An analysis of translation of second-person address forms in the film entitled “the pacifier”
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION OF SECOND-PERSON ADDRESS FORMS IN THE FILM ENTITLED “THE PACIFIER”
Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Sarjana Degree at the English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
By: DHANI FAJAR NURCAHYO
C 0303022
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA
2011
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PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Dhani Fajar Nurcahyo NIM
: C 0303022
Stated whole-heartedly that this thesis entitled An Analysis of Translation of Second-Person Address Forms in the Film Entitled “The Pacifier” is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by others. The things related to other people’s work are written in quotation and included within
bibliography. If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility.
Surakarta, March 29, 2011 The Researcher
Dhani Fajar Nurcahyo
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MOTTO
To feel that you’re a loser will make you try to be a winner, To feel that you’re a winner will make you think like a loser
You don’t have to be perfect, Just try to be worthy
You own your destiny (Iverson)
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to: My beloved mother My beloved father
My sisters, Mbak Novi and Mbak Nonik
My lovely niece Evie My Carys, Uwie Everybody who always supports me
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin. All praises just for Allah SWT. Without the
guidance and blessing, I cannot finish this thesis. I also need the support and help from the people around me. Therefore, I would like to give special thanks for the people who give contribution to my thesis.
1. Drs. Sudarno, M.A. as the Dean of Letter and Fine Arts Faculty, for approving this thesis.
2. Dr. Djatmika, M.A. as the Head of English Department, my academic consultant, and also my thesis supervisor. Thank you so much for your support, time, patience and advice.
3. Ida Kusuma Dewi, S.S., M.A. as my earlier thesis supervisor. Thank you so
much for every lesson, suggestion, help, concern, and guidance.
4. The late, Prof. Diah Bekti Ernawati. Thank you so much for teach and gave me the great example how to fight for my life. Thank you for made me believe that life is cannot judge by the prediction
5. All the lecturers of the English Department. It was a great time for me to be taught by all of you.
6. My mother and my father, thank you so much for everything. I cannot do this without your bless. Thank you for your patience and trust. I’m proud to have mother and father like both of you. You’re the best. Mbak Novi, Mbak Nonik, Mas Eko, and Mas Agus thanks for your support and advice. My
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our family.
7. Nanunk, thank you for always treat me Bebek Goreng Sari when I come to your home. Wul2 and Wuri, thank you for our friendship, I miss you all. I know life goes on, but I hope we will be friends forever.
8. My raters. Bayu Budiharjo, thank you for your kindness, help, and advices. Ambhita Dhyaningrum and Tiara Dwi Andarastuti, thank you so much. You’re so helpful.
9. All of my friends in 2003 EDGE, thank you for our togetherness. It was a great experience having friends like all of you.
10. X-Tra Basketball Team of Letter and Fine Arts Faculty, we have a great time together in our practice and competition. It is so pity we cannot be a champion. Keep on fighting baller!
11. All of the doctors and nurses in the DR. Oen Hospitals, thank you so much for keeping me alive until now.
12. My carys, Uwie. Thank you for your support, accompaniment and everything. Thank you for pushing me harder when I stop fighting for my life. I am so sorry for making you waiting for me so long. As you know that you are everything to me.
13. For everybody who always helps me, but I cannot mention one by one since the limitation of the space. Thank you very much.
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F. The Definition of Sociolinguistics ...................................................
20
G. Address Forms ................................................................................
21
H. Synopsis of the Film ......................................................................
33
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .....................................
35
A. Research Method .............................................................................
35
B. Data and Source of Data .................................................................
35
C. Method of Data Collection ..............................................................
36
D. Technique of Data Analysis ............................................................
39
E. Research Procedure .........................................................................
39
CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS ..........................................................
41
A. Introduction .....................................................................................
41
B. Data Analysis ...................................................................................
41
C. Discussion ........................................................................................
72
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...............
83
A. Conclusion .......................................................................................
83
B. Recommendation .............................................................................
86
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...........................................................................................
87 APPENDIX
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ABSTRACT
Dhani Fajar Nurcahyo. C0303022. 2011. An Analysis of Translation of Second-Person Address Forms in the Film Entitled The Pacifier. Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.
