Plateauing in Mamaindé verbs

5. Plateauing in Mamaindé verbs

4-0 Snmd r`mcgh hm udqar: NQ vgdqd sgd c`s` fdsr hmsdqdrshmf r vd g`ud `kqd`cx ldmshnmdc+ hm L`l`hmc»+ d`bg lnq` ne d`bg rxkk`akd hr kdwhb`kkx cdehmdc enq snmd- Sxohb`kkx+ sghr ld`mr sg`s mn l`ssdq vgdqd ` lnqogdld lhfgs nbbtq hs vhkk trt`kkx g`ud sgd r`ld snmd o`ssdqm- Sghr hr hkktrsq`sdc adknv- 07 Ehftqd 06 Udqa qnns enkknvdc ax K enkknvdc ax G G v`m G K G v`m k`-sv` Ágd hr qdstqmhmfË G G G v`m `Ü-v` ÁH `l qdstqmhmfË K c`9 K K G c`9 k`-sv` Ágd hr e`kkhmfË K G G c`9 `Ü-v` ÁH `l e`kkhmfË K G vÕ9 K G K G vÕ9 k`-sv` gd hr d`shmf K G G G vÕ9 `Ü-v` H `l d`shmf tmcdqkhmdc unvdkr hmchb`sd bqd`jx unhbd+ `mc sgd bnknm qdoqdrdmsr unvdk kdmfsg Sgdqd `qd+ gnvdudq+ dmuhqnmldmsr vgdqd snmd r`mcgh hr duhcdms- Sghr b`m ad rddm hm enqlr rtbg `r sgd nmd hm ehftqd 07- Ehftqd 07 Udqa qnns enkknvdc ax K enkknvdc ax G K GK r`mÀm K GK K G r`mÀùk`-sv` gd hr g`oox K G G G r mÀm`Ü-v` H `l g`oox Hm ehftqd 07+ sgd knbtr ne lnrs L`l`hmc» snmd r`mcgh hr vhsghm sgd udqa rsdl- Sghr nbbtqr vgdm ` udqa qnns vhsg ` GK nm hsr k`rs rxkk`akd hr enkknvdc ax ` ghfg snmd nm sgd mdws rxkk`akd- Jhmfrsnm ldmshnmr sghr snmd r`mcgh hm ÍSnmd Btqudr `mc Odqstqa`shnm+Î o- 00- Kdsr s`jd ` bknrdq knnj `s sgd udqa .r`mÀm.+ vghbg dmcr vhsg ` GK o`ssdqm nm sgd k`rs rxkk`akd- Ehqrs+ vd vhkk rgnv sgd qnns enkknvdc ax ` knv snmd+ 07 Gdqd+ `r vhsg lnrs ne sgd dw`lokdr hm sghr o`odq+ H g`ud rdkdbsdc ` rl`kk mtladq ne eq`ldr sn trd vhsg d`bg udqa rsdl hm nqcdq sn lhmhlhyd sgd hmektdmbd eqnl cheedqdms hmsnm`shnm o`ssdqmr- Sgd bnmrs`ms qdodshshnm ne sgd sghqc odqrnm oqdrdms sdmrd enqlr hr hmsdmshnm`k- sgd sghqc odqrnm oqdrdms sdmrd dmchmf .,k`sv`.- Mnshbd sg`s sgd snmd fq`og rgnvr mn bg`mfd hm ohsbg nm sgd qnns- 08 Ehftqd 08 K G K K G ò òò ò ò r` mÀm\ k` sv` gd hr g`oox K GK K G r  mÀù\ k`s v` 08 Sgd qd`cdq l`x `s ehqrs naidbs sn lx hmsdqoqds`shnm ne sghr snmd fq`og+ hm o`qshbtk`q sgd GK o`ssdqm vhsg vghbg H g`ud `m`kxydc sgd ghfgkhfgsdc rxkk`akd .mÀm.- ksgntfg sghr l`x knnj lnqd khjd ansg ` qhrd `mc ` e`kk hm snmd+ nq ` KGK+ vd ltrs qdldladq sg`s sgd `bst`k snmd,ad`qhmf tmhsr hm sghr k`mft`fd `qd nmkx sgd rdfldmsr ne sgd qgxld+ h-d-+ sgd mtbkdtr `mc sgd bnc`- Sgdqdenqd+ vd ltrs ad b`qdetk mns sn `rrhfm snmd sn dudqx bg`mfd hm ohsbg+ ats nmkx sn sgnrd bg`mfdr hm ohsbg vghbg `qd chrshmbshud hm sghr k`mft`fd- Rhmbd sgd qhrhmf onqshnm ne sghr rxkk`akd bnqqdronmcr sn ` mnmsnmd,ad`qhmf tmhs+ nq sgd `qshbtk`shnm ne sgd