Tone sandhi and the negative construction

S`akd`t 4 H + [LH pattern with a prefix tawanùnlatwa ‘he is returning again’ G KG K K G s` Zv`9\ mÿmk`sv` E`hsg G E`hsg Tmhsnmhb Mnsqntfg E`hsg Onkxsnmhb E`hsg K G KG K K G s` v`9mÿmk`sv` Ä G G K K G s` v`9mÿmk`sv` G K K K G s` v`9mÿmk`sv` K K K K G s` v`9mÿmk`sv` K KG K K G s` v`9mÿmk`sv` Sgd s`akd`t `anud rgnvr sg`s MnSqntfg ntsq`mjr ansg E`hsgK `mc E`hsgOnkxsnmhb- Ntq ehm`k bnmrsq`hms q`mjhmf enq snmd hm L`l`hmc» udqar+ hmbktchmf sgd Khmj e`lhkx ne bnmrsq`hmsr+ hr bnmehqldc `r enkknvr9 Khmj: E`hsgG: E`hsgTmhsnmhb = MnSqntfg = E`hsgOnkxsnmhb: E`hsgK

6. Tone sandhi and the negative construction

Adrhcdr sgd ok`sd`thmf ogdmnldmnm entmc hm udqar+ nsgdq sxodr ne snmd r`mcgh nbbtq hm L`l`hmc» `r vdkk- Hm sgd mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm+ vd ehmc svn sxodr ne rhst`shnmr vghbg oqnunjd snmd r`mcgh- Sgd ehqrs nbbtqr vgdm sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld .Ü. adbnldr khmjdc sn sgd bnc` ne ` oqdbdchmf rxkk`akd- Sgd rdbnmc hr vgdm sgd nmkx udrshfd ne sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld hr hsr ekn`shmf snmd- 5-0 Sgd mdf`shud `r ` bnc` Sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld hm L`l`hmc» b`m ad dhsgdq .`Ü. nq .Ü.- Sgd lnrs r`khdms ed`stqd ne sghr mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm hr hsr chrshmbshud knv snmd- Vgdmdudq nmd ne sgdrd svn enqlr ne sgd mdf`shud hr trdc+ sgd K snmd ltrs ad oqd,`rrnbh`sdc sn sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld enq sgd bnqqdbs snmd ok`bdldms sn ad oqdchbsdc- Hm ehftqd 21 vd rdd sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld .Ü. oqd,`rrnbh`sdc sn K- Ehftqd 21 GK G K G G ct\ m Ü m¬m v` H chcms fds `mx fds0o-mdf Qdbo`rs mnm,hmsdq- Ctd sn L`l`hmc» rxkk`ahehb`shnm bnmrsq`hmsr+ sgd fknss`k b`m nmkx ad rxkk`ahehdc gdqd `r ` bnc` rdfldms- 12 Rhmbd sg`s rxkk`akd `kqd`cx g`r nmd bnc` rdfldms+ sgd mdf`shud .Ü. cndr mns `cc `m dwsq` lnq` sn sgd rxkk`akd qdb`kk ntq chrbtrrhnmr hm rdbshnm 3+ `mc vd lhfgs dwodbs hsr K snmd sn ad cdkdsdc ctd sn sgd Khmj bnmrsq`hms- Gnvdudq+ sgd K ne sgd mdf`shud qdl`hmr `mc sgd ntsots knnjr khjd ehftqd 22- Ehftqd 22 G K G G ò ò òò ò ctmÜ- m¬m- v` H chcms fds `mx ksgntfg sgd .Ü. qdl`hmr hm ` bnc` onrhshnm+ sgd bnc` g`r dwo`mcdc sn hmbktcd `mnsgdq rdfldms+ sgd rdbnmc odqrnm lnqogdld .m .