This research was conducted to find out the translation variation of the use of the second- person address forms in the film “The Pacifier”, to identify translation strategies used by the subtitler in translating second-person address forms, and to know the effects of the strategies used by the subtitler to the quality of the translation, in terms of accuracy and acceptability.
This research employed descriptive qualitative method. The data source of the research was the film “The Pacifier”, both the dialogue in the source language and its translation. The data in this research were second-person address forms found in the film “The Pacifier” dialogue, its translation and comments from raters.
The result of the research shows that there are four classifications of second- person address forms in the film “The Pacifier”. They are second-person address forms in term of pronoun you, titles alone, kinship terms, and other expressions. From 354 data, 268 data (75.71%) are classified into second-person pronouns (in term of pronoun you), 16 data (4.52%) are classified into second- person address form in term of title alone, 4 data (1.13%) classified into kinship term, and 66 data (18.64%) are belong to other expressions. Thus, it can be seen that most data of second- person address form in the film “The Pacifier” are second-person address forms in term of pronoun you. They cover 75.71 % from all of the data.
Meanwhile, there are four strategies used by the subtitler in translating second- person address forms in the film “The Pacifier”. Those strategies are, transference strategy, covers 4 data (1.13%), substitution strategy, covers 2 data (0.57%), deletion, covers 7 data (10.45%), and similar meaning, covers 311 data (87.85%). From the result, it can be concluded that the translation using similar meaning is the most common strategy used by the subtitler.
The analysis of translation quality in term of accuracy shows that from 354 data, there are 252 data (71.19 %) considered being accurate, 33 data (9.32%) considered being less accurate and 69 data (19.49%) considered being inaccurate translation. The strategy used by the subtitler that produces the translation result with high level of accuracy is translation by using similar meaning strategy. There are 277 data that are translated by using this strategy. Among the 277 data, 249 data (89.89%) are considered to be accurate translation, 27 data (9.75%) are considered to be less accurate translation, and only 1 datum (0.36%) is considered to be inaccurate translation. The translation result with poor level of accuracy is translation by using substitution strategy. This strategy covers 2 data (0.56%) from the total data in this research. All of the data which is translated by using substitution strategy is considered to be inaccurate translation.
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considered to be acceptable, 46 data (12.99 %) considered being less acceptable and 12 data (3.39 %) considered to be unacceptable translation. The strategy used by the subtitler that produces translation result with high level of acceptability is translation by using substitution strategy. There are 2 data that are translated by using this strategy and all of them considered to be acceptable translation. Meanwhile, the most dominant strategy that produces the translation result with poor level of acceptability is the strategy by using transference strategy. This strategy covers 4 data (1.13%). There are, 2 data (50%) considered being acceptable and 2 data (50%) considered to be unacceptable translation.
Dealing with the accuracy and the acceptability, the translation of second- person address forms in the film “The Pacifier” is less accurate (the mean of all data is 2.52) but acceptable (the mean of all data is 2.82).
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INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
In recent time, film cannot be separated from people‟s life. It is caused by the fact that film is a reflection of social values, interests, and social phenomena. It is also made within social context (Allen and Gomery, 1993: 156). In Indonesia, a lot of foreign movies are imported. Most of them are watched by many Indonesian viewers and reach success.
As we know, the movies which are imported mostly use English language; unfortunately not all people in Indonesia have a good command in English. Many of them still have problems in understanding films that are performed in English. It can create constraints for them to enjoy that film. However, translation can be a solution for the language problem. Through translation, viewers can enjoy the film and more easily understand the story.
Translating a film is not as easy as translating a written text. In the movie translation, the translator does not only focus on the text to be translated, but he/she also has to consider the other elements of a film such as the situation and condition when the dialogue occurs, the expressions of the characters in the dialogues, the tone of the speeches, and the cultural aspect of that film. Dealing with that, the translator does not only face the script of the film, which is being translated but he/she also has to watch the movie to produce a good translation.
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the dialogue, but also the extra linguistic situation, because both are closely related and inseparable.
