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4. Determining the profile of hedges, the presupposition and the implicatures.
3.5. Data Analysis Method.
After collecting the data from the data sources, the analysis then moves to the analyzing data. In analyzing the data, a descriptive method is appeared. According to
Azwar 2004: 126 “ Analisis deskriptif bertujuan untuk memberikan deskripsi mengenai subjek penelitian berdasarkan data dari variabel yang diperoleh dari
kelompok subjek yang diteliti dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk pengujian hipotesis”. Based on the theory, the present analysis walks on the some particular procedures
which are stated below: 1. Finding the profile of hedges in Barack Obama’s speeches which is based on the
Lakoff’s theory 2. According to the theory of implicature, the analysis then moves to what the
hedges implicates which is based on Austi n’s theory.
3. After finding the hedges and the implicature of the hedges, the analysis lastly conveys to what it presupposes which is related to Austin and Yule’s theory.
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CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION AND FINDING
4.1. The Profile of Hedges
The first result of anayzing hedges in this thesis is about the typology of hedging construction as presented in Table 1 below. As stated in the theory of
hedging construction in Chapter 2 of this thesis, the typology of hedging construction covers the form of words, phrases, and clauses. All those forms could be found this
final result. Through the findings listed in this table, it hopefully gives a clear description about the typology of hedging construction in Obama’s speeches.
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TABLE 1. The Profile of Hedges
Hedges Profiles
Typology of Hedging Construction
1. I am not the first President to take up this cause, but I am
determined to be the last. Clause Form
Passive Voice Verb
2. More and more Americans worry that if you move, lose
your job, or change your job, youll
lose your
health insurance too.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
3. Now there are those who are suggesting that somehow this
will restrict
the choices
available to consumers. Word Form
Epistemic Verb
4. Another woman from Texas was about to get a double
mastectomy when her insurance company canceled her policy
because she forgot to declare a case of acne
Clause Form Adverbial Construction
5. It is wrong, and no one should be treated that way in
the United States of America Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
6. If we do nothing to slow these skyrocketing costs, we
will eventually be spending more
on Medicare
and Medicaid than every other
government program combined. Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
7. There are those on the left who believe that the only way
to fix the system is through a single-payer
system like
Canadas, where we would severely restrict the private
insurance market and have the government provide coverage
for everyone. Word Form
Cognition Verb Construction
8. On the right, there are those who argue that we should end
the employer-based system and Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
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leave individuals to buy health insurance on their own.
9. I believe it makes more sense to build on what works and fix
what doesnt, rather than try to build an entirely new system
from scratch. Word Form
Cognition Verb Construction
10. Too many have used this as an opportunity to score short-
term political points. Word Form
Adverbial Construction
11. First, if you are among the hundreds
of millions
of Americans who already have
health insurance through your job, Medicare, Medicaid, or the
VA, nothing in this plan will require you or your employer to
change the coverage or the doctor you have.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
12. As soon as I sign this bill. Clause Form
Adverbial Construction 13. We will place a limit on
how much you can be charged for
out-of-pocket expenses,
because in the United States of America, no one should go
broke because they get sick Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
14. Now, if youre one of the tens of millions of Americans
who dont currently have health insurance, the second part of
this plan will finally offer you quality, affordable choices.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
15. If you lose your job or change your job, you will be
able to get coverage. Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
16. If you strike out on your own and start a small business,
you will be able to get coverage.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
17. We will immediately offer low-cost coverage that will
protect you against financial ruin if you become seriously ill.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
18. This was a good idea when Senator John McCain proposed
it in the campaign. Word Form
Epistemic Verb
19. Now, even if we provide these affordable options, there
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
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may be those particularly the young and healthy
– who still want to take the risk and go
without coverage 20. There may still be
companies that refuse to do right by their workers
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
21. If there are affordable options and people still dont
sign up for health insurance, it means we pay for those
peoples expensive emergency room visits.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
22. If some businesses dont provide workers health care, it
forces the rest of us to pick up the tab when their workers get
sick, and gives those businesses an unfair advantage over their
competitors Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
23. And unless everybody does their part many of the insurance
reforms we seek – especially
requiring insurance companies to cover pre-existing conditions
– just cant be achieved. Word Form
Hypothetical Construction
24. Improving our health care system only works if everybody
does their part Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
25. I believe a broad consensus exists for the aspects of the plan
Word Form Cognition Verb
Construction 26. Such a charge would be
laughable if it werent so cynical and irresponsible.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
27. In
fact, based
on Congressional Budget Office
estimates, we believe that less than 5 of Americans would
sign up. Word Form
Cognition Verb Construction
28. And theyd be right if taxpayers were subsidizing this
public insurance option. But they wont be.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
29. But by avoiding some of the overhead that gets eaten up at
private companies by profits, excessive administrative costs
and executive salaries, it could Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
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provide a good deal for consumers
30. The public option is only a means to that end
– and we should remain open to other
ideas that accomplish our ultimate goal.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
31. And to my Republican friends, I say that rather than