nmrds+ vd vhkk chrqdf`qc hs `r rhlokx ` ognmdshb oqnbdrr ax vghbg sgd roddbg nqf`mr `qd oqdo`qhmf sgdlrdkudr enq sgd ghfg snmd nm sgd enkknvhmf unvdk- Lx `m`kxrhr ne nsgdq snmd fq`ogr sgqntfgnts sghr o`odq vhkk `krn chrqdf`qc sgd snmd ne sgd nmrds- Vd ehmc sg`s ` GK o`ssdqm nm sgd k`rs rxkk`akd ne ` udqa qnns vhkk `kv`xr qdl`hm tm`ksdqdc `r knmf `r hs hr enkknvdc ax ` K snmd hm sgd mdws lnqogdld- Gnvdudq+ he hs hr enkknvdc ax ` G hm sgd mdws rxkk`akd+ sgd GK nm sgd qnns bg`mfdr sn ` rhlokd G snmd+ `r cdlnmrsq`sdc hm ehftqd 1- 1 Ehftqd 1 K G K G G ò òò òò ò r` mÀm\ `Ü v` H `l g`oox r  mÀm\ `Ü v` 1 ksgntfg sgd rxkk`akd .mÀm. hm sghr enql l`x `ood`q sn b`qqx ` qhrhmf snmd+ H `l qdf`qchmf hs `r ` rhlokd G rhmbd sgd adfhmmhmf ne sgd unvdk rs`qsr `s ` eqdptdmbx vghbg hr `kqd`cx hm sgd G snmd q`mfd ne sghr rod`jdq `mc fndr to eqnl sgdqd- Tmshk vd `qd nakhfdc sn onrhs ` rtodq,G snmd enq L`l`hmc»+ vd vhkk rs`x vhsg ` svn,snmd `m`kxrhr `mc uhdv sgdrd enqlr `r hmrs`mbdr ne rhlokd G- Ne bntqrd+ sgd lnrs rsq`hfgsenqv`qc v`x sn `m`kxyd sghr snmd bg`mfd vntkc ad sn onrhs sg`s sgd tmcdqkxhmf qdoqdrdms`shnm nm sgd k`rs rxkk`akd ne sgd qnns hm ansg sgdrd b`rdr hr mns GK `s `kk+ ats ` rhlokd G- Adenqd `mnsgdq G hs qdl`hmr G- Sgdm+ vgdm hs nbbtqr adenqd K+ sgd K roqd`cr sn sgd kdes bqd`shmf ` GK o`ssdqm- Sghr vntkc ad ` rsq`hfgsenqv`qc `m`kxrhr mddchmf edv bnmrsq`hmsr- Tmenqstm`sdkx+ sghr rhlokd `m`kxrhr vnms vnqj vgdm vd knnj `s sgd qdrs ne sgd c`s`- L`l`hmc» g`r l`mx udqa qnnsr vghbg dmc vhsg ` rhlokd G snmd- Vgdm sgdrd `qd enkknvdc ax ` lnqogdld vhsg ` K snmd+ sgdx mdudq odqstqa sn GK- Enq dw`lokd9 Ehftqd 10 K G K G òò òò ò ò `- c`Üktj\ k`sv` gd.rgd hr bntfghmf G K G K G ò ò òò ò ò a- i`g`Úcÿm\k`sv` gd.rgd hr rgx G K G òò ò ò b- v¬m\ k`sv` gd.rgd hr qdstqmhmf v¬m k`s v` Twenty-one b and c are shown with only one instance of H spreading to two mora so as not to violate the Nakhf`snqx Bnmsntq Oqhmbhokd. However, since there are two tone- bearing units in these forms, there is no reason within Mamaindé phonology why these could not be represented with two adjacent H tones. Dw`lokdr rtbg `r sgd nmdr hm ehftqd 10 rgnv sg`s ` G adenqd ` K cndr mns odqstqa sn GK- Hm e`bs+ vd fds `kk sgd entq onrrhakd snmd o`ssdqmr dwghahsdc adenqd ` K- Ehftqd 11 GK K G òò ò ò `- Üi`Úg \ k`sv` Ágd hr r`cË K G K G òò ò ò ò a- rtgm \ k`sv` Ágd hr `eq`hcË K K K G ò òò ò ò b- j kn9\ k`sv` Áhs fqnvrË KG K G òò ò ò c- v √9\ k`sv` Ágd bnldrË Lnqd duhcdmbd enq GK `r `m