In the translation, especially in movie subtitle, there are some problems that must be faced by the translator. One of them is translating address terms. According to Trudgill (1995: 105-108), address terms are terms of expressions used by one person to another he/ she talks to. The use of address terms depends on several aspects such as age, sex, the relationship between addresser and addressee (blood, intimate or distance), attitudes (respectful or arrogant), the relative statuses of individual involved in a conversation. Thus, term of address is related to the social culture or social status background of the participants, feelings between the addresser and the addressee and also the situation (formal or informal). (http://www.accurapid.com/journal)
One of the problems concerning with the form of address is the second person address. In translating the second person address, the translator should have the sociolinguistic competence, because he/she has to be able to translate in the target language appropriate utterances of second person address by considering the text (the topic, the participants, the purposes of the interaction, and others). The different degrees of status and intimacy, for example is influence of the use of second person address term, as it is reflected in Indonesian address system, such as pronoun „you‟. In English second person addressing system, there is no difference in using „you‟ as a second person address based on the context. „You‟ is used to address single subject or plural subject. To show intimacy or
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gratitude the address form is also „you‟. There is no exception in using „you‟ as a second person address form.
On the other hand, Indonesian culture and language has its own system in the use of second person address forms. In Indonesian language system, the use of second person address form is more complex than that in English language. Indonesian addressing system recognizes more than one form of second person
address form as the translation of „you‟. They are, „kamu’, ‘kau’, ‘engkau’, , ‘Anda’, ‘Saudara’ ‘kalian’, ,etc. „kamu‟, „kau‟, „engkau‟ are used as familiar pronoun, „Anda‟ and „Saudara‟ are used as polite pronoun, while „kalian‟ is used to address more than one person, familiarly, and to show higher position, as ex ample, a teacher uses „kalian‟ to address his/her students in class whether the object is singular or plural. It shows that he/she has power toward his/her students.
To make the explanation clearer, the researcher gives some examples of
the use of second person address forms in the film “The Pacifier”
Example:
1. English second- person address „you‟ translated into „kalian’ SL :
I‟ll take you guys in, until we hit radar range. TT : Aku akan membawa kalian sampai ke jangkauan radar
(The Pacifier/ 1) The setting of dialogues is in the beach. Helicopter pilot gives an
instruction to Lieutenant Shane Wolfe and the soldiers about his job to bring them to the determined place in the mission for saving Professor Howard Plummer who has been kidnapped by a group of Serbian rebel.
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‘you’ is translated into Indonesian second person address ‘kalian’. The translator translated ‘you’ into ‘kalian’ because, here, the addressee is more than one person, the other reason of the English second-person address translation of ‘you’’ into Indonesian second person address ‘kalian’ is also because the addresser, as the leader, has higher position, a power toward the addressees.
SL
: No, ma'am
TL
: Tidak.
(The Pacifier/ 39) The above example is found in one part of the movie when Lieutenant Wolfe answers Helga‟s question if he has been licensed to kill, then Lieutenant Wolfe answers no. He has not been licensed to kill. As it can be seen, ma’am which refers to Helga uttered by Lieutenant Wolfe is translated into zero form (Ø) or not translated. This deletion strategy applied by the subtitler automatically reduces the formality and the politeness of utterance which is built by the speaker.
Concerning with that phenomena, the researcher is interested in analyzing the translation of the second person address forms in the film “The Pacifier” to find the strategy applied by the subtitler and the effect toward the quality of the
translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability.
B. Research Limitation
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this research, the researcher only makes an analysis of translation on the dialogues
in which contain the second-person address forms that found in the film “The
Pacifier” produced by Walt Disney Pictures. This research focused on the kinds of translation variations, the strategies of the second-person address forms translation, and the impact of the strategy toward the quality in terms of accuracy
and acceptability of the translation.
C. Problem Statements
Based on the research background, this research proposes some problems as follows:
1. What are translation variations of the use of the second-person address forms in
the film “The Pacifier”
2. What are strategies used by the translator in translating address forms in the
film “The Pacifier”
3. What are the effects of the translator strategies to the quality of the translation, in terms of accuracy and acceptability?
D. Research Objectives
The objectives of this research are to find out the answer of the question as stated in the problem statements above that they are:
1. To find out the translation variation of the use of the second-person address
forms in the film “The Pacifier”
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forms in the film “The Pacifier”
3. To know the effects of the strategies used by the translator to the quality of the translation, in terms of accuracy and acceptability.
E. Research Benefits
1. Students of English Department This research is useful as supplementary reference for the students in studying translation subject.
2. Lecturers It can be an additional reference for the lecturer in teaching translation subject.
3. Other researchers The research can stimulate them to conduct many kinds of research in deeper analysis in translation subject.
