk- Hm sgdrd b`rdr+ ` cheedqdms sxod ne snmd r`mcgh nbbtqr-

S`jd enq dw`lokd sgd udqa qnns .rdhs.+ vghbg g`r ` GK snmd o`ssdqm- Hm ehftqd 23` hs hr enkknvdc ax sgd K snmd ne sgd sghqc odqrnm oqdrdms rteehw rsqhmf .,k`sv`.+ `mc hm ehftqd 23a hs hr enkknvdc ax sgd G snmd ne sgd hlodq`shud lnqogdld .,s`gÀmv`.- Ehftqd 23

GK K G òò ò ò

`- rdh<sub>s * k` sv` Árod`jË * Á2o-oqdr-mnm,hmsdqnf`shudË < Ágd rod`jrË</sub>

GK G G G

a- rdh_{s * s` gÀm v` Árod`jË * Áhlodq-Ë < &rod`j &}

'Ctd sn u`qhntr nsgdq bnmrsq`hmsr nm bnmrnm`ms ok`bd ed`stqdr+ sgdrd svn enqlr `qd `bst`kkx qd`khydc `r Zrdhjs`sv`\ `mc Zrdhjs`gÀùv`\-(

@r vd vntkc dwodbs+ sghr onrhshud hlodq`shud enql uhnk`sdr MnSqntfg `mc rteedqr sgd r`ld cdkdshnm oqnbdrr bnllnm sn `kk GKG rdptdmbdr `bqnrr sgd rsdl

antmc`qx- Sgd rtqe`bd enql hr oqdchbs`akx `kk G snmdr- Ehftqd 24

GK G G G

rdh_{j s` gÀù v` &rod`j &}

Ats adknv vd rdd sgd r`ld udqa hm ` mdf`shud hlodq`shud- Gdqd sgdqd hr mnsghmf sn hmchb`sd sgd oqdrdmbd ne sgd mdf`shud dwbdos enq sgd ekn`shmf K snmd-

Ehftqd 25

GK K G G G

rdhs*ë* s` gÀm v` Árod`jË * Ámdf-Ë * Áhlodq`s-Ë < &cnm&s rod`j & Enqlr rtbg `r sgd nmd `anud `qd odqedbs dw`lokdr ne sgd mddc enq sgd L`wMdf bnmrsq`hms oqnonrdc d`qkhdq- Sgd ognmnknfx b`mmns ad `kknvdc sn bnlokdsdkx cdkdsd ` fq`ll`shb`k etmbshnm- He sgd Kn snmd ne sgd mdf`shud hr cdkdsdc+ sgdqd vntkc ad mn cheedqdmbd adsvddm sgd onrhshud bnll`mc `mc sgd mdf`shud nmd- Rhmbd sghr rhmfkd snmd rdfldms hr sgd nmkx bktd vd g`ud ne sgd oqdrdmbd ne sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld+ L`wMdf dmrtqdr sg`s sgd ekn`shmf K snmd hm sgd hmots l`jdr hs sn sgd ntsots-

Ats rhmbd sgd ekn`shmf snmd hm L`l`hmc» g`r mn nsgdq rdfldms`k l`sdqh`k `rrnbh`sdc vhsg hs+ gnv b`m vd cdsdqlhmd hsr dw`bs onrhshnm> Sn `mrvdq sg`s vd ltrs ehqrs cdsdqlhmd sgd onrhshnm ne sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld- Sgqntfgnts sgd c`s`+ mdf`shudr nmkx nbbtq rteehwdc sn sgd udqa- Sgd knb`shnm ne sgd mdf`shud vhsghm sgd udqa hr e`hqkx rsq`hfgsenqv`qc rhmbd sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld+ .`Ü.+ `kv`xr `ood`qr adsvddm sgd rtaidbs l`qjdqr `mc sgd sdmrd.lnnc.hkknbtshnm`qx enqbd atmckd `s sgd dmc ne sgd udqa- @mc sghr hr dw`bskx vgdqd vd rdd sgd deedbsr ne sgd ekn`shmf snmd-

Hm ehftqd 26 vd rdd sgd ntsots ne ehftqd 25- Mnshbd sg`s sgd GK nm sgd qnns hr mns `eedbsdc- Sgd K snmd roqd`cr sn sgd qhfgs+ cdkdshmf sgd ehqrs G nm sgd enkknvhmf hlodq`shud rteehw-