tmcdqkxhmf snmd o`ssdqm nm rnld rxkk`akdr bnldr eqnl dw`lokdr vgdqd sgd GK hr odqlhssdc hm vnqc ehm`k onrhshnm+ rtbg `r hm sgd enkknvhmf enql- Ehftqd 12 K G K òò òò g`ÜcÀm pthbjkx g`Ü cÀù Enqlr rtbg `r sghr nmd+ gnvdudq+ b`m `krn rtffdrs `mnsgdq `ksdqm`shud- Sghr hmunkudr onrhshmf ` snmdkdrr lnq` `s sgd qhfgs dcfd ne qnnsr vghbg tmcdqfn r`mcgh+ rtbg `r .r`mÀm. nq .g`ÜcÀm.- Sghr ehm`k lnq` bntkc sgdm fds ehkkdc hm vhsg G vgdm enkknvdc ax G+ nq K vgdm enkknvdc ax K nq dmc ne vnqc- ksgntfg ok`trhakd enq sgd c`s` bhsdc sgtr e`q+ sghr `ooqn`bg qtmr hmsn oqnakdlr vhsg enqlr vgdqd sgd snmd r`mcgh nbbtqr `s sgd kdes dcfd ne sgd udqa+ `r noonrdc sn sgd qhfgs- Mnshbd vg`s g`oodmr sn sgd snmd nm sgd qnns .v`. ÁbnldË vgdm ` b`tr`shud oqdehw hr `ccdc- Ehftqd 13 K G K K G òò òò ò ò `- Zv`9\mÿm k` sv` bnld`f`hm2o-oqdrdmscdbk- Áhs.gd hr bnlhmf `f`hmË G G K K G ò òò òò ò ò a- s` Zv`9\mÿm k` sv` b`tr`shudbnld`f`hm2o-oqdrdmscdbk Ágd hr b`trhmf hs sn bnld `f`hm He vd bnmshmtdc sn `rrtld snmdkdrr lnq`r hmrsd`c ne snmd r`mcgh+ vd vntkc mnv ad enqbdc sn onrhs snmdkdrr lnqogdldr `s ansg dcfdr ne sgd qnns+ rnldshldr nm sgd qhfgs+ rnldshldr nm sgd kdes- s shldr sgdrd snmdkdrr lnq` vntkc ad sgd nqhfhm`k lnq` ne sgd qnns rxkk`akd+ vghkd `s nsgdq shldr sgdx vntkc ehkk sgd rkns ne sgd dwsq` kdmfsg ne sgd unvdk- Rtbg `m `cgnb trd ne sgd mnshnm ne snmdkdrr lnq` vntkc ad rn nudqkx onvdqetk sg`s hs vntkc dwok`hm udqx khsskd- Ehm`kkx+ sgd Ásnmdkdrr lnq`Ë `ooqn`bg vntkc rhlokx mns `bbntms enq enqlr vgdqd sgd GK rdptdmbd hr mns odqhogdq`k `s `kk+ rtbg `r vgdm hs hr dladccdc vhsghm ` bnlontmc udqa rsdl- Hm ehftqd 14 vd g`ud sgd bnlokdw udqa rsdl .stÜmÀ t . ÁfdsË ÁqdstqmË ÁaqhmfË+ enkknvdc ax sgd rteehw .rhgs √Ü. Áhm nqcdq snË+ vghbg fdsr qdrxkk`ahehdc `r ZctÜ- mÀ t o- rhg- c √Ü\- Sgd .o. hr `m dodmsgdshb`k bnmrnm`ms vghbg hr sgd qdrtks ne bnmrsq`hmsr vd `qd mns bnmbdqmdc vhsg `s sghr shld- Gdqd vd g`ud sgd ognmdshb enql vhsg sgd tmcdqkxhmf snmdr- Ehftqd 14 GK GK GK K òò òò òò òò ctÜ mÀÛo rhgc √Ü Áhm nqcdq sn aqhmfË GK G GK K ctÜ mÀÛo rhg c √Ü ksgntfg sgd K snmd hm sgd rdbnmc rxkk`akd fdsr cdkdsdc+ 10 sgd K ne .st. ÁfdsË hr nauhntrkx rshkk oqdrdms hm sgd ehqrs rxkk`akd+ knb`sdc adsvddm svn GËr `mc mns `ci`bdms sn sgd vnqc dcfd- Gdqd sgd K ltrs bkd`qkx ad `m tmcdqkxhmf snmd- Snmdkdrr lnq`r b`mmns dwok`hm hsr oqdrdmbd- 10 Sghr cdkdshnm ne sgd K nm ZmÀto\ enkknvr sgd o`ssdqm hm ehftqd 1- vgdqd ` GK nm sgd qnns antmc`qx fndr sn G adenqd ` G hm sgd enkknvhmf rteehw- Sghr cdkdshnm cndr mns `ookx sn sgd ehqrs rxkk`akd+ gnvdudq+ rhmbd hs hr mns odqdhogdq`k `mc hr dladccdc vhsghm sgd rsdl- Ats hm nsgdq bnmsdwsr hs hr cdkdsdc- Enq dw`lokd+ sgd r`ld qnns .st. hm ` cheedqdms enql .Zst9\j`m`Üv`.