F. Thesis Organization
The thesis organization of the research is as follows: CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION which consists of Research Background; Research Limitation; Problem Statements; Research Objectives; Research Benefits; and Thesis Organization.
CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW which consists of The Definition of Translation; The Types of Translation; The Process in Translation; The Problems in Translating; Translation
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Sociolinguistics; Address Forms; Synopsis of the Film. CHAPTER III :
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY which consists of Research Method; Data and Source of Data; Method of Data Collection; Technique of Data Analysis; and Research Procedure.
CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS which consists of Introduction; Data Analysis; and Discussion.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION.
BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIXES
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LITERATURE REVIEW
A. The Definition of Translation
In general, translation is a process of transferring message from one language (source language) to another (target language). Catford defines that translation is about the replacement of a text in one language for equivalent in another language (1974:20). He describes that translation consists of two factors
i.e. source language (SL) and target language (TL). However, Nababan (2003:19) states that the definition of translation given by Catford is weak. According to him, it is impossible for a translator to replace source text language with target text language since there are differences in both languages. The textual material of source text language is never replaced by the textual material of target text language because in translation, it is emphasized that the content of target text language should be faithful to the content of source text language.
It is impossible to replace the textual material of source text to target text because of the structural differences between source text language and target text language. The most important thing in translation is that transferring the message from source language and the content of source text message should be faithful
with the content and the message of target text. Newmark also states that
“Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message
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language” (1976:7). Nida and Taber define translation by focusing not only on the message or the idea of source language but also on the style of language “Translating consists
in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of a source language message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”
(1974:14). According to Nida and Taber, the translator also has to consider the style of language in the translation, besides focusing to the transferring idea or message. Bell states that translation is the expression in the target language of what has been expressed in the source language, preserving two aspects, which are semantic and stylistic equivalences (1997:5). It explains that the translator also has to produce translation which style is similar to the style used in source text.
Kridalaksana (1985) quoted by Nababan (2003:19-20) also states that translation is transferring a message from source language into target language by expressing the meaning and then expressing the style. It can be concluded from both statements that translation is transferring the message from source language into target language and then re-express the meaning and style in target language.
Larson (1984:3) says that translation consists of translating the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant and only the form of text changes. The definition tells that translation is an activity in transferring meaning, which must be held constant, from first language (source
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Here, we can only changes the form not the meaning. From those definitions above, we can conclude that translation is the process of transferring ideas, thought, and message from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL), in the written or spoken form by considering the accuracy of the transferring message, the acceptability, the form and also the style of the language.
B. The Types of Translation
According to Catford, there are three types of translation. They are word- for-word translation, free translation and literal translation. They are described below:
1. Word-for-word Translation “Word-for-word translation generally means what it says: i.e. is essentially
rank-bound at word-rank (but may include some morpheme-morpheme equivalences)” (1974:25). In word-for-word translation, the translator only
transfers the meaning of every word from SL to TL without paying any attention to the structure of the TL. This translation type can only be applied on sentence of SL which has the same structure as the TL. Example:
a. SL : She can read two novels in one day TL : Dia dapat membaca dua novel dalam satu hari
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TL :
Saya memotong kepunyaan saya jari
2. Free Translation “A free translation is always unbounded – equivalences shunt up and
down the rank scale, but tend to be at the higher rank – sometimes between larger units than the sentence ” (1974:25). In free translation, the translator is free to translate the text and only focuses on the messages and ideas of the text in the source language. The translator may change a word into a phrase, or may change a phrase into a clause or a sentence in order to make the content of the SL more understandable by the readers when they read the text in TL. In this translation type, the translator must have the ability to understand all the sentences in one paragraph or even one discourse as a whole in order to avoid misunderstanding the meaning of the material in the target language. This type of translation also usually used in the translation of idiomatic expression and proverb. Example:
1. SL : She sings like a bird TL : Dia bernyanyi dengan merdu
2. SL : Killing two birds with one stone TL : Sambil menyelam minum air
3. Literal Translation According to Catford “Literal translation lies between these extremes; it may start, as it were, from a word-for word translation, but make changes in
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structure at any rank, etc); this may make it a group-group or clause-clause translation” (1974:25).