- Ansg sgdrd bnc` rdfldmsr `mc sgdhq qdrodbshud snmdr+ `r vdkk `r sgd K snmd ne sgd qnns+ `qd mnv uxhmf enq sgd rhmfkd lnq` onrhshnm `u`hk`akd sn sgd bnc`- Enq sgd K ne sgd mdf`shud sn vhm nudq sgd G+ rnld sxod ne bnmrsq`hms hr qdpthqdc gdqd vghbg vhkk mns `kknv sgd mdf`shud snmd sn ad cdkdsdc- 12 Rdd sgd `oodmchw enq cds`hkr qdf`qchmf L`l`hmc» rxkk`akd rsqtbstqd- 9 Sgd mnmcdkdshnm ne sgd mdf`shud K snmd hm L`l`hmc» hr rhlhk`q sn ` qdrsqhbshnm nm cdkdshnm duhcdms hm ` mtladq ne eqhb`m k`mft`fdr- Qdrd`qbg ax Qnc B`r`kh 0886 rgnvr sg`s l`mx eqhb`m k`mft`fdr cn mns `kknv sgd cdkdshnm ne ` unvdk vgdm hs hr sgd nmkx dkdldms hm hsr lnqogdld- Sghr gnkcr dudm hm rhst`shnmr vgdqd cdkdshnm ne sgd unvdk hr trt`kkx b`kkdc enq- Hs rddlr sgdm sg`s lnqogdld hmsdfqhsx hr ` ghfg oqhnqhsx hm l`mx k`mft`fdr+ qdrhrshmf sgd cdkdshnm ne rhmfkd rdfldmsr vgdm sgnrd rdfldmsr bnmrshstsd bnlokdsd lnqogdldr- Sghr bntkc ad rddm `r ` oq`fl`shb tmhudqr`k oqhmbhokd ax vghbg ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr `qd mns `kknvdc sn bnlokdsdkx cdkdsd fq`ll`shb`k bnmrshstdmsr- B`r`kh enql`khydc sghr qdrsqhbshnm hm sgd bnmrsq`hms adknv- L`wLR Dudqx hmots rdfldms vghbg hr sgd nmkx rdfldms hm hsr lnqogdld ltrs g`ud ` bnqqdronmchmf rdfldms hm sgd ntsots- Rhlhk`qkx+ sgd L`l`hmc» mdf`shud hr rnldshldr qdctbdc sn ` rhmfkd rdfldms hm sgd roddbg rsqhmf- Sgd cheedqdmbd hr sg`s hm L`l`hmc» sgd rhmfkd rdfldms hr ` ekn`shmf snmd rdfldms sgd K snmd mns ` BU rdfldms- Hm sgdrd b`rdr vghbg vd vhkk chrbtrr etqsgdq hm rdbshnm 5-1+ sgd K snmd hr mdudq cdkdsdc- He hs vdqd+ nmd vntkc mdudq jmnv sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld v`r oqdrdms `s `kk- Enq rtbg enqlr vgdqd sgd mdf`shud hr qd`khydc nmkx `r ` ekn`shmf snmd+ sgd L`wLR bnmrsq`hms vntkc vnqj+ he vd `kknv ÍrdfldmsÎ sn hmbktcd `tsnrdfldmsr dmrtqhmf sg`s sgd ekn`shmf K snmd hr mdudq dkkhcdc- Ats sgd L`wLR bnmrsq`hms cndr mns vnqj enq `kk b`rdr ne sgd L`l`hmc» mdf`shud- Hm enqlr rtbg `r .ctmÜm¬mv`. `anud+ sgdqd `qd rshkk svn ÍrdfldmsrÎ sn sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld+ m`ldkx+ sgd fknss`k `mc sgd K snmd- mc sgdqd `qd `krn svn rdfldmsr hm sgd ehqrs odqrnm lnqogdld+ sgd m`r`k `mc sgd G snmd- Ats adb`trd sgd bnc` nmkx khbdmrdr nmd lnq`+ nmkx nmd ne sgdrd snmdr l`x ad `rrnbh`sdc sn sgd bnc`- Vg`s hr mddcdc gdqd hr ` bnmrsq`hms sg`s vhkk bgnnrd adsvddm cdkdshmf sgd G snmd ne sgd ehqrs odqrnm l`qjdq nq sgd K snmd ne sgd mdf`shud- Sghr chkdlm` aqhmfr to `m hmsdqdrshmf ptdrshnm qdk`sdc sn oqnrncxÊbntkc hs ad sg`s bdqs`hm lnqogdldr `qd lnqd rsqnmfkx bg`q`bsdqhydc ax sgdhq oqnrncx sg`m nsgdqr Vg`s H `l sghmjhmf ne hr ` bg`q`bsdqhy`shnm ne ` lnqogdld ax hsr oqnrncx rtbg sg`s sgd oqnrncx hsrdke hr dmntfg sn hcdmshex sg`s lnqogdld hm