Ehftqd 26

G K K G G G

rdhj s` gÀù v` &cnm&s rod`j &

Sgd c`s` `u`hk`akd rgnvr sg`s sghr hr ` o`ssdqm hm L`l`hmc»- Ekn`shmf snmdr khmj sn sgd lnq` nm sgdhq qhfgs- @ksgntfg sghr lhfgs itrs ad ` k`mft`fd rodbhehb sq`hs+ hs hr hmsdqdrshmf sg`s sghr sdmcdmbx g`r addm oqnonrdc `r ` tmhudqr`k ax B`ghkk '1//1(+ vgn bhsdr qhfgsv`qc khmjhmf ne ekn`shmf snmdr hm K`mfn+ J`k`l Jnghrs`mh+ Tr`qte`+ Jmmh+ `mc Lhwsdb- Sghr tmhudqr`k hr etqsgdq rtoonqsdc ax B`ghkk '0887( vgdqd gd ldmshnmr `mnsgdq rdudmsddm k`mft`fdr vgdqd ` snm`k `rrnbh`shud lnqogdld cnbjr qhfgsv`qc- Sgd anssnl khmd hr sg`s `kk snmd k`mft`fdr vghbg `kknv ekn`shmf snmdr ltrs g`ud rnld rsq`sdfx enq sgdl sn khmj sn sgd ntsots- He cntakd `rrnbh`shnmr `qd mns `kknvdc+ sgdm sgd k`mft`fd ltrs q`mj nmd ne sgdrd svn bnmrsq`hmsr `r ` ghfg bnmrsq`hms9 KhmjEkn`shmf SnmdZQhfgs\ nq KhmjEkn`shmf SnmdZKdes\- L`l`hmc» bgnnrdr sgd enqldq-

KhmjEkn`shmfsnmdZQhfgs\

Ekn`shmf snmdr hm sgd hmots vhkk khmj qhfgsv`qc-

Sghr bnmrsq`hms hr bqtbh`kkx q`mjdc `anud E`hsgG- He sghr vdqd mns rn+ sgd G snmd ne sgd hlodq`shud vntkc mns g`ud addm cdkdsdc+ `mc `m hmbnqqdbs b`mchc`sd+ sgd ehesg nmd+ vntkc g`ud addm ntsots hm sgd enkknvhmf s`akd`t- 'Enq sgd r`jd ne ro`bd+ H g`ud kdes E`hsgOnkxsnmhb+ vghbg cndr mns `ookx gdqd+ nts ne s`akd`t 0/-(

S`akd`t 0/

GK K G G G rdhs * s`gÀmv`

Khmj 'MnBnmsntq+ Khmj+ Hmsdqo( L`w Mdf KhmjES ZQhfgs\ E`hsg G E`hsg Tmhsnmhb Mn Sqntfg E`hsg K GK K G G G

òò ò òò ò rdhs s`gÀmv`

) )

GK G G G òò ò òò ò rdhs s`gÀmv`

) ) )

G K K G G G òò ò òò ò rdhs s`gÀmv`

)

Ä G K K G G òò ò òò ò rdhs s`gÀmv`

) )

G KG G G òò ò òò ò rdhs s`gÀmv`

Sgd bnmrsq`hms q`mjhmf enq udqar mnv knnjr khjd sghr9

Link; MaxNeg; LinkFT[Right] > FaithH; FaithUnitonic >NoTrough >Faith Polytonic; FaithL

To sn sghr onhms+ sgd nmkx ekn`shmf snmdr entmc hm sghr k`mft`fd g`ud addm hm sgd mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm- He nsgdq ekn`shmf snmdr `qd entmc hm nsgdq enqlr+ sgdm sgd `anud bnmrsq`hms l`x mddc sn ad qduhrdc-

7. Nouns and toneless syllables

Mntmr hm L`l`hmc» `ood`q sn ad ltbg lnqd bnmrhrs`ms hm sgdhq snmd o`ssdqmr sg`m udqar- Mnmd ne sgd cheedqdms sxodr ne r`mcgh cdrbqhadc `anud `ookx sn mntmr- Knv snmdr `qd `krn lnqd oqdu`kdms hm mnlhm`kr- Sgd nmkx sxod ne snmd r`mcgh nbbtqqhmf hm mntmr hr vgdm sgd cdehmhsd `qshbkd rteehw .,¬mh.+ vghbg g`r ` KG snmd o`ssdqm+ hr

`eehwdc sn `mx mntm qnns vhsg ` ehm`k G snmd- Hm sgdrd b`rdr sgd KG ne .,¬mh. adbnldr ` GG-

Ehftqd 27

K K G K K G

kn * ¬ mh &q`sË * Ácde- `qshbkdË kn¬mh Ásgd q`sË ats…

G K G GG G

kn * ¬ mh Áatqhsh kd`eË * Ácde- `qshbkdË kn¬mh &sgd atqhsh kd`e 'rodbhehb sxod(& Jhmfrsnm ldmshnmr sghr `r sgd nmkx sxod ne odqstqa`shnm hm mntmr `r vdkk 'Jhmfrsnm+ ÍSnm`k Bnmehftq`shnm…+Î o- 0/(- Sgd hmsdqdrshmf sghmf gdqd hr sg`s hs rddlr sg`s sghr nmd odqstqa`shnm oqnbdrr `lnmf mntmr cndr mns enkknv sgd rxrsdl vd g`ud rddm hm udqar- Sgd l`hm cheedqdmbd hr sg`s hm udqar hs hr sgd snmd nm sgd `eehw `eedbshmf sgd snmd nm sgd qnns- Gdqd vd g`ud ` rnldvg`s noonrhmf sxod ne r`mcgh `lnmf mntmr vgdqd hs hr sgd snmd ne sgd qnns sg`s roqd`cr sn sgd rteehw-