As defined by Catford, literal translation begins from word-for-word translation, and then the translator makes some adjustment to target language rule. It means that the translator replaces the words in source language with their equivalences in target language and then continued by adjusting the structure of the words into words structure in target language. Example: SL : His heart is in the right place TL : Hatinya berada ditempat yang benar (Nababan, 2003:33)
In the example above, the beginning of the source language sentence was translated by using word-for-word translation but still pay attention on the grammatical system of the TL. In the translation, not all of the words are translated. Nevertheless, the message of the source language is as same as the target language. To make it clear, there is comparison between word-for-word translation, free translation, and literal translation.
Source language
Word-for-word translation
Literal translation
Free translation
His heart is in the right place
Kepunyaannya hati adalah dalam benar tempat
Hatinya berada ditempat yang benar
Dia baik hati
(Nababan, 2003:33)
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Every language in this world has its own system. One language differs from the others. These language system differences cause problems in translation. Nida and Taber divide the translation problems into linguistic and extra-linguistic problems. Linguistic problems as stated by Nida and Taber “are related to the difference of linguistic feature, such as word building capacities, unique patterns of phrase order, technique for linking clauses into sentences, and markers of discourse ” (1974:6).
Another problem is extra-linguistic problem. Extra-linguistic problem consists of the aspect of social, geographical, and cultural context, which can make the meaning of one language, differs from the others (Nababan, 2003: 58). For example, when we see Indonesian movies that contain Indonesian jokes on TV, we may understand and sometimes laugh. But it differs when we see foreign movie with their jokes, which the dialogues they speak are not understood by us. It is caused by the differences of our culture with foreign culture. So the translator should be able to find and change the dialogues with its translation. The purpose is to make the audience understand the story they see.
Beside cultural aspect, there is another extra-linguistic problem in translation, a geographical aspect. When we watch foreign movies on TV, especially soap opera and Indian movies which have been dubbed in Indonesian, we sometimes feel strange when the dialogue is read without considering the accent and attitude of the original actors. Sometimes the words that are said by the dubber do not match the action.
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competence in translation will determine the translation product (Nababan, 2003: 59-60). A high competence translator can easily solve the problems on translation. On the contrary, an amateur translator, who has limited competence and experience, will find it difficult to solve the translation problems. It is not enough for the translator to only be fluent or to have knowledge of other languages. There are also another competence needed by a translator, such as language competence, cultural competence, subject competence, textual competence, transfer competence and sufficient experience in translating practice.
The problem also comes from the text itself when the quality of the source text is low. It can happen when it is found incorrect grammar, ambiguous sentence, poor coherency within sentence or paragraph, mispunctuation, and etc (Nababan, 2003:60).
Another problem faced by the translator is that he/she should be able to find the closest equivalence in the target language in order to make the translation natural. In this case, Nida and Taber (1969:12 in Choliludin, 2005:21) state that the best translation does not sound like a translation. It means that a translation should sound naturally in the target language.
D. Translation Quality Assessment
Translation quality assessment is also known as translation criticism. According to Nababan (2003:83), to criticize the translation product is a very
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have both ability in translation theory and its practice. According to Newmark (1988:184), translation criticism is an essential link between translation theory and its practice. It means that in criticizing a translation product, a critic usually criticizes it by assessing the product based on his/her knowledge of translation.
According to Machali (2000:108), there are two reasons why the translation quality assessment is necessary, namely:
1. To create dialectic link between translation theory and its practice;
2. For the criteria and standard importance in assessing translation competence, especially if we assess some versions of target text from the same source text. Assessment of translation is important thing to do, because the result of assessment shows the quality of translation. Translation quality assessment is used to identify whether a translator can produce a translation, which is accurate, acceptable, and easy to be read and not sound as a translation product. In order to achieve the goal of quality assessment we must consider about assessment instrument and persons who will be assigned to do the assessment. The quality assessment covers among others three points, they are: accuracy, acceptability and readability.
1. Accuracy
Baker (1992:57) states that, accuracy is no doubt an important aim in translation but it is also important to bear in mind that the uses of common target-language patterns which are familiar to the target reader play an
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beside paying attention to the accuracy of translation, the translator also has to pay attention to the use of common target language pattern which is familiar to the target readers in order to make the translation sounds natural, easily understood and acceptable for the target readers.