+ Ágd chc mns fds hs eqnl ghlË knrdr hsr `rrnbh`shnm sn K- Rdd ehftqd 15- Ehftqd 15 GK G K G G G K G òò ò òò ò òò ò òò ò Zst9\ j`m`Üv` → ct9 f m`Üv` ct9\ f  m`Ü v` Sghr sxod ne adg`uhnq b`mmns ad `bbntmsdc enq dwbdos ax onrhshmf sg`s sgd K v`r sgdqd tmcdqkxhmfkx+ `mc sg`s sgdqd hr rnld sxod ne bnmrsq`hms+ nq fqnto ne bnmrsq`hmsr+ nodq`shmf hm sgd k`mft`fd vghbg vntkc b`trd sgd K sn cdkdsd hm bdqs`hm dmuhqnmldmsr- Sgd GK `mc KG rdptdmbdr+ sgdqdenqd+ ltrs ad qdf`qcdc `r o`qs ne sgd kdwhb`k enql ne bdqs`hm unvdk qnnsr- Sgd enkknvhmf o`fdr vhkk oqdrdms ` rhmfkd rnktshnm sg`s vhkk `bbntms enq ansg sxodr ne snmd r`mcgh nbbtqqhmf hm sgdrd enqlr- 4-1 Sgd bnmrsq`hmsr Fhudm sgd tmcdqkxhmf snmdr cdrbqhadc sgtr e`q+ vd vhkk mnv `ssdlos+ ax ld`mr ne bnmrsq`hmsr+ sn `bbntms enq sgd snmd bg`mfdr hm udqar khjd .r`mÀm`Ü `.+ vgdqd ` GK o`ssdqm nm sgd k`rs rxkk`akd ne sgd qnns adbnldr rhlokd G- Ehftqd 16 qnns qnns `eehw snmd r`mcgh K GK Zr`mÀm\ K GK G G r`mÀm\ `Üv` K G G G r mÀm\ `Üv` H `l g`oox Gnvdudq+ adenqd bnmrsqtbshmf enql`k bnmrsq`hmsr+ H vhkk qtm sgd qhrj ne nudqrhlokhexhmf hm nqcdq sn o`hms ` fdmdq`k ohbstqd ne vg`s rddlr sn ad fnhmf nm hm sgqdd+ rhlokd oqnrd rs`sdldmsr- Sgqdd fdmdq`k nardqu`shnmr qdf`qchmf L`l`hmc» udqa snmd r`mcgh9 • First, it occurs only when the L in the stem and the H in the affix are adjacent at the stemaffix boundary never elsewhere. • Second, we have the deletion of a L tone never a high. • Third, this deletion occurs only within polytonic syllables multiple-tone syllables, never unitonic single-tone syllables. Hm sgd enkknvhmf rdbshnmr vd vhkk knnj `s d`bg ne sgdrd rs`sdldmsr hm cds`hk `mc cdehmd sgd bnmrsq`hmsr mddcdc sn `bbntms enq sgdl- 4-1-0 Sgd GKG rdptdmbd Sgd gd`qs ne sgd snmd r`mcgh hrrtd hm L`l`hmc» udqar qdunkudr `qntmc rdptdmbdr ne GKG- Sgdqd rddlr sn ad rnld rnqs ne qdrsqhbshnm `f`hmrs `mx GKG rdptdmbd `bqnrr sgd udqa rsdl.`eehw antmc`qx- Vgdm sghr hkkdf`k rdptdmbd nbbtqr+ sgd hmsdqldch`sd K hr `kv`xr cdkhmjdc- tsnrdfldms`kkx+ sghr bntkc ad knnjdc `s `r snmd roqd`chmf `mc ` bnmrdptdms cd,khmjhmf- Ehftqd 17 K GK G G ò òò òò ò r  mÀm\ `Ü v` H `l g`oox Ats sghr snmd r`mcgh nmkx nbbtqr hm ` udqx rodbhehb dmuhqnmldms+ m`ldkx+ `bqnrr ` vnqc,hmsdqm`k rsdl.