Implicatures Anticipatory it- clause

69 weighed down by onerous regulations that suppress the spirit of enterprise and innovation. problem. 2. America has not choosed their financial system and the President insists of it. 104. And all businesses will be able to continue writing off the investments they make in 2012; Existential Presupposition 1. There are many businesses in America. 2. Those businesses are guaranteed to be able to continue their investment when the plan is passed. 105. Now, I realize there are some in my party who don’t think we should make any changes at all to Medicare and Medicaid, and I understand their concerns Factive Presupposition Some people from president’s party do not fully agree with president himself. 106. And I believe the vast majority of wealthy Americans and CEOs are willing to do just that, if it helps the economy grow and gets our fiscal house in order Factive Presupposition 1. There are many rich people in America. 2. Those rich people are willing to lend their helping hand to bring America out of crisis. 107. And I belie ve that’s a race we can win. Non- Factive Presupposition President of America believes that America could be on the top of competition of being best economic in this world. 108. Some of you sincerely believe that the only solution to our economic challenges is to simply cut most government spending and eliminate most government regulations. Factive Presupposition 1. Those people exist and have their own idea. 2. There is economic challenges faced by America at the time of utterance. 3. There is a proposal to cut most government spending in solving those challenges. 109. And maybe some of you have decided that those differences are so great that we can only resolve them at the ballot box. Factive Presupposition At the time of utterance there are some people who proposed ballot money as idea to solve health care problem.

4.3. Implicatures

Universitas Sumatera Utara 70 Through reflecting on a set theory of Cooperative Principle, the analysis moves to describe what the hedges implicate. The implicatures contained in this table 3 ar e completed with maxims of the utterance from Barack Obama’s speeches. TABLE 3 Implicatures Hedges The Maxims Implicature 1. I am not the first President to take up this cause, but I am determined to be the last. Quantity Maxim By following the quantity maxim that sentence implicates there are many previous Presidents who also faced the Health Care problem are not mentioned specifically in that context. 2. More and more Americans worry that if you move, lose your job, or change your job, youll lose your health insurance too. Quality Maxim By choosing “more” in that sentence, the speaker creates an implicature that + not all Americans worry. 3.Now there are those who are suggesting that somehow this will restrict the choices available to consumers Quantity Maxim The utterance will be interpreted as implicating that the speaker are not sure + certain on the right number who suggested as it. 4. Another woman from Texas was about to get a double mastectomy when her insurance company canceled her policy because she forgot to declare a case of acne Quantity Maxim The speaker implicates as there is one woman from Texas who also suffers like other women for Health Care problem. But here the speaker is also violating the quantity maxim by not mentionin g woman’s name briefly. 5. It is wrong, and no one should be treated that way in the United States of America Quality Maxim The utterance will be interpreted as this is + not must on a scale of obligation. 6. If we do nothing to slow these skyrocketing costs, we will eventually be spending more on Medicare and Medicaid than every other government Manner maxim In uttering the statement, the speaker produces implicatures that: 1. . If we do nothing to slow Universitas Sumatera Utara 71 program combined. these skyrocketing costs, we will eventually be spending more on Medicare and Medicaid than every other government program combined. NOT p 2. NOT p is true. +p expected to be true later means the speaker expects that all American people can slow the skyrocketing costs later. 7. There are those on the left who believe that the only way to fix the system is through a single-payer system like Canadas, where we would severely restrict the private insurance market and have the government provide coverage for everyone. Quantity Maxim B y choosing “those” the speaker sends implicatures that: 1. + NOT all American believe in that solution. 2. + NOT certain. The speaker does not have a certain data to poiny people who stand on that position. 8. On the right, there are those who argue that we should end the employer-based system and leave individuals to buy health insurance on their own. Quantity and Quality Maxims In uttering this sentence, the speaker implicates: 1. + NOT all American believe in that solution. 2. + NOT certain. The speaker does not have a certain data to point people who stand on that position. 3. The utterance will be interpreted as this is + not must on a scale of obligation. It means it was an obligation to stop and to change that condition, but American did not do that at the time of utterance. 