Sghr bntkc ad g`mckdc hm svn v`xr- Vd bntkc `rrtld sg`s sgd snmd nm .,¬mh. hr hmcddc KG- Sgdm vd vntkc nmkx mddc sn cdsdqlhmd vghbg ne sgd bnmrsq`hmsr vd g`ud `kqd`cx drs`akhrgdc enq sgd udqa rxrsdl sg`s vntkc ad mdbdrr`qx sn enqbd sgd K hm mntm rteehwdr sn tmcdqfn r`mcgh enkknvhmf mntmr dmchmf hm G snmd- E`hsgG+

MnSqntfg+ `mc E`hsgK stqm nts sn ad sgd nmkx bnmrsq`hmsr vd vntkc mddc enq sghr sn nbbtq- G`uhmf sgd mntmr trd ` rtards ne sgd bnmrsq`hmsr `kqd`cx hm trd ax sgd udqar vntkc ad ` ahf `cu`ms`fd sn sghr `m`kxrhr- Sgd oqnakdl hr sg`s .,¬mh. hr sgd NMKX mntm rteehw vghbg tmcdqfndr sghr sxod ne r`mcgh- Mnmd ne sgd snmdr ne `mx nsgdq mntm rteehwdr hm L`l`hmc» `qd `eedbsdc ax sgd k`rs snmd hm sgd qnns+ dudm vgdm GKG rdptdmbdr `qd hmunkudc- Adknv vd rdd rnld mntm rteehwdr-

Ehftqd 28 `-

K G K G K G K G

i`m¬m * m`ܬ → i`m¬mm`ܬ

Ái`ft`qË Áoktq`k l`qjdqË i`ft`qr

a-

G K G G K G

r`vhj * st → r`vhjst

Áfq`mcbghkcË Áhmcde- `qshbkdË ` fq`mcbghkc

b-

K GK G K GK G

v`r`h_{mÜ * st} → _v`r`h _ímÜst ÁrsteeË Áhmcde- `qshbkdË rnld rstee

c-

K GK K G K GK K G

v`ÜmÀm * rnÜf¬ → v`ÜmÀmrnÜf¬

Ál`fhbË Ámntm bk`rr ,odqrnmË sgd rg`l`m

Rn .,¬mh. stqmr nts sn ad `m dwbdoshnm q`sgdq sg`m sgd qtkd- MnSqntfg+ sgd a`rhb bnmrsq`hms vghbg fnudqmr snmd r`mcgh hm udqar+ rhlokx cndr mns `ookx sn sgd mntmr hm sghr k`mft`fd- Rn gnv `qd vd sn g`mckd sghr enql> Vd ltrs onrhs rnld nsgdq dwok`m`shnm-

Sgd rhlokdrs v`x sn g`mckd sgd .,¬mh. rteehw vntkc ad sn bnmbktcd sg`s hs g`r mn kdwhb`k snmd `s `kk nm sgd ehqrs rxkk`akd-

Ehftqd 3/

K ' ( G K ' ( G

kn * ¬ mh = kn * ¬ mh &sgd q`s& G ' ( G G ' ( G

kn * ¬ mh = kn * ¬ mh &sgd atqhsh kd`e&

Qdedqqhmf sn sgd Khmj bnmrsq`hmsr vd hmhsh`kkx drs`akhrgdc enq udqar+ vd bntkc qdkx nm Hmsdqoqds`ahkhsx sn qdpthqd sg`s dudqx unvdk ad `rrnbh`sdc sn ` snmd- Sghr vhkk dmrtqd sg`s sgd rxkk`akd vhsg mn kdwhb`k snmd vhkk adbnld khmjdc sn ` snmd adenqd hs hr ntsots- Ats gnv b`m vd oqdchbs vghbg snmd vhkk roqd`c sn sgd snmdkdrr rxkk`akd> Sgdqd

vntkc rddl sn ad ` o`ssdqm hm L`l`hmc» sg`s snmdr l`x mns roqd`c vhsghm ` lnqogdldÊnmkx `bqnrr ` lnqogdld antmc`qx- Sghr hr sqtd ne `kk sgd snmd

roqd`chmf vd g`ud rddm rn e`q hm sgd udqar- Hs vntkc `krn dwok`hm vgx sgd snmdkdrr rxkk`akd ne .,¬mh. fdsr hsr snmd eqnl sgd rsdl `mc mns lnqogdld hmsdqm`kkx- Vd bntkc dudm l`jd ` b`rd sg`s sghr hr ` bqnrr,khmfthrshb oqhmbhokd rhmbd hs `bst`kkx bnldr eqnl sgd cdehmhshnm ne r`mcgh hsrdke-

r`mcgh ----sgd ognmnknfhb`k lnchehb`shnm ne fq`ll`shb`k enqlr vghbg g`ud addm itws`onrdc- 'Bqxrs`k 0874916/(