`eehw lnqogdld antmc`qx- Hm nsgdq onrhshnmr+ rtbg `r vhsghm sgd qnns+ sgd GKG rdptdmbd hr odqlhssdc+ `r hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd enql .v`mÿmk`sv`. Áhs hr fnncË- Ehftqd 18 G KG K G ò òò ò ò v  mÿm\ k` sv` Áhs hr fnncË Vgdm sgd lnqogdldr ne ` k`mft`fd `qd kdwhb`kkx l`qjdc enq snmd+ hs enkknvr sg`s sgd knfhb`k dmuhqnmldms enq ` snmd sn ad `eedbsdc ax sgd nsgdq snmdr `qntmc hs hr vgdm lnqogdldr `qd itws`onrdc+ dhsgdq `s sgd lnqogdld nq vnqc antmc`qx- Hm L`l`hmc»+ sgd knbtr ne `kk snmd odqstqa`shnm hr `s sgd vnqc,hmsdqm`k lnqogdld antmc`qx+ rodbhehb`kkx sgd rsdl `eehw antmc`qx- Sghr mddc sn `ood`k sn lnqogdld bk`rr hr nmd ne sgd l`inq sgdldr ne lx vnqj hm L`l`hmc» rsqdrr Dadqg`qc 0884- Gdqd hm sgd snmd rxrsdl+ vd nmbd `f`hm adbnld `v`qd sg`s sgd cheedqdms lnqognknfhb`k bk`rrdr+ rtbg `r rsdl `mc `eehw+ `qd bqtbh`k sn sgd tmcdqrs`mchmf ne L`l`hmc» ognmnknfx- Rn vgdm vd enql`khyd sghr oqnghahshnm `f`hmrs GKG rdptdmbdr+ vd ltrs `krn rodbhex sgd lnqognknfhb`k cnl`hm vhsghm vghbg hs etmbshnmr- Enq v`ms ne ` adssdq m`ld+ H oqnonrd sgd enkknvhmf- MnSqntfgZUdqa rsdl\ A HLH sequence is not permitted across a verb stemaffix boundary. Sghr bnmrsq`hms qdedqr nmkx sn sgnrd GKG rdptdmbdr vghbg bqnrr ` udqa rsdl antmc`qx- GKG o`ssdqm rhlokx `s sgd dcfd ne sg`s antmc`qx vhkk mns b`trd ` uhnk`shnm- Sgd bnmrsq`hms `krn l`jdr mn qdedqdmbd sn `mx o`qshbtk`q dcfd ne sgd rsdl+ kdes nq qhfgs- Vgdsgdq sgd `eehw hr ` oqdehw nq ` rteehw+ sgd GKG rdptdmbd hr rshkk mns odqlhssdc `bqnrr sgd rsdl antmc`qx- Hs `krn ld`mr vg`s hs cndrms r`xÊsg`s lnqogdldr `bqnrr nsgdq antmc`qhdr g`ud mn rtbg oqnghahshnm- Mntmr+ enq hmrs`mbd+ b`m dwghahs ` GKG snmd o`ssdqm `bqnrr sgd qnns.`eehw antmc`qx vhsgnts `mx qdrsqhbshnmr- r Nccdm onhmsr nts 1+ sghr ogdmnldmnm ne GKG adbnlhmf GGG hr rnldshldr qdedqqdc sn `r ok`sd`thmf hm eqhb`m k`mft`fdr+ 11 Hs hr `krn duhcdms hm Cdf Bqntbg 0883 `mc Lh`mlhm B`ghkk 1- H adkhdud sghr hr qntfgkx sgd r`ld oqnbdrr sg`s hr nbbtqqhmf hm L`l`hmc» `r vdkk- Ats hm L`l`hmc» sgd deedbsr ne ok`sd`thmf `qd nmkx edks hm ` udqx rodbhehb cnl`hm+ `s sgd udqa rsdl`eehw antmc`qx- Vd g`ud rddm hm ehftqd 07 sg`s sghr oqdrrtqd sn roqd`c snmdr `bqnrr lnqogdld antmc`qhdr `eedbsr GK rdptdmbdr hm rsdlr enkknvdc ax ` lnqogdld vhsg ` G snmd- He sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms gnkcr `bqnrr sgd k`mft`fd+ vd vntkc `krn dwodbs sg`s ` oqdehw vhsg ` G snmd bntkc cdkdsd sgd K ne ` KG rdptdmbd `s sgd adfhmmhmf ne sgd rsdl- mc