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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Introduction
In chapter II, the writer will discuss some literature review related to the topic of discussion in this report. Here the writer presents at least five main topics, covering
teaching and learning, teaching to young learners, the importance of vocabulary in second language acquisition, the implication of vocabulary acquisition for students’
achievement in English, and the strategies in teaching English vocabulary. All of the part as mentioned above will be explained in details bellow.
B. Teaching and Learning
Teaching can not be separated from learning because it is considered as a part of learning activity where there is an interaction between the teachers and the students.
The teachers deliver the knowledge or the material to the students and the students give feedback to the teachers.
Based on this situation, there are many definitions about teaching and learning. First, according to the Brown, teaching is showing or helping someone to learn how
to do something, providing with the knowledge, causing to know or understanding 1994:7. According to this statement, it can be concluded that in teaching activity,
the teachers are not only demanded to give the material and the task, but also asked to guide the students in doing the task, finding and correcting the mistakes they made.
xxvi Meanwhile, learning is the learners’ or students’ activity during the teaching and
learning process. According to the Oxford Learners’ Pocket Dictionary, learning means process of gaining knowledge or skill in a subject or activity Oxford,
1995:237. Brown 2000:7 in his book Principle of Language Learning and Teaching
breaks down the component of definition of leaning as follows: 1.
Learning is acquisition or getting. 2.
Learning is retention of information or skill. 3.
Retention implies storage system, memory, and cognitive organization. 4.
Learning involves active, conscious focus on and acting upon events outside or inside the organism.
5. Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting.
6. Learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice.
7. Learning is a chance in behavior.
Hock and Hill define learning as a continuous process of selecting and interacting with experience that tend to satisfy the students’ motives. They also explain that
learning process involves the selection and rejection of information or knowledge and also activities which give them a personal meaning of each student. Therefore,
each student learns what is taught to extent that teaching has personal meaning for herhim 1960:22.
Hock and Hill also state that the kind of learning in a public school is searching what we call effective learning. Both teachers and learners are aware that behavior
changes may be in an undesirable direction as well as in a desirable one. It means
xxvii that to be a good teacher, shehe needs to know in what direction a student’s learning
are taking him. Hock and Hill also define that teaching must be personalized to the highest degree attainable within the realistic restriction under which we operate, such
as teachers’ load, class size, heterogeneity of groups, and limited finances 1960:23.
C. Teaching English to Young Learners
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