making wild claims about a government takeover of health
care, we should work together to
address any
legitimate concerns you may have.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
32. But I will not back down on the basic principle that if
Americans cant find affordable coverage, we will provide you
with a choice. Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
33. And to prove that Im serious,
there will
be a
provision in this plan that requires us to come forward
with more spending cuts if the savings we promised dont
materialize. Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
34. Second, weve estimated. Word Form
Epistemic Verb 35. And according to these
same experts, this modest change could help hold down
the cost of health care for all of us in the long-run.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
36. And the plan I’m proposing. Word Form
Epistemic Verb 37. And if we are able to slow
the growth of health care costs by just one-tenth of one percent
each year, it will actually reduce the deficit by 4 trillion
over the long term Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
38. If you come to me with a serious set of proposals, I will
be there to listen. Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
39 . If you misrepresent what’s
in the plan, we will call you out.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
40. Everyone in this room knows what will happen if we
do nothing. Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
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41. There is something that could make you better, but I
just can’t afford it. Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
42. They joined together so that all of us could enter our golden
years with some basic peace of mind.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
43. I still believe we can act even when it’s hard.
Word Form Epistemic Verb
44. I still believe we can replace acrimony with civility,
and gridlock with progress. Word Form
Epistemic Verb
45. I still believe we can do great things, and that here and
now we will meet history’s test Word Form
Epistemic Verb
46. Other large firms teetered on the brink of insolvency
Phrase Form Adverbial Construction
47. We could not separate what was happening in the corridors
of our financial institutions from what was happening on
factory floors and around kitchen tables.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
48. Just a few months ago, many experts from across the
ideological spectrum feared that ensuring
financial stability
would require even more tax dollars.
Clause Form Adverbial Construction
49. And to the extent that some have so readily returned to
them underscores the need for change and change now.
Word Form Adverbial Construction
50. Consumers shouldn’t have
to worry about loan contracts designed to be unintelligible,
hidden fees attached to their mortgages.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
51. And responsible lenders, including community banks,
doing the right thing shouldn’t
have to worry about ruinous competition from unregulated
competitors Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
52. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
53. The firm that could make its products looks best by doing
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
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the best job of hiding the real costs won.
54. That many agencies and regulators were responsible for
oversight of individual financial firms and their subsidiaries,
Word Form Adverbial Construction
55. You could provide, or the community
development institutions you could support.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
56. There are those who would suggest.
Word Form Epistemic Verb
57. But if there is one lesson we can learn from the last year, it
is that this is a false choice. Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
58. Where if you stepped up, did your job, and were loyal to
your company, that loyalty would be rewarded with a
decent
salary and
good benefits; maybe a raise once in
awhile. Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
59. If you did the right thing, you could make it in America
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction 60. I am sending this Congress
a plan that you should pass right away.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
61. There should be nothing controversial about this piece of
legislation confidence that if they invest and hire, there will
be customers for their products and services
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
62. You should pass this jobs plan right away.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
63. Pass this jobs bill, and starting
tomorrow, small
businesses will get a tax cut if they hire new workers or raise
workers’ wages Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
64. If you have 50 employees making an average salary,
that’s an 80,000 tax cut. And all businesses will be able to
continue writing
off the
investments they make in 2012 Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
65. You should pass it right away
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
66. At a time when millions of Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
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unemployed construction
workers could build them right here in America
67. Every child deserves a great school
– and we can give it to them, if we act now.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
68. Pass this jobs bill and companies will get extra tax
credits if they hire America’s
veterans. Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
69. The last thing they should have to do is fight for a job
when they come home Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
70. Pass this jobs bill and companies will get a 4,000 tax
credit if they hire anyone who has spent more than six months
looking for a job. Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
71. If the millions of unemployed Americans
stopped getting this insurance, and stopped using that money
for basic necessities, it would be a devastating blow to this
economy Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
72. If we allow that tax cut to expire
– if we refuse to act – middle-class families will get
hit with a tax increase at the worst possible time.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
73. Now, I realize there are some in my party.
Word Form Adverbial Construction
74. And if we don’t gradually
reform the
system while
protecting current beneficiaries, it won’t be there when future
retirees need it. Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
75. We should raise taxes on those who are most fortunate
and can best afford it Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
76. And I believe the vast majority of wealthy Americans
and CEOs are willing to do just that, if it helps the economy
grow and gets our fiscal house in order
Word Form Epistemic Verb
77. Our tax code s houldn’t give
an advantage to companies that Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
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can afford the best-connected lobbyists.