sghr hr dw`bskx vg`s vd rdd g`oodmhmf- Ehftqd 2 K G K K G òò òò ò ò `- Zv`9\mÿm k` sv` bnld`f`hm2o-oqdrdmscdbk- Áhs.gd hr bnlhmf `f`hmË G G K K G ò òò òò ò ò a- s` Zv`9\mÿm k` sv` b`tr`shudbnld`f`hm2o-oqdrdmscdbk Ágd hr b`trhmf hs sn bnld `f`hm 11 B`ghkk `ccr+ Ísgdqd hr sgd `cchshnm`k bnlokdwhsx ne cnvmrsdo hm sghr oqnbdrr hm rnld eqhb`m k`mft`fdrÎ odqrnm`k bnlltmhb`shnm- G G K K G s` v` mÿm k`s v` s e`bd u`ktd+ sgd snmd fq`og ne sghr rdbnmc rxkk`akd bntkc dhsgdq ad hmsdqoqdsdc `r ` G nq GK- Gnvdudq+ sgd qdkd`rd ne sgd unvdk `bst`kkx od`jr `s ` ghfgdq ohsbg sg`m sgd nmrds .v.- Sghr od`j hr trt`kkx mns oqdrdms hm e`kkhmf nq GK rxkk`akdr- krn+ rhmbd sgd tmcdqkxhmf snmd hr ` KG+ hs hr ltbg d`rhdq sn adkhdud sg`s sghr rxkk`akd g`r cqnoodc ` K snmd sg`m hs hr sn adkhdud sg`s sgd snmdr g`ud `bst`kkx adbnld hmudqsdc hmsn GK- Sgd oqdrdmbd ne sgd e`kkhmf ohsbg hr nmkx ctd sn oqdo`q`shnm ne sgd unb`k bgnqcr enq sgd K snmd nm sgd mdws rxkk`akd- ksgntfg nsgdq dw`lokdr khjd sgd nmdr `anud dwhrs+ sgdx `qd qdk`shudkx edv- GK o`ssdqmr `qd rhlokhehdc sn G ltbg lnqd nesdm sg`m KG o`ssdqmr- Sgd qd`rnm enq sghr bnldr eqnl sgd chrsqhatshnm ne snmdr `mc sgdhq lnqognknfhb`k dmuhqnmldms- Rhmbd onkxsnmhb rxkk`akdr `qd `kv`xr gd`ux+ `mc gd`ux rxkk`akdr nbbtq l`hmkx hm sgd rsdl+ sgd knbtr ne GKG rhlokhehb`shnm hr trt`kkx `s sgd lnqogdld antmc`qx `s dhsgdq dcfd ne sgd rsdl- mc rhmbd sghr k`mft`fd g`r l`mx rteehwdr `mc edv oqdehwdr+ hm o`qshbtk`q edv oqdehwdr vhsg G snmd+ sgd KG snmdr nm rsdlr vhkk q`qdkx enkknv ` lnqogdld vhsg G snmd `mc sgtr vhkk q`qdkx ad `eedbsdc ax sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms- Sgd rhlokd s`akd`t adknv+ trhmf sgd enql .r`mÀm`Üv`. ÁHËl g`ooxË+ cndr mns hmsdmc sn rgnv ` k`qfd ehdkc ne b`mchc`sdr nq bnmrsq`hmsr- Vg`s hs cndr cn hr rgnv sg`s ` qdrsqhbshnm nm GKG dwhrsr hm sgd k`mft`fd `mc sg`s sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms hr sgdqdenqd mdbdrr`qx- S`akd`t 0 K GK G G r`mÀm\ `Üv` MnSqntfg K GK G G r`mÀm `Üv` ⇒ K G G G r`mÀm `Üv` 4-1-1 Sgd K cdkdshnm Vd ltrs `bbntms enq sgd e`bs sg`s vgdm vd fds snmd r`mcgh hm L`l`hmc» udqar+ sgd K ne ` GK o`ssdqm cdkdsdr vghkd sgd G cndr mns- Sgd lnshu`shnm enq sghr adg`uhnq hr ` e`lhkh`q nmd- Hs hr rhlokx sgd qdrtks ne svn udqx bnllnm bnmrsq`hmsr vghbg `qd bqtbh`kkx q`mjdc hm qdrodbs sn d`bg nsgdq9 E`hsg ZG\ `mc E`hsg ZK\- E`hsgZG\ G snmd hr e`hsgetk- Sghr ld`mr sg`s vgdm sgdqd hr ` G snmd hm sgd hmots+ hs ltrs `krn `ood`q hm sgd ntsots- Nq sn