9. I believe it makes more sense to build on what works and fix what doesnt, rather than try to build an entirely new system from scratch. Manner maxim 1. I believe it makes more sense to build on what works and fix what doesnt. p 2. Rather than try to build an entirely new system from Universitas Sumatera Utara 72 scratch.q In uttering that sentence, the speaker implicates to “two contrast informations” + p is in contrast to q. The speaker persuades to choose p as his policy toward his people. In fact, Americans may choose q as ultimate policy for their economic problem. 10. Too many have used this as an opportunity to score short- term political points. Quantity Maxim In uttering this sentence, the speaker implicates: 1. + NOT all America politicians used this economic problem as political opportunity to blow up his political popularity. 2. + NOT certain. The speaker does not have a certain data to point people who used this problem as a dirty political opportunity. 11. First, if you are among the hundreds of millions of Americans who already have health insurance through your job, Medicare, Medicaid, or the VA, nothing in this plan will require you or your employer to change the coverage or the doctor you have. Manner Maxim In uttering that sentence, the conversational context which might be implicated is: 1. The speaker is sure about the plan which he proposed in order the plan would not ask for any changes for Americans who have held health insurance previously. 2. The plan is not passed yet. The speaker expects the plan will be passed later. 12. As soon as I sign this bill, it will be against the law for insurance companies to drop your coverage when you get sick or water it down when you Manner Maxim The utterance can be interpreted as: 1. As soon as I sign this bill. p Universitas Sumatera Utara 73 need it most. 2. It will be against the law for insurance companies to drop your coverage when you get sick or water it down when you need it most. q Considering those two propositions the speaker implicates: 1. NOT p This has not been signed yet. 2. NOT q Dropping American coverage when they get sick or water it down when they need it most is not an act against law. 13. We will place a limit on how much you can be charged for out-of-pocket expenses, because in the United States of America, no one should go broke because they get sick Manner Maxim 1. We will place a limit on how much you can be charged for out-of-pocket expenses.p 2. Because in the United States of America, no one should go broke because they get sick.q Those sentences could be interpreted as the implicatures of: 1. NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. At the time of utterance, there is no clear law who manages about limit that can be charged toward someone in maintaining their health in United States. 2. q is in contrast with x factor. By regarding that sentence and the social condition at the time, it can be seen that speaker’s utterance stands contrastly against the fact. In the fact, many Universitas Sumatera Utara 74 Americans go broke for their sick since they do not get any good health care for it. 14. Now, if youre one of the tens of millions of Americans who dont currently have health insurance, the second part of this plan will finally offer you quality, affordable choices. Manner Maxim In uttering that sentence, the speaker implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. At the time of utterance, there is no clear, affordable, and quality choices which are provided to American. It is just a plan that is expected to be true later. 15. If you lose your job or change your job, you will be able to get coverage. Manner Maxim The utterance will be interpreted as implicating: 1. p is in contrast to x factor. The sentence is in contrast with the real condition. At the time of utterance, there is no coverage for most Americans who lose their jobs or change their jobs. 2. NOT p is true. P is expected to be true later. As stated above that in the fact that utterance is in contrast with the real condition. Therefore, that utterance is merely a plan which is hoped to be realized later. 16. If you strike out on your own and start a small business, you will be able to get coverage. Manner Maxim The utterance will be interpreted as implicating: 1. p is in contrast to x factor. The sentence is in contrast with the real condition. At the time of utterance, there is no coverage for most Americans who strike for their own jobs and start a small business. 2. NOT p is true. P is expected to be true later. As stated Universitas Sumatera Utara 75 above that in the fact that utterance is in contrast with the real condition. Therefore, that utterance is merely a plan which is hoped to be realized later. 17. We will immediately offer low-cost coverage that will protect you against financial ruin if you become seriously ill. Manner Maxim The utterance will be interpreted as implicating: 1. p is in contrast to x factor. The sentence is in contrast with the real condition. At the time of utterance, there is no low cost coverage which protects Americans against financial ruin when they get serious problems. 