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1. The Definition of Action Research
Action research is a group activity. There are some definitions of action research proposed by some experts. Kemmis and Mc Taggart in Nunan, 1992:
p.17 argue that the three defining characteristics of action research are that it is carried out by practitioners for the purposes, classroom teachers rather than
outside researchers; secondly, that it is collaborative; and thirdly, that it is aimed at changing things. Meanwhile Stephen in Hopkins, 1993: p.44 defines action
research is a form of self-reflective enquiry undertaken by participants in social including educational situation in order to improve the rationality and justice of
a their own social or educational practices; b their understanding of these practices and ; c the situations in which the practice are carried out.
Cohen and Manion in Nunan, 1992: p.18 offer a similar set of characteristics. They argue that action research is first and foremost situational,
being concerned with the identification and solution of problems in a specific context. They also identify collaboration as an important feature of this type of
research, and state that the aim of action research is to improve the current state of affairs within the educational context in which the research is being carried out.
Similarly, Elliot in Hopkins, 1993: p.45 says that action research as the study of a social situation with a view to improving the quality of action within it.
Wallace in Burns 1999: p.30 views that action research is done systematically collecting data on your everyday practice and analyzing it in order
to come to some decision about what your future practices should be. Based on the definitions of action research above, it can be said that
action research is set of activity to lead to enrichment or to overcome education problem to make a betterment that deals with process of teaching learning done by
the teacher and the school environment. Therefore, in this study, the writer used action research to solve the problem of fifth grade students in SDN Sanggrahan
Surakarta.
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2. The Characteristics of Action Research
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