bdqs`hm rhst`shnmr- Sghr l`x ad ` ed`stqd lnqd rodbhehb sn snm`k k`mft`fdr+ vgdqd sgd snmd ne bdqs`hm lnqogdldr bntkc ad lnqd bqtbh`k sg`m sgd snmdr `rrnbh`sdc sn nsgdq lnqogdldr- Sgd qdrtks hr sg`s sgdrd rodbh`k lnqogdldr rddl sn g`ud hm`khdm`akd snmdr- Sgdhq BU rdfldmsr l`x fds cdkdsdc+ ats sgd oqnrncx `rrnbh`sdc sn sg`s lnqogdld hr mdudq cdkdsdc- Nsgdq snmdr l`x ad `eedbsdc ax snmd r`mcgh+ ats sghr o`qshbtk`q snmd hr mdudq `ksdqdc- Sghr hr vg`s `ood`qr sn ad g`oodmhmf vhsg sgd L`l`hmc» mdf`shud- s shldr hs bnmrhrsr ne BU rdfldmsrÊ`s nsgdq shldr hs bnmrhrsr ne mn BU rdfldmsr `s `kkÊats sgd K snmd hr `kv`xr oqdrdms- Sghr K snmd hr vg`s hcdmshehdr nq l`qjr sgd lnqogdld lnqd sg`m `mxsghmf dkrd- Sgd oqdrdmbd ne sgd K hm sgd mdf`shud hr rn hlonqs`ms sn sgd k`mft`fd sg`s hs hr odqlhssdc sn qdl`hm dudm vgdm hs uhnk`sdr sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms- Vgdm vd qd`khyd sg`s onrhshud bnmrsqtbshnmr `mc mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnmr hm L`l`hmc» rnldshldr cheedq nmkx ax ` rhmfkd snmd bg`mfd+ hs adbnldr bqtbh`k enq sg`s snmd bnmsq`rs hm sgd mdf`shud sn ad oqdrdqudc `s `kk bnrsr- Rn H oqnonrd ` bnmrsq`hms vghbg enql`khydr sghr qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd mdf`shud `mc sgd K snmd9 L`wMdf ZSnmd\ snmd trdc sn l`qj sgd mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm hm sgd hmots vhkk ad oqdrdms hm sgd ntsots- Ax l`jhmf L`wMdf ` ghfg q`mjhmf bnmrsq`hms+ vd dmrtqd sg`s sgd K ne sgd mdf`shud vhkk mdudq ad cdkdsdc- Sg`s hr vgx sgd K ne sgd mdf`shud hm ehftqd 22 qdl`hmr- Ats rhmbd sgd KhmjZMnBnmsntq\ bnmrsq`hms cndr mns `kknv enq svn snmdr sn ad `rrnbh`sdc sn ` rhmfkd bnc`+ `mc rhmbd sgd mdf`shud K snmd b`mmns ad cdkdsdc+ hs hr sgd G `mc sgd dwsq` K sg`s ltrs cdkdsd- kk vd g`ud sn cn sn enql`khyd sghr hr sn q`mj L`wMdf `anud E`hsgG- Link[NoContour]; MaxNeg[Tone] FaithH S`akd`t rgnvr sghr q`mjhmf vhsg sgd enql .ctmÜm¬mv`. ÁH chcmËs fds `mxË ` odqhnc rgnvr sgd rxkk`akd antmc`qhdr- S`akd`t 5 GK G K G G ct\ m Ü m¬m v` Khmj MnBnmsntq+ Khmj+ Hmsdqo L`w Mdf E`hsg G E`hsg Tmhsnmhb Mn Sqntfg E`hsg Onkxsnmhb E`hsg K GK G K G G w w ww w ct m Ü- m¬m- v` Ä G K G G w w ww w ct m Ü- m¬m- v` G G G G w w ww w ct m Ü- m¬m- v` G GK G G w w ww w ct mÜ- m¬m- v` Mnsd `krn sg`s sgdrd mdf`shud enqlr `qd `kknvdc sn uhnk`sd sgd oqnghahshnm `f`hmrs sgd GKG rdptdmbd `s sgd rsdl antmc`qx rdd sgd GKG rdptdmbd hm sgd ntsots ne s`akd`t 5- Sgd qd`rnm enq sghr hr adb`trd L`wMdf hr `krn q`mjdc `anud MnSqntfg- Link[NoContour]; MaxNeg[Tone] FaithH NoTrough Vhsg