Data Analysis Method. The Profile of Hedges

42 4. Determining the profile of hedges, the presupposition and the implicatures.

3.5. Data Analysis Method.

After collecting the data from the data sources, the analysis then moves to the analyzing data. In analyzing the data, a descriptive method is appeared. According to Azwar 2004: 126 “ Analisis deskriptif bertujuan untuk memberikan deskripsi mengenai subjek penelitian berdasarkan data dari variabel yang diperoleh dari kelompok subjek yang diteliti dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk pengujian hipotesis”. Based on the theory, the present analysis walks on the some particular procedures which are stated below: 1. Finding the profile of hedges in Barack Obama’s speeches which is based on the Lakoff’s theory 2. According to the theory of implicature, the analysis then moves to what the hedges implicates which is based on Austi n’s theory. 3. After finding the hedges and the implicature of the hedges, the analysis lastly conveys to what it presupposes which is related to Austin and Yule’s theory. Universitas Sumatera Utara 43 CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION AND FINDING

4.1. The Profile of Hedges

The first result of anayzing hedges in this thesis is about the typology of hedging construction as presented in Table 1 below. As stated in the theory of hedging construction in Chapter 2 of this thesis, the typology of hedging construction covers the form of words, phrases, and clauses. All those forms could be found this final result. Through the findings listed in this table, it hopefully gives a clear description about the typology of hedging construction in Obama’s speeches. Universitas Sumatera Utara 44 TABLE 1. The Profile of Hedges Hedges Profiles Typology of Hedging Construction 1. I am not the first President to take up this cause, but I am determined to be the last. Clause Form Passive Voice Verb 2. More and more Americans worry that if you move, lose your job, or change your job, youll lose your health insurance too. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 3. Now there are those who are suggesting that somehow this will restrict the choices available to consumers. Word Form Epistemic Verb 4. Another woman from Texas was about to get a double mastectomy when her insurance company canceled her policy because she forgot to declare a case of acne Clause Form Adverbial Construction 5. It is wrong, and no one should be treated that way in the United States of America Word Form Modal Verb Construction 6. If we do nothing to slow these skyrocketing costs, we will eventually be spending more on Medicare and Medicaid than every other government program combined. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 7. There are those on the left who believe that the only way to fix the system is through a single-payer system like Canadas, where we would severely restrict the private insurance market and have the government provide coverage for everyone. Word Form Cognition Verb Construction 8. On the right, there are those who argue that we should end the employer-based system and Word Form Modal Verb Construction Universitas Sumatera Utara 45 leave individuals to buy health insurance on their own. 9. I believe it makes more sense to build on what works and fix what doesnt, rather than try to build an entirely new system from scratch. Word Form Cognition Verb Construction 10. Too many have used this as an opportunity to score short- term political points. Word Form Adverbial Construction 11. First, if you are among the hundreds of millions of Americans who already have health insurance through your job, Medicare, Medicaid, or the VA, nothing in this plan will require you or your employer to change the coverage or the doctor you have. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 12. As soon as I sign this bill. Clause Form Adverbial Construction 13. We will place a limit on how much you can be charged for out-of-pocket expenses, because in the United States of America, no one should go broke because they get sick Word Form Modal Verb Construction 14. Now, if youre one of the tens of millions of Americans who dont currently have health insurance, the second part of this plan will finally offer you quality, affordable choices. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 15. If you lose your job or change your job, you will be able to get coverage. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 16. If you strike out on your own and start a small business, you will be able to get coverage. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 17. We will immediately offer low-cost coverage that will protect you against financial ruin if you become seriously ill. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 18. This was a good idea when Senator John McCain proposed it in the campaign. Word Form Epistemic Verb 19. Now, even if we provide these affordable options, there Word Form Modal Verb Construction Universitas Sumatera Utara 46 may be those particularly the young and healthy – who still want to take the risk and go without coverage 20. There may still be companies that refuse to do right by their workers Word Form Modal Verb Construction 21. If there are affordable options and people still dont sign up for health insurance, it means we pay for those peoples expensive emergency room visits. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 22. If some businesses dont provide workers health care, it forces the rest of us to pick up the tab when their workers get sick, and gives those businesses an unfair advantage over their competitors Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 23. And unless everybody does their part many of the insurance reforms we seek – especially requiring insurance companies to cover pre-existing conditions – just cant be achieved. Word Form Hypothetical Construction 24. Improving our health care system only works if everybody does their part Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 25. I believe a broad consensus exists for the aspects of the plan Word Form Cognition Verb Construction 26. Such a charge would be laughable if it werent so cynical and irresponsible. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 27. In fact, based on Congressional Budget Office estimates, we believe that less than 5 of Americans would sign up. Word Form Cognition Verb Construction 28. And theyd be right if taxpayers were subsidizing this public insurance option. But they wont be. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 29. But by avoiding some of the overhead that gets eaten up at private companies by profits, excessive administrative costs and executive salaries, it could Word Form Modal Verb Construction Universitas Sumatera Utara 47 provide a good deal for consumers 30. The public option is only a means to that end – and we should remain open to other ideas that accomplish our ultimate goal. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 31. And to my Republican friends, I say that rather than making wild claims about a government takeover of health care, we should work together to address any legitimate concerns you may have. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 32. But I will not back down on the basic principle that if Americans cant find affordable coverage, we will provide you with a choice. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 33. And to prove that Im serious, there will be a provision in this plan that requires us to come forward with more spending cuts if the savings we promised dont materialize. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 34. Second, weve estimated. Word Form Epistemic Verb 35. And according to these same experts, this modest change could help hold down the cost of health care for all of us in the long-run. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 36. And the plan I’m proposing. Word Form Epistemic Verb 37. And if we are able to slow the growth of health care costs by just one-tenth of one percent each year, it will actually reduce the deficit by 4 trillion over the long term Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 38. If you come to me with a serious set of proposals, I will be there to listen. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 39 . If you misrepresent what’s in the plan, we will call you out. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 40. Everyone in this room knows what will happen if we do nothing. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction Universitas Sumatera Utara 48 41. There is something that could make you better, but I just can’t afford it. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 42. They joined together so that all of us could enter our golden years with some basic peace of mind. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 43. I still believe we can act even when it’s hard. Word Form Epistemic Verb 44. I still believe we can replace acrimony with civility, and gridlock with progress. Word Form Epistemic Verb 45. I still believe we can do great things, and that here and now we will meet history’s test Word Form Epistemic Verb 46. Other large firms teetered on the brink of insolvency Phrase Form Adverbial Construction 47. We could not separate what was happening in the corridors of our financial institutions from what was happening on factory floors and around kitchen tables. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 48. Just a few months ago, many experts from across the ideological spectrum feared that ensuring financial stability would require even more tax dollars. Clause Form Adverbial Construction 49. And to the extent that some have so readily returned to them underscores the need for change and change now. Word Form Adverbial Construction 50. Consumers shouldn’t have to worry about loan contracts designed to be unintelligible, hidden fees attached to their mortgages. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 51. And responsible lenders, including community banks, doing the right thing shouldn’t have to worry about ruinous competition from unregulated competitors Word Form Modal Verb Construction 52. Nothing could be further from the truth. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 53. The firm that could make its products looks best by doing Word Form Modal Verb Construction Universitas Sumatera Utara 49 the best job of hiding the real costs won. 54. That many agencies and regulators were responsible for oversight of individual financial firms and their subsidiaries, Word Form Adverbial Construction 55. You could provide, or the community development institutions you could support. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 56. There are those who would suggest. Word Form Epistemic Verb 57. But if there is one lesson we can learn from the last year, it is that this is a false choice. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 58. Where if you stepped up, did your job, and were loyal to your company, that loyalty would be rewarded with a decent salary and good benefits; maybe a raise once in awhile. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 59. If you did the right thing, you could make it in America Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 60. I am sending this Congress a plan that you should pass right away. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 61. There should be nothing controversial about this piece of legislation confidence that if they invest and hire, there will be customers for their products and services Word Form Modal Verb Construction 62. You should pass this jobs plan right away. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 63. Pass this jobs bill, and starting tomorrow, small businesses will get a tax cut if they hire new workers or raise workers’ wages Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 64. If you have 50 employees making an average salary, that’s an 80,000 tax cut. And all businesses will be able to continue writing off the investments they make in 2012 Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 65. You should pass it right away Word Form Modal Verb Construction 66. At a time when millions of Word Form Modal Verb Construction Universitas Sumatera Utara 50 unemployed construction workers could build them right here in America 67. Every child deserves a great school – and we can give it to them, if we act now. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 68. Pass this jobs bill and companies will get extra tax credits if they hire America’s veterans. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 69. The last thing they should have to do is fight for a job when they come home Word Form Modal Verb Construction 70. Pass this jobs bill and companies will get a 4,000 tax credit if they hire anyone who has spent more than six months looking for a job. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 71. If the millions of unemployed Americans stopped getting this insurance, and stopped using that money for basic necessities, it would be a devastating blow to this economy Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 72. If we allow that tax cut to expire – if we refuse to act – middle-class families will get hit with a tax increase at the worst possible time. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 73. Now, I realize there are some in my party. Word Form Adverbial Construction 74. And if we don’t gradually reform the system while protecting current beneficiaries, it won’t be there when future retirees need it. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 75. We should raise taxes on those who are most fortunate and can best afford it Word Form Modal Verb Construction 76. And I believe the vast majority of wealthy Americans and CEOs are willing to do just that, if it helps the economy grow and gets our fiscal house in order Word Form Epistemic Verb 77. Our tax code s houldn’t give an advantage to companies that Word Form Modal Verb Construction Universitas Sumatera Utara 51 can afford the best-connected lobbyists. 78. It should give an advantage to companies that invest and create jobs here in America Word Form Modal Verb Construction 79. If we want them to start here and stay here and hire here, we have to be able to out- build, out-educate, and out- innovate every other country on Earth. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 80. If you’re a small business owner who has a contract with the federal government , we’re going to make sure you get paid a lot faster than you do now. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 81. If Americans can buy Kias and Hyundais, I want to see folks in South Korea driving Fords and Chevys and Chryslers. Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 82. If we provide the right incentives and support – and if we make sure our trading partners play by the rules – we can be the ones to build everything from fuel-efficient cars to advanced biofuels to semiconductors that are sold all over the world Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 83. Some of you sincerely believe that the only solution to our economic challenges is to simply cut most government spending and eliminate most government regulations. Word Form Adverbial Construction 84. We should have no more regulation than the health, safety, and security of the American people require. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 85. Every rule should meet that common sense test. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 86. We shouldn’t be in a race to the bottom, where we try to offer the cheapest labor and the worst pollution standards. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 87. America should be in a race to the top. Word Form Modal Verb Construction Universitas Sumatera Utara 52 88. Ask yourselves – where would we be right now if the people who sat here before us decided not to build our highways and our bridges; our dams and our airports? Clause Form Questions Construction 89. What would this country be like if we had chosen not to spend money on public high schools, or research universities, or community colleges? Clause Form Questions Construction 90. Where would we be if they hadn’t had that chance? Clause Form Questions Construction 91. How many jobs would it have cost us if past Congresses decided not to support the basic research that led to the Internet and the computer chip? Clause Form Questions Construction 92. What kind of country would this be if this Chamber had voted down Social Security or Medicare just because it violated some rigid idea about what government could or could not do? How many Americans would have suffered as a result? Clause Form Questions Construction 93. And maybe some of you have decided that those differences are so great that we can only resolve them at the ballot box. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 94. Some of them are living week to week; paycheck to paycheck; even day to day. Word Form Adverbial Construction 95. It shouldn’t be, nor will it be, the last plan of action we propose. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 96. Remind us that if we act as one nation, and one people, we have it within our power to meet this challenge Clause Form Hypothetical Construction 97. Even if it robs the country of our opportunity to solve a long-term challenge. And out of this blizzard of charges and counter-charges, confusion has Clause Form Hypothetical Construction Universitas Sumatera Utara 53 reigned. 98. It will be against the law for insurance companies to drop your coverage when you get sick or water it down when you need it most Word Form Modal Verb Construction 99. It’s a good idea now, and we should embrace it. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 100. Most of this plan can be paid for by finding savings within the existing health care system – a system that is currently full of waste and abuse. Word Form Adverbial Construction 101. will cost around 900 billion over ten years – less than we have spent on the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, and less than the tax cuts for the wealthiest few Americans that Congress passed at the beginning of the previous administration Word Form Adverbial Construction 102. And financial penalties whether through a credit card or debit card that appear without warning on their statements. Word Form Epistemic Verb 103. That we must choose between markets unfettered by even the most modest of regulations and markets weighed down by onerous regulations that suppress the spirit of enterprise and innovation. Word Form Modal Verb Construction 104. And all businesses will be able to continue writing off the investments they make in 2012; Word Form Modal Verb Construction 105. Now, I realize there are some in my party who don’t think we should make any changes at all to Medicare and Medicaid, and I understand their concerns Word Form Modal Verb Construction 106. And I believe that’s a race we can win. Word Form Epistemic Verb 107. Some of you sincerely Word Form Epistemic Verb Universitas Sumatera Utara 54 believe that the only solution to our economic challenges is to simply cut most government spending and eliminate most government regulations. 108. And maybe some of you have decided that those differences are so great that we can only resolve them at the ballot box. Word Form Adverbial Construction 109. Most of this plan can be paid for by finding savings within the existing health care system – a system that is currently full of waste and abuse Word Form Modal Verb Construction

4.2. Presupposition.