xlvi This chapter presents the result of the research which is devided into three
sub-chapters. The analysis begins with the research findings on the types of puns.
It is followed by the analysis on the techniques employed by the translator in translating puns. The accuracy of the translation becomes the last part of this
chapter to be analyzed.
A. Types of Pun
This sub-chapter deals with the categories of pun which are found in Madagascar. In the film, there are two types of pun, namely polysemy and
paronymy. The total number of the pun is 19. The table below shows the distribution of each types.
Table 4. 1. Types of pun in the film. Types of pun
Polysemy Paronymy
Total Numbers
10 9
19 Percentage
52.63 47.37
100 Polysemy is more commonly used than the other type of pun in this film.
The figure shows the percentage of polysemy is 52.63 , which means more than a half of the total number of the puns is polysemy. Paronymy appears in the movie
as many as 9 instances, or 47.37 from the total number of the puns. A detailed discussion of each types of pun is presented below.
1. Paronymy
As it has been st at ed above t hat as many as 9 inst ances of paronymic puns are found in t he film. The t able below show s t he number of dat a included int o t his t ype
of pun. Table 4. 2. Number of dat a cont aining paronymy
xlvii
Number of dat a Tot al
Paronym y 2, 3, 4, 5, 8,
12, 16, 17, 19 9
According t o Schröt er 2005: 206-207, paronym y is defined as t he relat ionship bet w een linguist ic st ruct ures t hat are formally similar, but not ident ical on eit her t he
phonet ic or t he ort hographic level. de Vries and Verheij in Schröt er 2005: 207 ment ion t hat alt hough t he similarit y in paronymy is w eaker t han in homonymy, it is
st ill st rong enough for t he t w o w ords t o be relat ed each ot her in t he mind of t he list ener or reader. The follow ing inst ance show s t he similarit y of t he ort hographic
level or near-homographs. The cent ral issue of puns is t yped it alic. 4.1. Skipper, t he leader of t he four penguins in Cent ral Park Zoo, w ant s t o
escape f rom t he zoo as he t hinks t hat it is a conspiracy t hat a penguin exist s in New York Cit y. He asked his friends t o dig t he zoo line but w hen
he succeeds t he digging he finds himself in M art y’s cage, t hat is st ill inside t he Cent ral Park Zoo.
SKIPPER: Hoover Dam Were still in New York. Abort Dive, dive, dive
The w ord dam is pronounced d
Λ
m w hich is similar t o t he pronounciat ion of t he w ord damn in a w ay t hat t he pronounciat ion of damn is dæm . The difference in
t he pronounciat ion is only in t he vow el
Λ
and æ . Ort hographically, t he w ord dam is similar t o t he w ord damn, w it h only t he let t er “ n” w hich dif ferenciat es t hem.
Therefore, t he w ord dam is considered as paronym y. As t he movie is family friendly, t aboo w ords, such as damn, are avoided. Yet , for adult view ers it w ill be st rong
enough t o relat e t he w ord dam w hich is pronounced w it h an accent w it h t he w ord dam n
. In t he dat a, t here are t hree inst ances of paronym y w hich int end t o blur t he w ord
dam n . The example below also show s how t his w ord is blurred.
4.2. M art y is t rying t o go t o Connect icut t o find t he ‘w ide open spaces’ w hich he really eager t o see. When he arrived at t he Grand Cent ral St at ion he
missed t he t rain. He feels dissapoint ed.
MARTY: Dinamit I missed the express Looks like Im gonna have to take the Stanford local.
The word Dinamit is pronounced similar to the word Damn it. This example shows both near-homophones and near-homographs. The letter “i” is
xlviii inserted in the word damn after “d” and the letter “n” is moved to the front after
“i”. From this word formation children can hardly recognize it as Damn it. The definition of paronymy from Routledge Dictionary of Language and
Linguistics 1996: 350-351 is more or less quite the same as the above definition, i.e. involving near-homophones and near homographs. Paronymy is defined as
phonic similarity between two expressions from different languages. The examples from this book are the word summer in English and the word sommer in
German. The example shows the similarity of phonemic and graphemic similarity between them. There is one instance of this kind of paronymy in the movie. Marty
pronounces the word del Voir which is a French word similar to the word the wild.
4.3. M art y feels happy being in t he w ild, w hich lead him t o name his hut “ del Voir”
MARTY: Welcome to castle del Voir Take a load off Hey, watch your feet.
There is one datum taken from the caption, which is unlike the other data that are taken from the dialogues. When Alex tries to get someone to help him, he
makes a word HELP using some coconut trees. The part of the letter “p” fall to the ground, which makes it is read HELL instead of HELP. It is considered
paronymy since the words are similar with only the last letter that differenciates them.
2. Polysemy