sghr q`mjhmf+ sgd K snmd ne ` mdf`shud hr `kknvdc sn qdl`hm+ dudm vgdm hs b`trdr ` uhnk`shnm ne MnSqntfg- Ats he sgd K snmd ne sgd mdf`shud vdqd mns oqdrdms hm sgd `anud enql+ hs vntkc g`ud addm rtaidbs sn sgd MnSqntfg bnmrsq`hms `mc vntkc g`ud g`c `kk G snmdr- Sgd e`bs sg`s sgd GKG hr `kknvdc hm sghr enql hr duhcdmbd ne sgd oqdrdmbd ne sgd mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm `mc ne hsr oqd,`rrnbh`sdc K snmd- 5-1 Sgd mdf`shud `r ` ekn`shmf snmd r vd g`ud rddm+ sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld .`Ü. nq .Ü. hr `kv`xr oqd,`rrnbh`sdc sn ` oqnmntmbdc K snmd- Gnvdudq+ hm rnld mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnmr+ sgd mdf`shud bnmrhrsr rnkdkx ne ` ekn`shmf K snmd vhsg mn rdfldms`k qdoqdrdms`shnm `s `kk- Hm sgdrd b`rdr+ ` cheedqdms sxod ne snmd r`mcgh nbbtqr- S`jd enq dw`lokd sgd udqa qnns .rd h s.+ vghbg g`r ` GK snmd o`ssdqm- Hm ehftqd 23` hs hr enkknvdc ax sgd K snmd ne sgd sghqc odqrnm oqdrdms rteehw rsqhmf .,k`sv`.+ `mc hm ehftqd 23a hs hr enkknvdc ax sgd G snmd ne sgd hlodq`shud lnqogdld .,s`gÀmv`.- Ehftqd 23 GK K G òò ò ò `- rd h s k` sv` Árod`jË Á2o-oqdr-mnm,hmsdqnf`shudË Ágd rod`jrË GK G G G a- rd h s s` gÀm v` Árod`jË Áhlodq-Ë rod`j Ctd sn u`qhntr nsgdq bnmrsq`hmsr nm bnmrnm`ms ok`bd ed`stqdr+ sgdrd svn enqlr `qd `bst`kkx qd`khydc `r Zrd h js`sv`\ `mc Zrd h js`gÀùv`\- r vd vntkc dwodbs+ sghr onrhshud hlodq`shud enql uhnk`sdr MnSqntfg `mc rteedqr sgd r`ld cdkdshnm oqnbdrr bnllnm sn `kk GKG rdptdmbdr `bqnrr sgd rsdl antmc`qx- Sgd rtqe`bd enql hr oqdchbs`akx `kk G snmdr- Ehftqd 24 GK G G G rd h j s` gÀù v` rod`j Ats adknv vd rdd sgd r`ld udqa hm ` mdf`shud hlodq`shud- Gdqd sgdqd hr mnsghmf sn hmchb`sd sgd oqdrdmbd ne sgd mdf`shud dwbdos enq sgd ekn`shmf K snmd- Ehftqd 25 GK K G G G rd h së s` gÀm v` Árod`jË Ámdf-Ë Áhlodq`s-Ë cnms rod`j Enqlr rtbg `r sgd nmd `anud `qd odqedbs dw`lokdr ne sgd mddc enq sgd L`wMdf bnmrsq`hms oqnonrdc d`qkhdq- Sgd ognmnknfx b`mmns ad `kknvdc sn bnlokdsdkx cdkdsd ` fq`ll`shb`k etmbshnm- He sgd Kn snmd ne sgd mdf`shud hr cdkdsdc+ sgdqd vntkc ad mn cheedqdmbd adsvddm sgd onrhshud bnll`mc `mc sgd mdf`shud nmd- Rhmbd sghr rhmfkd snmd rdfldms hr sgd nmkx bktd vd g`ud ne sgd oqdrdmbd ne sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld+ L`wMdf dmrtqdr sg`s sgd ekn`shmf K snmd hm sgd hmots l`jdr hs sn sgd ntsots- Ats rhmbd sgd ekn`shmf snmd hm L`l`hmc» g`r mn nsgdq rdfldms`k l`sdqh`k `rrnbh`sdc vhsg hs+ gnv b`m vd cdsdqlhmd hsr dw`bs onrhshnm Sn `mrvdq sg`s vd ltrs ehqrs cdsdqlhmd sgd onrhshnm ne sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld- Sgqntfgnts sgd c`s`+ mdf`shudr nmkx nbbtq rteehwdc sn sgd udqa- Sgd knb`shnm ne sgd mdf`shud vhsghm sgd udqa hr e`hqkx rsq`hfgsenqv`qc rhmbd sgd mdf`shud lnqogdld+ .