78. It should give an advantage to companies that invest and
create jobs here in America Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
79. If we want them to start here and stay here and hire
here, we have to be able to out- build, out-educate, and out-
innovate every other country on Earth.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
80. If you’re a small business
owner who has a contract with the federal government
, we’re going to make sure you get paid
a lot faster than you do now. Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
81. If Americans can buy Kias and Hyundais, I want to see
folks in South Korea driving Fords
and Chevys
and Chryslers.
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
82. If we provide the right incentives and support
– and if we make sure our trading
partners play by the rules – we
can be the ones to build everything from fuel-efficient
cars to advanced biofuels to semiconductors that are sold all
over the world Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
83. Some of you sincerely believe that the only solution to
our economic challenges is to simply cut most government
spending and eliminate most government regulations.
Word Form Adverbial Construction
84. We should have no more regulation than the health,
safety, and security of the American people require.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
85. Every rule should meet that common sense test.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
86. We shouldn’t be in a race to
the bottom, where we try to offer the cheapest labor and the
worst pollution standards. Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
87. America should be in a race to the top.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
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88. Ask yourselves – where
would we be right now if the people who sat here before us
decided not to build our highways and our bridges; our
dams and our airports? Clause Form
Questions Construction
89. What would this country be like if we had chosen not to
spend money on public high schools,
or research
universities, or
community colleges?
Clause Form Questions Construction
90. Where would we be if they hadn’t had that chance?
Clause Form Questions Construction
91. How many jobs would it have cost us if past Congresses
decided not to support the basic research that led to the Internet
and the computer chip? Clause Form
Questions Construction
92. What kind of country would this be if this Chamber had
voted down Social Security or Medicare
just because
it violated some rigid idea about
what government could or could not do? How many
Americans would have suffered as a result?
Clause Form Questions Construction
93. And maybe some of you have
decided that
those differences are so great that we
can only resolve them at the ballot box.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
94. Some of them are living week to week; paycheck to
paycheck; even day to day. Word Form
Adverbial Construction
95. It shouldn’t be, nor will it
be, the last plan of action we propose.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
96. Remind us that if we act as one nation, and one people, we
have it within our power to meet this challenge
Clause Form Hypothetical
Construction
97. Even if it robs the country of our opportunity to solve a
long-term challenge. And out of this blizzard of charges and
counter-charges, confusion has Clause Form
Hypothetical Construction
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reigned. 98. It will be against the law for
insurance companies to drop your coverage when you get
sick or water it down when you need it most
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
99. It’s a good idea now, and we should embrace it.
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
100. Most of this plan can be paid for by finding savings
within the existing health care system
– a system that is currently full of waste and
abuse. Word Form
Adverbial Construction
101. will cost around 900 billion over ten years
– less than we have spent on the Iraq
and Afghanistan wars, and less than the tax cuts for the
wealthiest few Americans that Congress
passed at
the beginning of the previous
administration Word Form
Adverbial Construction
102. And financial penalties whether through a credit card or
debit card that appear without warning on their statements.
Word Form Epistemic Verb
103. That we must choose between markets unfettered by
even the most modest of regulations
and markets
weighed down by onerous regulations that suppress the
spirit of
enterprise and
innovation. Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
104. And all businesses will be able to continue writing off the
investments they make in 2012; Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
105. Now, I realize there are some in my party who don’t
think we should make any changes at all to Medicare and
Medicaid, and I understand their concerns
Word Form Modal Verb Construction
106. And I believe that’s a race
we can win. Word Form
Epistemic Verb 107. Some of you sincerely
Word Form Epistemic Verb
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believe that the only solution to our economic challenges is to
simply cut most government spending and eliminate most
government regulations. 108. And maybe some of you
have
decided that
those differences are so great that we
can only resolve them at the ballot box.
Word Form Adverbial Construction
109. Most of this plan can be paid for by finding savings
within the existing health care system
– a system that is currently full of waste and
abuse Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
4.2. Presupposition.