2. NOT p is true. P is expected to be true later. As stated above that in the fact that utterance is in contrast with the real condition. Therefore, that utterance is merely a plan which is hoped to be realized later after the plan has been passed. 18. This was a good idea when Senator John McCain proposed it in the campaign. Quantity Maxim 1. This was a good idea. p 2. When Senator John McCain proposed it in the campaign.q Those sentences can be implicated as + p q. It means that the idea and Senator John McCain which proposed the idea are both real things. 19. Now, even if we provide these affordable options, there may be those particularly the young and healthy – who still want to take the risk and go without coverage Manner and Quality Maxim 1. Even if we provide these affordable options. p. The sentence can be interpreted as implicating NOT p is true. It means + p is expected to be true later since at the time of utterance United States government do not give Universitas Sumatera Utara 76 really good options in health insurance for most Americans. 2.There may be those particularly the young and healthy – who still want to take the risk and go without coverage. q. The sentence implicates that q + not certain with p. It means through that statement the speaker hesitates that all Americans can get coverage even when the health insurance plan has been passed. 20. There may still be companies that refuse to do right by their workers Quality Maxim There may still be companies that refuse to do right by their workers. p Through observing that sentence, it implicates that “+p not certain”. It means that the speaker does not have full belief of his plan and he cannot much do to overcome those companies in America which do not obey his plan. 21. If there are affordable options and people still dont sign up for health insurance, it means we pay for those peoples expensive emergency room visits. Manner Maxim In that utterance, the speaker implicates as NOT p is true, + p is expected to be true later. The speaker just calculated and estimated that this big budget will be pleased rich people when common Americans do not sign up themselves for health insurance care as soon as the plan has been passed. 22. If some businesses dont provide workers health care, it forces the rest of us to pick up the tab when their workers get sick, and gives those businesses an unfair advantage over their competitors Manner Maxim 1. By choosing “some in that utterance, the speaker creates an implicature that + all businesses provide health care insurance for their workers in United States at the time of utterance. Universitas Sumatera Utara 77 2. It forces the rest of us to pick up the tab when their workers get sick, and gives those businesses an unfair advantage over their competitors. p The utterance implicates that +p is expected to be true later since NOT p is true at the time of utterance. Through that utterance the speaker just persuades American people to stand with his economic plan therefore goverment could help people who do not have health insurance yet from their companies. This utterance is expected to be true later. 23. And unless everybody does their part many of the insurance reforms we seek – especially requiring insurance companies to cover pre-existing conditions – just cant be achieved. Manner Maxim In uttering that sentence, the speaker implicates that + p is in contrast with the x condition. It means that at the time of utterance many Americans denied being involved in solving health insurance problem. It can be proven that America still cannot reform their health care bill. 24. Improving our health care system only works if everybody does their part Manner Maxim In uttering that sentence, the speaker implicates that + p is in contrast with the x condition. It means that: 1. NOT p is true. It means not American involves in improving health care system. 2. NOT p is true. It means improving health care system in United States does not work well at the time of utterance. 25. I believe a broad consensus exists for the aspects of the plan Quality Maxim That utterance implicates that: 1.a broad consensus for the aspects of the plan does not Universitas Sumatera Utara 78 exist yet. =NOT p 2. NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later. The speaker expects that all Americans stand with him in doing this plan. 26. Such a charge would be laughable if it werent so cynical and irresponsible. Quantity Maxim In that utterance, the speaker implicates that +p is true. There is a charge which is cannot be explained rationally that went over people who hold health insurance in America. The charge should not be allowed to be charged over people. 27. In fact, based on Congressional Budget Office estimates, we believe that less than 5 of Americans would sign up. Quantity Maxim In this case, this utterance conveys a meaning as +p is true based on the fact that the speaker has a valid data from very specific institution which is responsible for counting the budget statistic in America. 