Basically, accuracy is related to choose the correct words in order to reveal the same idea in target language. Choosing the right word is very important because if the translator is wrong to choose the word, the text will not be accurate. Choosing the right word should consider some factors, such as, the target readers, context of the text, and socio-cultural condition. A translation is considered to be accurate if it conveys the meaning of the source language to the target language correctly.
2. Acceptability
Acceptability refers to how the translation product can be accepted by the target readers. Bell (1997:90) states that the target text must be intended to be a text and accepted as such in order to be utilized in communicative interaction. In translating a text, a translator should not only transfer the message accurately, but also observe whether the idea or message will be accepted by the target readers or not.
To measure how acceptable a text is, a person must be familiar to the target language system, and also must understand translation theory and practice. To know whether a text is acceptable or not, a person must have
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owned by native speaker or mother tongue speaker of the target language.
It is based on a reason that they must have more sensitivity to the naturalness of the target language. However, not all of those who are target language speakers can become the respondents of acceptability. For each text has its own consumers or target readers, only the appropriate target readers of the translated text are qualified to be the respondents.
Therefore, the translator needs to observe the norms of the source language and the target system before he/she translates a text. The translated text will be considered acceptable if it is read as an original written in TL and sounds natural for the target readers. If the language of translation is contradicted with the culture and norm of the TL, the audience will reject the translation. For example, the word you translated into kau whereas in fact, this word is used by young boy/girl who speaks to an elder man/woman or a
child to his mother. Even though this translation is correct, it would not be
acceptable in Indonesia culture, since it was considered impolite.
3. Readability
The purpose of translation is to help people to understand a text in their own language. It means the readability of a text should also be the general concern for translators. According to Richards et al (1985:238) in Nababan (2003:62), readability refers to how easily written materials can be
read and understood. Richards et al (1985:238) in Nababan (2003:63) also states that readability depends on the average length of sentences, the number
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Meanwhile, Nababan (2003,64-78) states that there are some factors that influence the readability of text: (1) the use of new words, (2) the use of foreign and local words, (3) the use of ambiguous words, (4) the use of foreign sentences, (5) the use of ambiguous sentences, (6) the use of incomplete sentences, (7) the length of the sentences, (8) the use of complex sentences, (9) how the translator arranges the idea of the original text into the target text since the original texts is not always good and logic enough. The other factors that influence the readability of the text are the content of the text, the appearance of the text and the capability of the readers and the translators.
E. Subtitling
Subtitling is one of the most dominant methods besides dubbing. It is one kind of film translations which is presented simultaneously on the screen in the form of text. Subtitle is very important due to the development of information and
media. Matsumoto explains “Subtitles play an important role in the programs. Subtitle gives information to the viewers and the same time, share the cultural differences. Translation for screen is translation of culture and it reflection of the knowledge, creativity, and imagination of the translators” (2003:104). While in dubbing the main limitation is the movement of the speaker‟s life, in subtitling the main limitation is space and time (Araujo, 2004)
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accommodate a maximum length of 35 characters (including blanks and punctuation symbols). It is placed at the bottom of the picture. (http://www.literarytranslation.com/workshops/almodovar/)
According to Chen (2004:115), subtitling is a process of information transfer from the source language (TL) and information reconstruction in the TL, following TL writing conventions. It has to be adjusting to the space of the screen and time when the speakers utter the sentence.
Subtitling, like any other type of translation, can be divined by two factors; semiotic composition and time and duration.
1. Semiotic composition: Multiply of channels. Any translated text must function within a specific communication situation and monosemiotic text use only the channels of communication and the translator, therefore controls the entire medium of expression. This means subtitle is bringing clearer information for viewer of target language. Subtitle is also the bridge for exchanging other culture.
2. Time and duration. The important thing of time and duration covers two phenomena: time of text production, and time of the text presentation to the target language audience. (Baker and KJAER, 2001:245)
Translation process for subtitle is different and difficult. There are special steps that must be taken in translating subtitle. It is different since the ordinary process of translation could not be applied for subtitles and it is difficult since translating subtitle is not only connected to transfer from SL to TL, however it is
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them. (Matsumoto, 2003:104). Most of the time, to translate subtitle must be done in-group. Some are working on listening to the source language, some are translating to target language, and the others type the text to the screen in a limited time and must be accurately put in the part of the dialogues are uttered by the actor or narrator. (Nida, 1964:178)
Subtitle translation is not as simple as ordinary translation process. It actually needs a lot of time and the subtitles mostly work under pressure and deadline.