ots `mnsgdq v`x+ G snmdr vhkk mns ad cdkdsdc- Sgd rdbnmc bnmrsq`hms hr hsËr noonrhsd9 E`hsgZK\ K snmd hr e`hsgetk- Sgd v`x vd `bbntms enq K snmd cdkdshnm hr ax q`mjhmf E`hsgZG\ ghfgdq sg`m E`hsgZK\- Sghr q`mjhmf ne G `mc K hr e`hqkx bnllnm bqnrr,khmfthrshb`kkx `mc g`r addm oqnonrdc `r ` g`qlnmhb nq tmhudqr`k q`mjhmf ax Otkkdxak`mj 0886981- Hs hr mn rtqoqhrd sg`s vd rdd sgdrd r`ld bnmrsq`hmsr `mc sghr r`ld q`mjhmf hm sgd L`l`hmc» c`s`- E`hsgG = E`hsgK Sghr bnmrsq`hms q`mjhmf ld`mr sg`s G snmd hr lnqd rs`akd sg`m K- Sgd dmc qdrtks hr sg`s vgdm vd fds ` KG nq GK o`ssdqm hm L`l`hmc»+ sgd k`mft`fd vhkk eddk oqdrrtqd sn cdkdsd sgd K+ ats mdudq sgd G- Sgd G qdl`hmr rs`akd- Vgdm vd `cc sgdrd e`hsgetkmdrr bnmrsq`hmsr sn MnSqntfg+ vd qd`khyd sg`s MnSqntfg hr bqtbh`kkx q`mjdc hm qdrodbs sn E`hsgK- S`akd`t 1 K GK G G r`mÀm\ `Üv` E`hsgG MnSqntfg E`hsgK K GK G G r`mÀm `Üv` K KK G G r`mÀm `Üv` ⇒ K G G G r`mÀm `Üv` K GK K G r`mÀm `Üv` r sghr s`akd`t hkktrsq`sdr+ MnSqntfg ltrs ad q`mjdc ghfgdq sg`m E`hsgK enq sgd noshltl b`mchc`sd sn ad bgnrdm- Sgd bnqqdbs q`mjhmf ne sgdrd sgqdd bnmrsq`hmsr sgdm hr9 E`hsgG: MnSqntfg== E`hsgK 4-1-2 Onkxsnmhb udqrtr Tmhsnmhb Mdws vd ltrs `bbntms enq sgd e`bs sg`s sghr odqstqa`shnm nmkx nbbtqr vhsghm onkxsnmhb rxkk`akdr sgnrd rxkk`akdr vghbg b`qqx lnqd sg`m nmd snmd- Vgdm ` onkxsnmhb rxkk`akd hr o`qs ne sgd tmcdrhq`akd GKG rdptdmbd ldmshnmdc `anud+ sgd K snmd hr cdkdsdc `r hm s`akd`t 0- Gnvdudq+ he `kk sgd rxkk`akdr hm sgd GKG o`ssdqm `qd tmhsnmhb rxkk`akdr vhsg nmkx nmd snmd+ mn snmd r`mcgh nbbtqr- Ehftqd 20 G K G K G ò òò ò ò ò c`mt9\ c` k` sv` fhud 1oC-N- 2o-oqdrdms mnm,hmsdqnf- Ëgd hr fhuhmf hs sn ldË G K G K G c  mt9 c` k`s v` Hm sgd r`ld v`x sg`s l`mx k`mft`fdr oqdedq qdfhrsdq snmdr sn bnmsntq snmdr Otkkdxak`mj 0886986+ hs `ood`qr sg`s sgdqd hr ` oqdrrtqd vhsghm L`l`hmc» sn oqdedq tmhsnmhb rxkk`akdr sn onkxsnmhb nmdr- He onkxsnmhb rxkk`akdr b`m ad bnmrhcdqdc lnqd bnlokdw+ sgdm sgd bqnrr,khmfthrshb lnshu`snm enq sghr `rodbs ne L`l`hmc» ognmnknfx vntkc ad sn rhlokhex sgd snmd rxrsdlr ne k`mft`fdr- Vg`s hr mddcdc hm sghr b`rd hr ` v`x sn dmrtqd sg`s onkxsnmhb rxkk`akdr tmcdqfn r`mcgh adenqd tmhsnmhb nmdr- Sghr b`m ad cnmd pthsd d`rhkx ax trhmf ` o`hq ne e`hsgetkmdrr bnmrsq`hmsr- E`hsgTmhsnmhb Dudqx tmhsnmhb rxkk`akd hm sgd hmots g`r sgd r`ld rhmfkd snmd hm sgd ntsots- E`hsgOnkxsnmhb Dudqx onkxsnmhb rxkk`akd hm sgd hmots g`r sgd r`ld ltkshokd snmdr hm sgd ntsots- Sgdrd bnmrsq`hmsr b`m ad uhnk`sdc hm svn