28. And theyd be right if taxpayers were subsidizing this public insurance option. But they wont be. Manner Maxim 1. And theyd be right if taxpayers were subsidizing this public insurance option. p 2.But they wont be.q Those utterances can be interpreted as implicating: p q +p is in contrast to q. The speaker expects that the paxpayers obey to pay their taxes so it may help public health insurance for many people. But the payers do not do it regularly in United States at the time of utterance and it causes many people cannot have health insurance in their life. 29. But by avoiding some of the overhead that gets eaten up at private companies by profits, excessive administrative costs and executive salaries, it could provide a good deal for Quality Maxim 1. But by avoiding some of the overhead that gets eaten up at private companies by profits, excessive administrative costs and executive salaries, it could provide a good deal for Universitas Sumatera Utara 79 consumers consumers p This utterance can be interpreted as implicating NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. It clearly means that at the time of utterance, in United States, there are some particular excessive costs used by private companies. The speaker expects that the costs can be subsidized to consumers but at the time of utterance, it does not work. 30. The public option is only a means to that end – and we should remain open to other ideas that accomplish our ultimate goal. Quality Maxim The public option is only a means to that end – and we should remain open to other ideas that accomplish our ultimate goal.p The utterance sends an implicature that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. It means at the time of speaking, there is a tendency in United States that people start to be suspicious toward every new idea that comes from others. There is a lack of belief about each other. 31. And to my Republican friends, I say that rather than making wild claims about a government takeover of health care, we should work together to address any legitimate concerns you may have. Quality Maxim 1. And to my Republican friends, I say that rather than making wild claims about a government takeover of health care. p That utterance implicates that + p is true. It means that there are some Republicans, an opposite party of the speaker, who issued an opposite opinion about government’s health plan without any further consideration. The speaker expects that all Americans, whether Democrats or Republicans to reunite in solving this problem. Universitas Sumatera Utara 80 32. But I will not back down on the basic principle that if Americans cant find affordable coverage, we will provide you with a choice. Manner Maxim But I will not back down on the basic principle that if Americans cant find affordable coverage, we will provide you with a choice.p In uttering that sentence, the speaker implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. At the time of speaking, there is no affordable option of coverage which is available for Americans. The utterance is just a plan of the speaker which is hoped to embody later. 33. And to prove that Im serious, there will be a provision in this plan that requires us to come forward with more spending cuts if the savings we promised dont materialize. Manner Maxim The utterance implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. It means at the time of utterance, the plan and all aspects inside of it do not exist yet. It also implicates that there is a tendency in United States to materialize the savings which is done by some sides in bureaucracy. 34. Second, weve estimated that most of this plan can be paid for by finding savings within the existing health care system – a system that is currently full of waste and abuse Quality Maxim In uttering this sentence, the speaker implicates: 1. + NOT all parts of this plan can be paid for by finding savings within the existing health care system. 2. + NOT certain. The speaker does not have a certain and trusted data to be delivered about how many parts in this plan that can be paid for by finding savings within the existing health care system. 35. And according to these same experts, this modest change could help hold down the cost of health care for all of us in the long-run. Quality Maxim And according to these same experts, this modest change could help hold down the cost of health care for all of us in Universitas Sumatera Utara 81 the long-run. p Through observing that sentence, it implicates that “+p is not certain”. It implies that the speaker does not fully believe that his plan in health care system can help down the cost of America. 36. Add it all up, and the plan Im proposing will cost around 900 billion over ten years – less than we have spent on the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, and less than the tax cuts for the wealthiest few Americans that Congress passed at the beginning of the previous administration Quality Maxim in uttering that sentence p, the speaker gives implicatures as: 1. NOT p is true. P is expected to be true later. The plan does not exist yet and the plan is hoped to work soon. 2. +p is certain. The speaker is not fully certain about the number of cost which would be spent in this plan. 37. And if we are able to slow the growth of health care costs by just one-tenth of one percent each year, it will actually reduce the deficit by 4 trillion over the long term Manner Maxim In that utterance, the speaker implicates as NOT p is true, + p is expected to be true later. At the time of utterance, America government is still not able to slow the growth of health care costs. For all the increasing of spent-cost occured in America at the time of utterance, America budgeting faced a horrible deficit. 