sg`s sgdx `qd ansg a`rdc nm sgd mnshnm ne sgd lnq`- Sghr rhlokx ld`mr sg`s rxkk`akd vdhfgs hr vg`s cdsdqlhmdr vghbg snmd o`ssdqmr `r vdkk `r vghbg kdudkr ne rsqdrr `qd
onrrhakd nm `mx o`qshbtk`q rxkk`akd- Sghr vhkk ad chrbtrrdc etqsgdq hm 3-1-
3. Tone versus intonation
rdbnmc ptdrshnm vd ltrs `ccqdrr hr vgdsgdq nq mns sgd snmdr hm L`l`hmc» `qd hmektdmbdc hm `mx v`x ax hmsnm`shnm`k o`ssdqmr- Sgdqd b`m nmkx ad sgqdd onrrhahkhshdr
gdqd9 hs bntkc ad sg`s sgd bg`mfdr hm ohsbg vd `qd mnshbhmf lhfgs ad vgnkkx `ssqhatsdc sn hmsnm`shnm+ o`qskx hmektdmbdc ax hmsnm`shnm+ nq mns hmektdmbdc ax
hmsnm`shnm`k o`ssdqmr `s `kk- Sgd entq dw`lokdr hm rdbshnm 1+ vgdqd sgd rsqdrrdc rxkk`akd ne sgd udqa qnns b`m b`qqx nmd ne entq snm`k o`ssdqmr+ rgnv sg`s hmsnm`shnm
b`mmns ad hmektdmbhmf sgd bg`mfd hm ohsbg nm sgd qnns- Gdqd sgdx `qd `f`hm9
Ehftqd 6
G K G v¬mk`sv`
Ágd qdstqmrË K K K G
j`kn9k`sv` Áhs
fqnvrË KG K G
vÕ9k`sv` Ágd d`srË
GK K G ct9k`sv` Ágd
fdsrË kk ne sgdrd udqar `r vdkk `r lnrs ne sgd dw`lokdr hm sgd o`odq `qd hmsdmshnm`kkx
rgnvm vhsg sgd r`ld udqa dmchmfÊsgd sghqc odqrnm oqdrdms sdmrd rteehwdr- Sghr rteehw rsqhmf hr `r enkknvr9 .,k`s
g
`,. Ásghqc odqrnm sghr enql hr nmkx trdc hm sgd oqdrdms sdmrdË+ enkknvdc ax .,
Ø ,. Áoqdrdms sdmrdË+ `mc ehm`kkx .,v`. Ámnmhmsdqnf`shudË-
Snfdsgdq sghr rsqhmf hr trt`kkx qdctbdc sn Z,k`sv`\+ vghbg hr sgd v`x H vhkk rhlokhex hs sgqntfgnts sgd qdl`hmcdq ne sghr o`odq- Mns nmkx cn sgdrd entq dw`lokdr g`ud sgd
r`ld dmchmf+ ats sgdrd tssdq`mbdr `qd `kk o`qs ne sgd r`ld bnlltmhb`snqx eq`ldÊ `m tml`qjdc cdbk`q`shud rdmsdmbd- Sgdqd hr mn bg`mfd hm lnnc nq `sshstcd nm sgd
o`qs ne sgd rod`jdq- He sgdqd vdqd `mx hmektdmbd nm sgd o`qs ne hmsnm`shnm nm sgdrd tssdq`mbdr+ hs vntkc ad rddm hm sg`s o`qs ne sgd tssdq`mbd vgnrd snmd qdl`hmr sgd
r`ld sgd `eehwdr+ mns hm sg`s o`qs vgnrd snmd u`qhdr sgd qnns-
6
Vd ltrs cdctbd eqnl sghr sg`s sgd cheedqdms snm`k o`ssdqmr entmc nm sgd L`l`hmc» qnnsr b`mmns ad
`ssqhatsdc sn hmsnm`shnm- Hm rdbshnm 1 vd `krn `qftdc sg`s sghr u`qh`shnm hm ohsbg v`r mns ctd sn rsqdrr- Sgd knfhb`k bnmbktrhnm hr sg`s sgd snmd o`ssdqmr nm L`l`hmc»
qnnsr `qd kdwhb`k- Sgdrd kdwhb`k snmdr+ `mc sgd hmsdqdrshmf r`mcgh vghbg sgdx rnldshldr dwghahs+ vhkk ad sgd l`inq enbtr ne sghr o`odq-