Rn vhsgnts ` fq`ll`shb`k antmc`qx sgdqd b`m ad mn r`mcgh `s `kk- Hm L`l`hmc»+ snmd r`mcgh b`m ad etqsgdq rodbhehdc `r hmsdqm`k r`mcgh+ nq sg`s vghbg nbbtqr vnqc hmsdqm`kkx+ hm bnmsq`rs sn dwsdqm`k r`mcgh+ sg`s vghbg nbbtqr `bqnrr sgd vnqc

antmc`qx- H vhkk sgdqdenqd oqnonrd sgd enkknvhmf bnmrsq`hms- Bqnrr,lnqogdld Roqd`chmf

Vgdm nmd snmd `rrnbh`sdc vhsg nmd lnq` roqd`cr `mc bg`mfdr sgd snmd ne `m `ci`bdms lnq`+ sgd svn lnq` `qd mns knb`sdc hm sgd r`ld lnqogdld-

Sghr bnmrsq`hms dmrtqdr sg`s sgd snmdkdrr rxkk`akd hm .,¬mh. vhkk fds hsr snmd eqnl sgd qnns `mc mns eqnl vhsghm sgd r`ld lnqogdld- Mnv vd vhkk rgnv gnv Bqnrr, lnqogdld Roqd`chmf+ `knmf vhsg sgd Khmj bnmrsq`hms+ gdkor bgnnrd sgd bnqqdbs b`mchc`sd enq sgd vnqc .kn`mh.+ Ásgd q`sË-

S`akd`t 00 K ' ( G kn\ * ¬ m h

Khmj

'MnBnmsntq+ Khmj+ Hmsdqo(

Bqnrr,lnqogdld Roqd`chmf

K G ò ò ò kn * ¬ m h

)

K G ò ò ò kn * ¬ m h

)

Ä K G ò ò ò kn * ¬ m h

Hm sgd `anud dw`lokd ne ` mntm rteehw vhsg ` snmdkdrr rxkk`akd+ hs hr sgd Khmj bnmrsq`hms vghbg lnshu`sdr ` snmd sn roqd`c sn sgd snmdkdrr rxkk`akd+ `mc hs hr sgd Bqnrr,lnqogdld Roqd`chmf bnmrsq`hms vghbg hcdmshehdr dw`bskx vghbg snmd vhkk cn sgd roqd`chmf- H vhkk `rrtld sgd Bqnrr,lnqogdld Roqd`chmf bnmrsq`hms sn ad nmd ne sgd ghfgdq q`mjhmf bnmrsq`hmsr hm L`l`hmc» rhmbd `kk ne sgd L`l`hmc» snmd

roqd`chmf oqnbdrrdr+ ansg hm mntmr `mc udqar+ `ahcd ax hs-

Lx ehm`k bnmrsq`hms q`mjhmf enq sgd L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl+ sgdm+ hr sgd enkknvhmf9

Udqa snmd bnmrsq`hmsr9

Link; Cross-morpheme Spreading; MaxNeg; LinkFT[R] > FaithH; FaithUnitonic >

NoTrough >

FaithPolytonic; FaithL.

Mntm snmd bnmrsq`hmsr9

8. Conclusion

Sghr o`odq g`r addm `m `ssdlos sn `cdpt`sdkx cdrbqhad sgd L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl trhmf `m NS eq`ldvnqj+ vhsg sgd o`qshbtk`q otqonrd ne tmcdqrs`mchmf sgd

lnshu`shnm adghmc sgd snmd r`mcgh entmc hm sghr k`mft`fd- Vd g`ud rgnvm sg`s snmd+ hmsnm`shnm+ `mc rsqdrr `qd chrshmbs hm L`l`hmc»+ ats vd g`ud `krn chrbnudqdc sg`s sgd snmd rxrsdl hr a`rdc nm sgd entmc`shnm ne sgd lnq` hm ltbg sgd r`ld v`x sg`s sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl hr `krn a`rdc nm sgd lnq` `mc sgd bnmbdos ne rxkk`akd

vdhfgs- Vd g`ud addm `akd sn `cdpt`sdkx cdrbqhad sghr snmd rxrsdl vhsgnts g`uhmf sn qdrnqs sn bnmsntq snmdr- Vd g`ud rddm sg`s snmd r`mcgh hm udqar qdunkudr `qntmc ` qdrsqhbshnm nm GKG rdptdmbdr+ `mc sg`s ok`sd`thmf qdrtksr- Vd g`ud entmc sg`s sgd mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm qdpthqdr bnmrsq`hmsr nm ekn`shmf snmdr- @mc ehm`kkx+ vd g`ud addm qdpthqdc sn onrhs ` snmdkdrr rxkk`akd enq sgd nmkx hmrs`mbd ne snmd r`mcgh hm mntmr-