38. If you come to me with a serious set of proposals, I will be there to listen. Manner Maxim This utterance can be interpreted as implicating that: NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later since at the time of utterance none brings another option for the speaker in solving health care system in United States. 39 . If you misrepresent what’s in the plan, we will call you out. Manner Maxim This utterance can be interpreted as implicating that: Universitas Sumatera Utara 82 NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later since none sends his misinterpretation about this plan therefore none would be called out to get a further explanation about this plan. 40. Everyone in this room knows what will happen if we do nothing. Quantity Maxim + p is true based on the speaker’s perspectives. The speaker believes every American really knows the disaster that will come if they still cannot find the right solution for health care system. 41. He never forgot the sheer terror and helplessness that any parent feels when a child is badly sick; and he was able to imagine what it must be like for those without insurance; what it would be like to have to say to a wife or a child or an aging parent – there is something that could make you better, but I just cant afford it. Quality Maxim There is something that could make you better, but I just can’t afford it. Through observing that sentence, it implicates that “+p is not certain”. In this utterance, the speaker talks about someone’s experience about health care. That man intends to give a something better to his family but he cannot make it true since America still has no a reform in health care system. This phrase literally conveys about Americans’ suffering in their healthy for health care system has not been reformed yet. 42. They joined together so that all of us could enter our golden years with some basic peace of mind. Quantity and Quality Maxim This utterance can be interpreted as implicating: 1. They joined together. p + p is true. The utterance implicates that American ancestors were being united to fight for America Independent. Because of the independent, America could get prosperity in their society. 2. All of us could enter our golden years with some basic peace of mind.q Universitas Sumatera Utara 83 + q is NOT many. It means there is no many basic peace of mind belonging to Americans in their golden years. 43. I still believe we can act even when it’s hard. Manner Maxim This utterance p conveys implicature as: NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later. At the time of utterance, there is a tendency that Americans stop struggling for problems that they are facing. 44. I still believe we can replace acrimony with civility, and gridlock with progress Manner Maxim This utterance p conveys implicature as: NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later since at the time of utterance, America is still stuck with acrimony and gridlock as the result of their incapibility to reform their health care system entirely. Civility and progress are expected to be true in America society later. 45. I still believe we can do great things, and that here and now we will meet history’s test Manner Maxim This utterance p conveys implicature as: NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later since at the time of utterance, Americans are still surrounded by many big problems. The speaker then asks all Americans to great things later in solving this problem. 46. Other large firms teetered on the brink of insolvency Quality Maxim Other large firms teetered on the brink of insolvency. p This utterance can be interpreted as implicating: + p is NOT certain. It means the speaker has no particular data that can be used to point exactly or precisely the firms which teetered on the brink of insolvency. 47. We could not separate what was happening in the corridors Quality Maxim We could not separate what was happening in the corridors Universitas Sumatera Utara 84 of our financial institutions from what was happening on factory floors and around kitchen tables. of our financial institutions from what was happening on factory floors and around kitchen tables. p The utterance implicates that + p is in contrast to x factor. The factor belongs to the real social condition at the time of utterance. At the time of utterance, Americans tend to separate the effect of job lost to the American family life. Americans do not realize that the damage in financial system caused to the decreasing of quality of life in most American family. 