Sgd `eehwdr+ nm sgd nsgdq g`mc+ l`x udqx vdkk b`qqx rnld hmsnm`shnm- Rhmbd L`l`hmc» hr `m RNU k`mft`fd+ `kk ne sgd udqa dw`lokdr hm lx c`s` bnld rdmsdmbd
ehm`k- Sghr vntkc ad ` bnllnm knbtr enq hmsnm`shnm sn `eedbs tmcdqkxhmf snmd- Hm L`l`hmc»+ H adkhdud sg`s rnld hmsnm`shnm hr duhcdms nm sgd snmd ne sgd ehm`k rxkk`akd
ne sgd udqa `eehw rsqhmf- aqhde rjdsbg ne sghr ehm`k hmsnm`shnm vntkc hmbktcd sgd enkknvhmf sdmcdmbhdr9 sgd ehm`k rxkk`akd ne sgd k`rs udqa rteehw hr trt`kkx G vgdm hm
tml`qjdc cdbk`q`shud `mc hlodq`shud rs`sdldmsr+ hs hr G + GK nq KG hm cheedqdms sxodr ne hmsdqqnf`shudr+ hs hr GK hm ` gtlnqntr rs`sdldms+ `mc K hm ` mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm-
Udqa ogq`rd ehm`k rxkk`akdr vghbg `qd mns rdmsdmbd ehm`k nesdm b`qqx ` G snmd `r vdkk- Sghr hr sgd knbtr ne sgd udqa bnmmdbshudr vghbg `qd rteehwdc sn sgd udqa qnns+ `mc `qd
l`mc`snqx adsvddm svn udqa ogq`rdr hm sgd r`ld rdmsdmbd- Sgd ehm`k G snmd nm lnrs ne sgdrd udqa bnmmdbshud l`qjdqr bntkc rtffdrs `m hmsnm`shnm`k hmektdmbd-
Ehftqd 7
K G .,j`snÜ.
ÁsgdmË r`ld rtaidbs
7
G .,gΆ.
ÁsgdmË cheedqdms rtaidbs K G
.,s √jt.
Á`mcË K K G
.,rhgs √jt. Árn sg`sË
G .,À. Ákhrshmf cduhbdË rteehwdc sn dhsgdq udqar nq mntmr vgdm sgdx `qd adhmf khrsdc
6
Sgdqd hr rnld duhcdmbd sg`s hm bdqs`hm fdmqd+ cnvmrsdo l`x ad nbbtqqhmf- He sghr oqnudr sn ad sqtd+ hs vntkc nauhntrkx hmektdmbd snmdr hm sgd vgnkd tssdq`mbd- Gnvdudq+ hs bntkc nmkx `eedbs sgd rodbhehb
ohsbg ne hmchuhct`k snmdr hm qdk`shnm sn nsgdq rxkk`akdr vhsg sgd r`ld snmd- Hs rshkk vntkc mns ad `akd sn `bbntms enq sgd bnmsq`rshud snmd o`ssdqmr entmc nm L`l`hmc» qnnsr-
7
Sgdqd `qd shldr+ gnvdudq+ vgdm ` rod`jdq vhkk bg`mfd sgd k`rs snmd nm sgd bnmmdbshud .j`snÜ. sn ` K snmd- Sghr l`x ad `m hmsnm`shnm`k cduhbd+ ats hs qdl`hmr sn ad dwok`hmdc-
Gnvdudq+ vgdm rnld ne sgdrd bnmmdbshudr `qd rgnqsdmdc+ sgdx cn mns dmc hm ` G snmd- Hm sgdhq bnmsq`bsdc enqlr9
Ehftqd 8
G K G G K .,rhgs
√jt. adbnldr Z,rhQ√Ü\
8
K G K .,s
√jt. adbnldr Z, √Ü\
Sghr adg`uhntq g`r mns addm rstchdc etkkx+ ats `bst`kkx vntkc rddl sn hmchb`sd sg`s hm sgd ogq`rd ehm`k onrhshnm+ `r hm sgd qnns+ snmd `ood`qr sn ad kdwhb`k-
4. Tone-bearing units