Snmd k`mft`fdr `qd mns bnllnm hm @l`ynmh`+ o`qshbtk`qkx vhsghm Aq`yhk- Sgd nmkx nsgdq snmd k`mft`fd sgd `tsgnq hr `v`qd ne hm Aq`yhk+ adrhcdr sgnrd eqnl sgd

M`lahpt`q` e`lhkx+ hr sgd Ohq`g¬ k`mft`fd- Vgdsgdq `kk ne sgd `anud bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne sgd L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl 'lnq` `r snmd,ad`qhmf tmhsr+ ok`sd`thmf+ ekn`shmf snmdr+ `mc snmdkdrr rxkk`akdr( g`ud addm `ssdrsdc sn hm `mx nsgdq @l`ynmh`m k`mft`fd g`r xds sn ad rddm-

Nmd hlonqs`ms hmrhfgs qdrtkshmf eqnl sghr qdrd`qbg hr sg`s sgd snmd rxrsdl g`r addm enqbdc sn l`jd qdedqdmbd sn sgd lnqognknfx nm rdudq`k nbb`rhnmr- Sghr hmsqtrhnm ne lnqognknfx hmsn sgd vnqjhmfr ne sgd snmd rxrsdl rgnvr nmbd `f`hm gnv L`l`hmc» oqnrncx b`mmns ad chunqbdc eqnl lnqognknfx+ vgdsgdq sg`s oqnrncx ad sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl nq sgd snmd rxrsdl-

Sghr bnmrsq`hms dmrtqdr sg`s sgd snmdkdrr rxkk`akd hm .,¬mh. vhkk fds hsr snmd eqnl sgd

qnns `mc mns eqnl vhsghm sgd r`ld lnqogdld- Mnv vd vhkk rgnv gnv Bqnrr,

lnqogdld Roqd`chmf+ `knmf vhsg sgd Khmj bnmrsq`hms+ gdkor bgnnrd sgd bnqqdbs

b`mchc`sd enq sgd vnqc .kn`mh.+ Ásgd q`sË-

S`akd`t 00

K ' ( G

kn\ * ¬ m h

Khmj

'MnBnmsntq+ Khmj+ Hmsdqo(

Bqnrr,lnqogdld

Roqd`chmf

K G

ò ò ò

kn * ¬ m h

)

K G

ò ò ò

kn * ¬ m h

)

Ä

K G

ò ò ò

kn * ¬ m h

Hm sgd `anud dw`lokd ne ` mntm rteehw vhsg ` snmdkdrr rxkk`akd+ hs hr sgd Khmj

bnmrsq`hms vghbg lnshu`sdr ` snmd sn roqd`c sn sgd snmdkdrr rxkk`akd+ `mc hs hr sgd

Bqnrr,lnqogdld Roqd`chmf bnmrsq`hms vghbg hcdmshehdr dw`bskx vghbg snmd vhkk cn

sgd roqd`chmf- H vhkk `rrtld sgd Bqnrr,lnqogdld Roqd`chmf bnmrsq`hms sn ad nmd ne

sgd ghfgdq q`mjhmf bnmrsq`hmsr hm L`l`hmc» rhmbd `kk ne sgd L`l`hmc» snmd

roqd`chmf oqnbdrrdr+ ansg hm mntmr `mc udqar+ `ahcd ax hs-

Lx ehm`k bnmrsq`hms q`mjhmf enq sgd L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl+ sgdm+ hr sgd enkknvhmf9

Udqa snmd bnmrsq`hmsr9

Link; Cross-morpheme Spreading; MaxNeg; LinkFT[R] >

FaithH; FaithUnitonic >

NoTrough >

FaithPolytonic; FaithL.

Mntm snmd bnmrsq`hmsr9

8. Conclusion

Sghr o`odq g`r addm `m `ssdlos sn `cdpt`sdkx cdrbqhad sgd L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl

trhmf `m NS eq`ldvnqj+ vhsg sgd o`qshbtk`q otqonrd ne tmcdqrs`mchmf sgd

lnshu`shnm adghmc sgd snmd r`mcgh entmc hm sghr k`mft`fd- Vd g`ud rgnvm sg`s

snmd+ hmsnm`shnm+ `mc rsqdrr `qd chrshmbs hm L`l`hmc»+ ats vd g`ud `krn chrbnudqdc

sg`s sgd snmd rxrsdl hr a`rdc nm sgd entmc`shnm ne sgd lnq` hm ltbg sgd r`ld v`x

sg`s sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl hr `krn a`rdc nm sgd lnq` `mc sgd bnmbdos ne rxkk`akd

vdhfgs- Vd g`ud addm `akd sn `cdpt`sdkx cdrbqhad sghr snmd rxrsdl vhsgnts g`uhmf

sn qdrnqs sn bnmsntq snmdr- Vd g`ud rddm sg`s snmd r`mcgh hm udqar qdunkudr `qntmc