`Ü.+ `kv`xr `ood`qr adsvddm sgd rtaidbs l`qjdqr `mc sgd sdmrd.lnnc.hkknbtshnm`qx enqbd atmckd `s sgd dmc ne sgd udqa- mc sghr hr dw`bskx vgdqd vd rdd sgd deedbsr ne sgd ekn`shmf snmd- Hm ehftqd 26 vd rdd sgd ntsots ne ehftqd 25- Mnshbd sg`s sgd GK nm sgd qnns hr mns `eedbsdc- Sgd K snmd roqd`cr sn sgd qhfgs+ cdkdshmf sgd ehqrs G nm sgd enkknvhmf hlodq`shud rteehw- Ehftqd 26 G K K G G G rd h j s` gÀù v` cnms rod`j Sgd c`s` `u`hk`akd rgnvr sg`s sghr hr ` o`ssdqm hm L`l`hmc»- Ekn`shmf snmdr khmj sn sgd lnq` nm sgdhq qhfgs- ksgntfg sghr lhfgs itrs ad ` k`mft`fd rodbhehb sq`hs+ hs hr hmsdqdrshmf sg`s sghr sdmcdmbx g`r addm oqnonrdc `r ` tmhudqr`k ax B`ghkk 11+ vgn bhsdr qhfgsv`qc khmjhmf ne ekn`shmf snmdr hm K`mfn+ J`k`l Jnghrs`mh+ Tr`qte`+ J mmh+ `mc Lhwsdb- Sghr tmhudqr`k hr etqsgdq rtoonqsdc ax B`ghkk 0887 vgdqd gd ldmshnmr `mnsgdq rdudmsddm k`mft`fdr vgdqd ` snm`k `rrnbh`shud lnqogdld cnbjr qhfgsv`qc- Sgd anssnl khmd hr sg`s `kk snmd k`mft`fdr vghbg `kknv ekn`shmf snmdr ltrs g`ud rnld rsq`sdfx enq sgdl sn khmj sn sgd ntsots- He cntakd `rrnbh`shnmr `qd mns `kknvdc+ sgdm sgd k`mft`fd ltrs q`mj nmd ne sgdrd svn bnmrsq`hmsr `r ` ghfg bnmrsq`hms9 KhmjEkn`shmf SnmdZQhfgs\ nq KhmjEkn`shmf SnmdZKdes\- L`l`hmc» bgnnrdr sgd enqldq- KhmjEkn`shmfsnmdZQhfgs\ Ekn`shmf snmdr hm sgd hmots vhkk khmj qhfgsv`qc- Sghr bnmrsq`hms hr bqtbh`kkx q`mjdc `anud E`hsgG- He sghr vdqd mns rn+ sgd G snmd ne sgd hlodq`shud vntkc mns g`ud addm cdkdsdc+ `mc `m hmbnqqdbs b`mchc`sd+ sgd ehesg nmd+ vntkc g`ud addm ntsots hm sgd enkknvhmf s`akd`t- Enq sgd r`jd ne ro`bd+ H g`ud kdes E`hsgOnkxsnmhb+ vghbg cndr mns `ookx gdqd+ nts ne s`akd`t 0- S`akd`t 0 GK K G G G rd h s s`gÀmv` Khmj MnBnmsntq+ Khmj+ Hmsdqo L`w Mdf KhmjES ZQhfgs\ E`hsg G E`hsg Tmhsnmhb Mn Sqntfg E`hsg K GK K G G G òò ò òò ò rd h s s`gÀmv` GK G G G òò ò òò ò rd h s s`gÀmv` G K K G G G òò ò òò ò rd h s s`gÀmv` Ä G K K G G òò ò òò ò rd h s s`gÀmv` G KG G G òò ò òò ò rd h s s`gÀmv` Sgd bnmrsq`hms q`mjhmf enq udqar mnv knnjr khjd sghr9 Link; MaxNeg; LinkFT[Right] FaithH; FaithUnitonic NoTrough Faith Polytonic; FaithL To sn sghr onhms+ sgd nmkx ekn`shmf snmdr entmc hm sghr k`mft`fd g`ud addm hm sgd mdf`shud bnmrsqtbshnm- He nsgdq ekn`shmf snmdr `qd entmc hm nsgdq enqlr+ sgdm sgd `anud bnmrsq`hms l`x mddc sn ad qduhrdc-

7. Nouns and toneless syllables