Retmono (2003:106), explain “film dialogs have characteristics which set
them apart from other kinds of text or documents to be transferred”. In this paper presented in September 2003 at the Kongres Nasional Penerjemahan, he also explains that different registered of dialogs are used in different genres of films such as comedians, musicals, action films, science fictions, horror movies, historical blockbusters, westerns and many others
F. The Definition of Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics newly developed by linguists after the previous discovery of linguistics field such as phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. The word sociolinguistics itself derived from the word
„socio‟ and „linguistic‟. Therefore, sociolinguistics has relation both with sociology and linguistics. (Pride in Chalklader, 1990:2)
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language in social interactions of all kinds” (1982:2) Spolsky (1998:5) states that, “Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between the user of the language and the social structures in which the users of the language live”
G. Address Forms
Forms of address constitute an important part of everyday communication in every culture, and they therefore should not be disregarded in translation. Address terms themselves are terms of expressions used by one person to another he/ she talks to. The use of terms of address depends on the relationship between addresser and addressee, and the relative status of individual involved in a conversation (Trudgill, 1995:4). In other words, address terms are a word, phrase, name, title, or some combination of these, which are used in addressing someone.
Meanwhile, Fasold (1990:1-2) defines, “address forms are the words
speakers use to designate the person they are talking to while they are talking to them”. It means that address forms are used when a speaker already has the
listener‟s attention. The usage of address forms also influenced by sociolinguistics factors
such as age, sex, social status, relationship (blood, intimate, or distance), attitude (respectful or arrogant) and feelings between the speaker and the addressee and the situation; formal or informal (Luong and Nguyen in Thanh Ngo, 2006:10). In line with this, Trudgill states,
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“The use of personal address depends on the relationship between an addresser and addressee and the relative status of individuals
involved in a conversation. Thus, the addresser-addressee of unequal rank including wealth, social stratification, age, are more formal and less relaxed than those between equals. And this brings the different forms of address caused by different degrees of status and intimacy. ” (Trudgill, 1995:105)
From the quotation above, it can be seen that there are a lot of factors that influence the use of address forms. They are wealth, social status, age, and the situation involved in the conversation.
Parkinson (1985:3) states, in the overall success of communication, knowledge of proper term of address forms is as important as knowledge of the
conjugation of verb. It implies that the appropriate choice in using address forms is needed in order to build a successful communication. Inappropriate use of address forms can cause a failure in establishing a good relationship. For example, Indonesian people are not familiar in calling elder people using name only. It can
be seen that the use of address forms are the reflection of politeness of the speaker to the interlocutors. Related to the use of address forms, there are two semantics, power and solidarity that govern the pronoun usage, as stated by Brown and Gilman (in Fasold, 1990:6). Here, power semantic is non-reciprocal. It is called non- reciprocal because two people cannot have power over each other in the same area. A person has power over another person to the degree that he/she can control the other person‟s behavior. This power semantic governs the non-reciprocal use
of the two pronouns called T (familiar form) and V (polite form) pronouns.
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less powerful person says vous (V) to the more powerful one and receives tu (T). Indonesian address term recognizes kamu for term tu, and Anda for the term vous. Power has an influence in deciding the usages of those address terms. It is based on the age, elder people toward younger people; the position in family, parents toward children; position in the society, nobles toward peasants; and others. This power semantic will be best applied only if a society has stratification in which each person has an asymmetrical relationship toward each other. In other words, power exists in society where there are no power equals.
Solidarity means there is closeness and intimacy between the speakers. It is reciprocal; if someone feels close to another, the other will feel the same way too. Mutual V will be used between non-solidarity equals, as it is seen among common people as well as among nobles. Meanwhile, mutual T will be exchanged between power equals, solidarity, even if they are members of the higher class. Brown and Gilman illustrate it in diagram 2:
Diagram 2 The two-dimensional semantic in equilibrium Brown and Gilman in Fasold (1990:5)
V Superior V
Equal and solidary
Equal and not solidary
T Inferior T
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what pronoun to use with the person they are talking to. First, a speaker will determine his/her power relationship to the addressee. The speaker will give use T if he/she thinks he/she has more powerful than the addressee and expect to receive
V. The speaker will give V if he/she has powerful and get T. if there is no power difference, both may use either T or V depends on the solidarity between them.