48. Just a few months ago, many experts from across the ideological spectrum feared that ensuring financial stability would require even more tax dollars. Quality Maxim The utterance will be interpreted as implicating “+ NOT ALL”. It means that it is a fact that to ensure financial stability would need more dollars for tax. The policy on the other side would give more burdens for Americans in paying their taxes. That is a brief explanation of the effect of that policy. But NOT ALL experts believe in it. 49. And to the extent that some have so readily returned to them underscores the need for change and change now. Quality Maxim + q is NOT many. It means there are no many people who are ready for a change of financial system at the time of utterance. 50. Consumers shouldn’t have to worry about loan contracts designed to be unintelligible, hidden fees attached to their mortgages. Manner Maxim This utterance can be interpreted as implicating that: NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later since at the time of utterance most Americans get worried about all unexplained fees which would be attached for Americans who hold home loan contracts. 51. And responsible lenders, including community banks, Manner Maxim This utterance can be Universitas Sumatera Utara 85 doing the right thing shouldn’t have to worry about ruinous competition from unregulated competitors interpreted as implicating that: NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later since at the time of utterance most America lenders such as banks and other financial institutions get worried about unhealthy competition which is caused by the ruinous system in United States. 52. Nothing could be further from the truth. Quantity Maxim In this utterance, the speaker implicates that + p is true based on speaker’s perspective. It means that speaker believes that all things must stand near the truth. All the opinions must be based on the truthiness. 53. The firm that could make its products looks best by doing the best job of hiding the real costs won. Quantity Maxim In the utterance, the speaker sends an implicature that: + p is true. Based on his utterance, the speaker talked about firms which could survive in financial ruin through producing products that look best but they still can save the costs. 54. That many agencies and regulators were responsible for oversight of individual financial firms and their subsidiaries. Quality Maxim The utterance will be interpreted as implicating “+ NOT ALL”. It means that not all agencies and regulators of financial system are responsible for mistakes made by individual financial firms and their subsidiaries. 55. To help communities that would benefit from the financing you could provide, or the community development institutions you could support. Quality Maxim In uttering the utterance p, the speaker implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later since the speaker talks about his plan of financial reform which has not existed yet. Therefore that utterance is just an expectation which is expected to be true Universitas Sumatera Utara 86 later. There is no clear financial system which helps communities or institutions in United States. 56. There are those who would suggest that we must choose between markets unfettered by even the most modest of regulations and markets weighed down by onerous regulations that suppress the spirit of enterprise and innovation. Quality Maxim 1. There are those who would suggest. p This utterance implicates that: 1. + NOT all people suggest in that way. 2. + NOT certain. The speaker does not have very specific dat to point people who suggest that way. 2. We must choose between markets unfettered by even the most modest of regulations and markets weighed down by onerous regulations that suppress the spirit of enterprise and innovation. q The utterance implicates that: 1. America financial markets are in the huge storm of problems at the time of utterance. 2. NOT p is true. Americans are still not able to reform their financial system. This choice is expected to be true later so the government could save America financial markets. 57. But if there is one lesson we can learn from the last year, it is that this is a false choice. Quantity Maxim This utterance p implicates that + p is true at the time of utterance. The speaker reveals that the false choice in the past leads America to the ruinous of financial system. Hence, the speaker persuades Americans to learn and reform their financial system. Universitas Sumatera Utara 87 58. They believed in a country where everyone gets a fair shake and does their fair share – Where if you stepped up, did your job, and were loyal to your company, that loyalty would be rewarded with a decent salary and good benefits; maybe a raise once in awhile. Quantity Maxim The utterance p can be interpreted as implicating that NOT p is true at the time of utterance. In the fact, America was a land of hope. But now at the time of crisis, the speaker implies that America is not a friendly land any longer. In the past when someone did his job, he would get his reward. But now even people do their best in their jobs they are not surely rewarded. 59. If you did the right thing, you could make it in America Manner Maxim This utterance implicates: NOT p is true. In the past, when someone did the right thing in America they would got success. But at the time of utterance, NOT p is true. Even people do the right things, they do not certainly get success. 