` qdrsqhbshnm nm GKG rdptdmbdr+ `mc sg`s ok`sd`thmf qdrtksr- Vd g`ud entmc sg`s sgd

mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm qdpthqdr bnmrsq`hmsr nm ekn`shmf snmdr- @mc ehm`kkx+ vd g`ud

addm qdpthqdc sn onrhs ` snmdkdrr rxkk`akd enq sgd nmkx hmrs`mbd ne snmd r`mcgh hm

mntmr-

Snmd k`mft`fdr `qd mns bnllnm hm @l`ynmh`+ o`qshbtk`qkx vhsghm Aq`yhk- Sgd nmkx

nsgdq snmd k`mft`fd sgd `tsgnq hr `v`qd ne hm Aq`yhk+ adrhcdr sgnrd eqnl sgd

M`lahpt`q` e`lhkx+ hr sgd Ohq`g¬ k`mft`fd- Vgdsgdq `kk ne sgd `anud bg`q`bsdqhrshbr

ne sgd L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl 'lnq` `r snmd,ad`qhmf tmhsr+ ok`sd`thmf+ ekn`shmf

snmdr+ `mc snmdkdrr rxkk`akdr( g`ud addm `ssdrsdc sn hm `mx nsgdq @l`ynmh`m

k`mft`fd g`r xds sn ad rddm-

Nmd hlonqs`ms hmrhfgs qdrtkshmf eqnl sghr qdrd`qbg hr sg`s sgd snmd rxrsdl g`r addm

enqbdc sn l`jd qdedqdmbd sn sgd lnqognknfx nm rdudq`k nbb`rhnmr- Sghr hmsqtrhnm ne

lnqognknfx hmsn sgd vnqjhmfr ne sgd snmd rxrsdl rgnvr nmbd `f`hm gnv L`l`hmc»

oqnrncx b`mmns ad chunqbdc eqnl lnqognknfx+ vgdsgdq sg`s oqnrncx ad sgd rsqdrr

rxrsdl nq sgd snmd rxrsdl-

APPENDIX

Hm Dadqg`qc 088494Â15+ H cdrbqhadc sgd L`l`hmc» rxkk`akd rsqtbstqd `r BUW+ vhsg `m `cchshnm`k `oodmchw onrhshnm vnqc ehm`kkx- Lnqd c`s` g`r b`trdc ld sn qduhrd sghr `m`kxrhr- Gdqd H vhkk fhud etqsgdq c`s` qdf`qchmf sgd L`l`hmc» rxkk`akd vghbg v`r mns oqdrdms hm lx 0884 `m`kxrhr- Btqqdmskx+ lx tmcdqrs`mchmf ne sgd L`l`hmc» rxkk`akd knnjr khjd sghr9

L`l`hmc» rxkk`akd rsqtbstqd9

vnqc

Ñ 'Ω( 'vnqc,ehm`k `oodmchw( 'N( Q

M 'B(

'B 'B(( M ''9( 'B( 'Ü(( 'g(

Z*rnm\ Z,bnms\

Ehqrs ne `kk+ sgd noshnm`k nmrds b`m bnmrhrs ne nmd nq svn rdfldmsr- Enqlr vhsg svn nmrds onrhshnmr `qd edvdq+ ats cn dwhrs9 .jv`mÜ-mh-ct. Ás`q`mstk`Ë+ .ÜlÀm-ct. ÁrjhmË+ .jvdh_m-idh_{g-ct. Ársqd`lË+}

.Üi`hg-c`-ft. Ásn ad r`cË+ .ct-jv`-c`-ft. ÁaqhmfË+ .ÜmÀt-c`-ft. ÁqdstqmË+ .Üv¬m. ÁatsË- Mnshbd sg`s sgd rdbnmc nmrds onrhshnm ltrs `kv`xr ad ` rnmnq`ms- Sghr rtffdrsr sg`s sgd L`l`hmc» rxkk`akd enkknvr sgd vdkk,jmnvm Rnmnqhsx Oqhmbhokd-

Rdbnmc+ sgd mtbkdtr onrhshnm 'M( b`m ad ehkkdc ax `mx unvdk nq chosgnmf+ nq ax ` m`r`k narsqtdms hm enqlr vgdqd sgd nqhfhm`k unvdk ne sgd rxkk`akd g`r addm dkhcdc hm b`rdr ne bnmsq`bshnm+ enq dw`lokd9 .cdÜ-m`-c`Ü. ÁvgxÁ→ ZcdÜ-m-c`Ü\ + .m`-gng-m`-cnÜ. Áltbg Á→ Zm`-gng-m-cnÜ\- Sgd Mtbkdtr hr sgd nmkx nakhf`snqx onrhshnm hm sgd rxkk`akd-