However, power and solidarity can conflict. For instance, the relationship between parents and children can be closer to each other, therefore mutual T is used, but the power semantic would lead a child to address his/her parents with V.
Another example is in the restaurant, a relationship between customer and waiter. Logically, a customer is more powerful than the waiter. It allows the customer to address the waiter with T, but they may be total stranger for one another if there is no basis for solidarity so the customer dictates V. As the solidarity semantic gained in importance, conflict of this type arose. This tension in the system is illustrated by Brown and Gilman in the diagram 3,
Diagram 3 The two dimensional semantic under conflict Brown and Gilman in Fasold (1990: 60)
V Superior and Solidary T
V Superior and not Solidary V
Equal and Solidary
Equal and not Solidary
T Inferior and Solidary T
V Inferior and not Solidary T
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addressee should receive V, similarly both call for T to the inferior and solidary addressee in the lower left part. There is no conflict between the two in either case. But in the two remaining parts, the two semantics call for the opposite choice. The addressee defined by the upper left part is superior (he/she should receive T by the power semantic) but also solidary (he/she should receive T by the solidarity semantic). The opposite conflict can be seen in the lower right part.
According to Brown and Ford (in Hymes, 1964), address forms are divided into two forms: major and variant Major forms of address include term of
first name („John, „Alex‟, „Jane‟), and term of titles plus last name („Mr. Bean‟, „Miss Smith‟, Dr. Dolittle‟). The variant forms of address consists of term of title alone („Sir‟, „Your Highness‟, „Madam‟, „Mr.‟, „Mrs.‟, „Miss‟.), last name („Smith‟, „Brown‟, „Jones‟),and multiple names („Dear‟, „Honey‟, „Sweetheart‟).
Meanwhile, Spolsky (1998: 21) also states the same opinion that address forms in the society consist of four categories: Title alone, TLN, FN, and MN.
Another expert says that there are two kinds of address forms; names and second-person pronouns (Fasold, 1990:2). Trudgill (1995) states that address
forms may include pronoun „you‟ (identifying the person or persons addressed), title, names and endearment, and expression. Therefore, the researcher will focus
only in second person address forms.
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Table 2.1 English Pronoun System
Singular
Plural
1 st person
We
2 nd person
You
3 rd person
(Adopted from Larson, 1984: 121) From the table 2.1, it can be seen that English second-person address system is simpler than Indonesian second person address system. For instance, the English second-person address in the form of pronoun you has a difference than any other of personal pronoun. Catford (1974) states that the second person term of you has no distinction in its usage. It means that the second person term of you is used for the term of single and plural subject and object even the feminine and masculine. It does not undergo any changes in the form and use.
The form of First Name (FN) is used reciprocally to express solidarity between people who have intimate relationship. The same form will be used
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status or power. If the use of address term is in “formal terms” non-reciprocally, it is obviously seen that the relationship between the addresser and the addressee is not intimate or distant because of the difference status or power. On the other hand, if the addressee is someone who has higher status or older by
using “informal terms” reciprocally, it means that their relationship is intimate or close. The solidarity variant form of address consists of term of title alone (T), term of last name (LN), and term of multiple name (MN) such
as Title plus Last Name (TLN). The use of Title (T) indicates least intimacy between participants, it is the most formal address term and it usually designates one‟s rank or occupation such as general, doctor, and others. While LN is not so intimate as FN and less formal than TLN. The other address form is MN. It is usually used when people become very good friends. Although, mutual FN can be used to show their intimacy, but it is no longer enough to symbolize the closeness. It is time when MN is used to address each other by using TLN sometimes, FN at the other time, or LN or a nickname, sometimes creating phonetic variants of either FN or the nickname (Brown and Ford in Fasold, 1990).
2. Indonesian Second-Person Address Forms
The use of address forms, according to Suwito, is determined not only by linguistic factors, but also by non-linguistic factors, such as social factor,
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consists of the position of the addresser, the position of the addressee, and also the situation, whether it is formal or non-formal (1991: 3-4). Those factors have to be considered in addressing someone. Someone uses the different address form in having conversation with his/her best friend and with the parents or with someone who has higher status in society.