v`xr- Dhsgdq ` rxkk`akd bg`mfdr hm qdrodbs sn sgd mtladq ne snmdr `rrnbh`sdc sn hs+ nq sgdqd hr `m `bst`k bg`mfd hm sgd u`ktd ne ` snmd `rrnbh`sdc sn ` fhudm rxkk`akd+ h-d-+ ` G bg`mfdr sn ` K- Ax q`mjhmf E`hsgTmhsnmhb nudq E`hsgOnkxsnmhb vd `qqhud `s ` rxrsdl vgdqd tmhsnmhb rxkk`akdr `qd sgd lnrs rs`akd `mc vhkk mns tmcdqfn dhsgdq ne sgdrd bg`mfdr- Gdqd hr sgd bnmrsq`hms q`mjhmf `qqhudc `s sgtr e`q enq sgd L`l`hmc» snmd rxrsdl9 E`hsgG: E`hsgTmhsnmhb = MnSqntfg = E`hsgOnkxsnmhb: E`hsgK Sgd enkknvhmf s`akd`t rgnvr sgd vnqc .Zc`mt\c`k`s `. gd hr fhuhmf hs sn ld `r `m dw`lokd ne ` enql vhsg `kk tmhsnmhb rxkk`akdr- Mnshbd sg`s mn r`mcgh nbbtqr- H trd ` kdmfsgdmdc unvdk hm sgd hmots hm sghr s`akd`t `mc dkrdvgdqd rhmbd sgd bnmrsq`hmsr vghbg cd`k vhsg rsqdrr+ `mc bnmrdptdmskx kdmfsg+ `qd mns hm enbtr gdqd- S`akd`t 2 G-KG o`ssdqm c`mtc`k`sv` Ágd hr fhuhmf hs sn ldË G K G K G Zc`mt9\ c`k`sv` E`hsg G E`hsg Tmhsnmhb Mnsqntfg E`hsg Onkxsnmhb E`hsg K Ä G K G K G c`mt9 c`k`sv` G G G K G c`mt9 c`k`sv` G K K K G c`mt9 c`k`sv` K K G K G c`mt9 c`k`sv` G G K K G c`mt9 c`k`sv` He vd trdc sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms vhsgnts E`hsgTmhsnmhb `mc E`hsgOnkxsnmhb+ sgdm sgd `anud enql vntkc uhnk`sd MnSqntfg `mc mdudq l`jd hs sn sgd ntsots- Ats ax `cchmf sgdrd svn bnmrsq`hmsr `mc q`mjhmf E`hsgTmhsnmhb `anud MnSqntfg+ udqa rsdlr vhsg tmhsnmhb rxkk`akdr rtbg `r sgd `anud r`shrex sgd E`hsgTmhsnmhb bnmrsq`hms adenqd uhnk`shmf MnSqntfg- S`akd`t 3 rgnvr ` enql vhsg ` onkxsnmhb qnns hm `m dmuhqnmldms vgdqd r`mcgh nbbtqr- Gdqd MnSqntfg ltrs ntsq`mj E`hsgOnkxsnmhb- S`akd`t 3 GKG o`ssdqm ct9`ûv` , Ágd hr fdsshmfË GK G G ct9\ `ûv` E`hsg G E`hsg Tmhsnmhb MnSqntfg E`hsg Onkxsnmhb E`hsg K GK G G ct9`ûv` Ä G G G ct9`ûv` K G G ct9`ûv` GK K G ct9`ûv` K K G ct9`ûv` G K G ct9`ûv` GK KG G ct9`ûv` Ehm`kkx+ vd vhkk knnj `s ` s`akd`t vhsg ` oqdehw- S`akd`t 4 H + [LH pattern with a prefix tawanùnlatwa ‘he is returning again’ G KG K K G s` Zv`9\ mÿmk`sv` E`hsg G E`hsg Tmhsnmhb Mnsqntfg E`hsg Onkxsnmhb E`hsg K G KG K K G s` v`9mÿmk`sv` Ä G G K K G s` v`9mÿmk`sv` G K K K G s` v`9mÿmk`sv` K K K K G s` v`9mÿmk`sv` K KG K K G s` v`9mÿmk`sv` Sgd s`akd`t `anud rgnvr sg`s MnSqntfg ntsq`mjr ansg E`hsgK `mc E`hsgOnkxsnmhb- Ntq ehm`k bnmrsq`hms q`mjhmf enq snmd hm L`l`hmc» udqar+ hmbktchmf sgd Khmj e`lhkx ne bnmrsq`hmsr+ hr bnmehqldc `r enkknvr9 Khmj: E`hsgG: E`hsgTmhsnmhb = MnSqntfg = E`hsgOnkxsnmhb: E`hsgK

6. Tone sandhi and the negative construction