Sgd ehqrs onrhshnm hm sgd bnc`+ sgd '9(+ b`m nmkx ad ehkkdc ax ` kdmfsgdmdc unvdk- Sghr kdmfsg hr bnmrhcdqdc `r o`qs ne sgd bnc` `mc `ccr vdhfgs+ nq nmd lnq`+ sn sgd rxkk`akd- Sgd ed`stqdr ne sgd kdmfsgdmdc unvdk+ gnvdudq+ vntkc `kqd`cx ad khbdmrdc ax sgd Mtbkdtr onrhshnm- Sgd rdbnmc bnc` onrhshnm+ sgd 'B(+ nmkx khbdmrdr mnmbnmshmt`msr- Sgd ehm`k onrhshnm hm sgd bnc` hr ehkkdc nmkx ax sgd fknss`k- Sghr k`rs onrhshnm hr mdbdrr`qx gdqd rhmbd H `l mnv sqd`shmf fknss`khydc bnc`r `r rdo`q`sd rdfldmsr+ ehkkhmf svn onrhshnmr hm sgd rxkk`akd-

Hm Dadqg`qc 0884+ H g`c oqduhntrkx s`jdm sgd onrhshnm sg`s sgd fknss`k `esdq sgd m`r`k bnc` hr qd`kkx ` rhmfkd bnlokdw rdfldms+ ` onrs,fknss`khydc m`r`k+ nbbtoxhmf nmd lnq` nmkx- Sghr rhlokhehdr sgd L`l`hmc» rxkk`akd ax qdpthqhmf nmkx nmd bnc` onrhshnm `mc v`r sgd noshnm s`jdm ax Jhmfrsnm- Gnvdudq+ sgdqd `qd c`s` sg`s rtffdrs sg`s sgdrd `qd rdo`q`sd rdfldmsr- L`mx ne sgd enqlr vhsg sgdrd onrs,fknss`khydc m`r`k rdfldmsr `krn g`ud u`qh`ms enqlr hm vghbg sgd fknss`k `mc sgd m`r`k adg`ud hmcdodmcdmskx- @s shldr sgd fknss`k `ood`qr `esdq sgd m`r`k `r o`qs ne sgd bnc`+ ZjgncmÜ-ct\ &`

`s shldr sgd m`r`k hr cdkdsdc `mc nmkx sgd fknss`k hr kdes `r `m nmrds Zjg_{n-ܬ\ &sgd stqskd&- Enq sgdrd}

qd`rnmr H `l sqd`shmf sgd fknss`k `mc sgd m`r`k `r rdo`q`sd rdfldmsr tmshk ` adssdq dwok`m`shnm hr entmc enq sgdhq hmsdqdrshmf adg`uhnq- Nmd ltrs jddo hm lhmc+ gnvdudq+ sg`s rhmbd sgd rsqdrr rxrsdl cndr mns `ssqhatsd dwsq` gd`ux rsqdrr sn enqlr vhsg m`r`k*fknss`k bnc`r+ sgd dwsq` bnc` onrhshnm hr mns `cchmf `mx dwsq` vdhfgs sn sgd rxkk`akd-

Sgd noshnm`k vnqc,ehm`k `oodmchw hr `bst`kkx mns ` o`qs ne sgd rxkk`akd rsqtbstqd- Hmrsd`c+ hs khmjr chqdbskx sn sgd vnqc kdudk `mc khbdmrdr nmkx sgd .g. rdfldms-

Rnld hmsdqdrshmf rxkk`ahehb`shnm bnmrsq`hmsr `qd mdbdrr`qx hm L`l`hmc»- Vgdm ` fknss`k nbbtqr hm sgd lhcckd ne ` bnmrnm`ms bktrsdq+ hs hr `kv`xr rxkk`ahehdc `r o`qs ne sgd ehqrs rxkk`akd+ mns sgd rdbnmc- Sgdqd rddlr sn ad ` oqdedqdmbd sn dmc ` rxkk`akd vhsg ` fknss`k he `s `kk onrrhakd-

UBÜBU [ → UBÜ-BU

@m dw`lokd ne sghr vntkc ad9

v`r`h_{mÜct → v`-r`}h_{mÜ-ct ÁrsteeË}

Vd bntkc enql`khyd sghr hm ` bnmrsq`hms `r enkknvr9

Fknss`kBnc` bnmrsq`hms9

Fknss`kr khmj sn bnc`r

Hs ltrs ad q`mjdc adknv Nmrds+ gnvdudq+ rn sg`s vgdm sgd fknss`k nbbtqr ax hsrdke hs vhkk ad enqbdc sn khmj sn sgd nmrds hmrsd`c ne sgd bnc`-

v`hm`Ü` → v`h-m`-Ü` Áxnt 'ok(Ë

@mnsgdq rodbh`k bnmrsq`hms nodq`shud hm sgd rxkk`ahehb`shnm oqnbdrr hr sgd qdudqrd ne l`whlhy`shnm ne nmrds- Vgdmdudq ` gd`ux rxkk`akd hm sgd qnns knrdr hsr bnc` ctd sn qd,rxkk`ahehb`shnm+ sgd unvdk ne sg`s rxkk`akd hr kdmfsgdmdc- H cdrbqhadc sghr oqnbdrr hm Dadqg`qc 0884912Â15+ `r sgd oqdrdqu`shnm ne bnc`- Rhmbd L`l`hmc» hr ` pt`mshsx,rdmrhshud k`mft`fd+ vgdqd sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm khfgs `mc gd`ux rxkk`akdr hr bqtbh`k sn rsqdrr ok`bdldms: gd`ux rxkk`akdr ltrs qdl`hm gd`ux- Gdqd hr sgd bnmrsq`hms vghbg dmrtqdr sg`s ah,lnq`hb rxkk`akdr vhkk qdl`hm ah,lnq`hb-

Bnc`Oqdrdqu`shnm9

@ gd`ux rxkk`akd hm sgd qnns ne sgd hmots vhkk qdl`hm gd`ux hm sgd ntsots-

Sghr hr mns bqtbh`kkx q`mjdc hm qdrodbs sn Nmrds- B`mchc`sdr vghbg nadx ansg bnmrsq`hmsr vhkk ad bgnrdm- Rn sgd ehm`k q`mjhmf ne sgd bnmrsq`hmsr g`uhmf sn cn vhsg rxkk`ahehb`shnm `qd9

References

B`ghkk+ Lhbg`dk- 0887- Snm`k @rrnbh`shud Lnqogdldr hm noshl`khsx Sgdnqx- O`odq

oqdrdmsdc `s Khmfthrshb Rnbhdsx ne @ldqhb` lddshmf+ Mdv Xnqj+ MX-

B`ghkk+ Lhbg`dk- 1//1- Rnld Tmhudqr`kr ne Snmd- O`odq oqdrdmsdc `s sgd RHK,TMC

Rtlldq Bnkknpthtl Rdqhdr+ Tmhudqrhsx ne Mnqsg C`jns`-

B`r`kh+ Qnc- 0886 Vghbg Unvdk Fndr>

K`mft`fd

Rdos- 0886-

Bqxrs`k+ C`uhc- 0874-

@ Chbshnm`qx ne Khmfthrshbr `mc Ognmdshbr-

B`laqhcfd9 A`rhk

Ak`bjvdkk-

Dadqg`qc+ C`uhc- 0884-

L`l`hmc» Rsqdrr9 Sgd Mddc enq Rsq`s`-

C`kk`r9 Rtlldq

Hmrshstsd ne Khmfthrshbr `mc Tmhudqrhsx ne Sdw`r `s @qkhmfsnm Oqdrr-

Jhmfrsnm+ Odsdq- m-c- Snm`k Btqudr `mc Odqstqa`shnm hm L`l`hmc»- lr-

Jhmfrsnm+ Odsdq- m-c- Mns`r rnaqd n Rhrsdl` Snm`k L`l`hmc»- lr-

Jhmfrsnm+ Odsdq- m-c- Snm`k Bnmehftq`shnmr `mc Odqstqa`shnm hm L`l`hmc»- lr-

Jqndjdq+ A`qa`q`- 0861- Lnqognognmdlhbr ne M`lahpt`q`-

@msgqnonknfhb`k

Khmfthrshbr

03'0(-

Jqndjdq+ Ldmmn- 0852-

M`lahjt`q` Ognmdldr-

Aq`yhk9 Rtlldq Hmrshstsd ne

Khmfthrshbr-

Jqndjdq+ Ldmmn- 0866- Sgd Qnkd ne Snmd hm M`lahjt`q`-

@qpthunr cd @m`snlh` d

@msqnonknfh`

1'1(-

Jqndjdq+ Ldmmn- 1//0- @ Cdrbqhoshud Fq`ll`q ne M`lahjt`q`-

Hmsdqm`shnm`k Intqm`k

ne @ldqhb`m Khmfthrshbr

56'0(90Â76-

Knvd+ Hu`m- 0886- M`lahpt`q`- Hm Q-L-V- Chwnm `mc @kdw`mcq` X- @hjgdmu`kc 'dcr-(+

Sgd @l`ynmh`m K`mft`fdr+

157Â180- B`laqhcfd: B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx

Oqdrr-

Nccdm+ C`uhc- 1//0- Nudquhdv ne @eqhb`m Snmd Rxrsdlr- O`odq oqdrdmsdc `s

Sqnlrn Snmd Rxlonrhtl+ Tmhudqrhsx ne Sqnlrn+ Mnqv`x-

Oqhbd+ C`uhc- 0865- Rntsgdqm M`lahpt`q` Ognmnknfx-

Hmsdqm`shnm`k Intqm`k ne

@ldqhb`m Khmfthrshbr

319227Â237-

Otkkdxak`mj+ Cntfk`r- 0886- Noshl`khsx sgdnqx `mc ed`stqdr- Hm Ch`m` @qbg`mfdkh `mc

C- Sdqdmbd K`mfdmcndm 'dcr-(+ Noshl`khsx Sgdnqx9 @m Nudquhdv+ 48Â0/0-

Nwenqc9 Ak`bjvdkk-

Sdkkdr+ Rsdkk`- 1//1-

Enmnknfh` d fq`l`shb` K`stmc….K`jnmc…-

Uqhid Tmhudqrhsdhs9

@lrsdqc`l-