60. I am sending this Congress a plan that you should pass right away. Quality Maxim I am sending this Congress a plan that you should pass right away.p This utterance implicates that: 1. The speaker has a plan and he sent it to American Congress. 2. NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. This plan has not been passed yet. Therefore the speaker persuades all Congress members to pass this plan later. 61. There should be nothing controversial about this piece of legislation confidence that if they invest and hire, there will be customers for their products and services Quality Maxim 1.There should be nothing controversial about this piece of legislation confidence.p This utterance implicates that NOT p is true. + p is in contrast to the real condition. In the fact, there are Universitas Sumatera Utara 88 controversials about the plan proposed by the speaker. 2. If they invest and hire, there will be customers for their products and services. This utterance implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. This is just a plan of the speaker. The speaker proposet it and expects it would be passed so it can give something for jobs act in United States. 62. You should pass this jobs plan right away. Quality Maxim This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. This is just a plan of the speaker and the plan is expected to be passed. 63. Pass this jobs bill, and starting tomorrow, small businesses will get a tax cut if they hire new workers or raise workers’ wages Manner Maxim The utterance can be interpreted as implicating: NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. It means this jobs bill has not been passed by America Congress. It also means the small business at the time of utterance still will not get a tax cut even when they hire new workers or raise workers’ wages. 64. If you have 50 employees making an average salary , that’s an 80,000 tax cut. And all businesses will be able to continue writing off the investments they make in 2012 Manner Maxim The utterance implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. This is just a plan of government. When this plan is passed all businesses can continue writing off their investment which they make in 2012. 65. You should pass it right away Quality Maxim This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. This is just a plan of the speaker Universitas Sumatera Utara 89 and the plan is expected to be passed. 66. At a time when millions of unemployed construction workers could build them right here in America Quality Maxim This utterance implicates that: 1. There are unemployed construction workers in United States at the time of utterance. 2. + p NOT certain. The speaker only mentioned millions of unemployed workers. The speaker did not mention the specific number of unemployed workers in United States. 67.Every child deserves a great school – and we can give it to them, if we act now. Manner Maxim This utterance p can be interpreted as implicating: NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. Americ still does not take an action in solving the number of unemployed workers who are steadily growing. Americans still do not act at the time of utterance and it causes many American children do not get a good education. 68. Pass this jobs bill, and companies will get extra tax credits if they hire America’s veterans. Manner Maxim The utterance implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. This is just a plan of government. When this plan is passed to be a bill, the government plans to give extra credits to every company which hires America’s veterans. 69. The last thing they should have to do is fight for a job when they come home. Manner Maxim Through flouting this utterance, the speaker impicates that: 1. “They” refers to Americans who fight for wars outside of America. 2. NOT p is true. Those people Universitas Sumatera Utara 90 are not coming home yet. They are still out of America and the government still cannot guarantee a particular job for them after coming home. 70. Pass this jobs bill, and companies will get a 4,000 tax credit if they hire anyone who has spent more than six months looking for a job. Manner Maxim The utterance implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. This is just a plan of government. When this plan is passed to be a bill, the government plans to give extra tax credits to every company which hires Americans who has spent more than six months looking for a job. 71. If the millions of unemployed Americans stopped getting this insurance, and stopped using that money for basic necessities, it would be a devastating blow to this economy. Manner Maxim This utterance p implicates that: NOT p is true. + p is in contrast to the real condition. At the time of utterance, millions of unemployed Americans still get insurance and money for their daily needs. Yet, America is facing a financial crisis now and there is a tendency to stop this policy in reducing the deficit. Therefore, the speaker asks all Americans to pass this job bill to create job fields to those unemployed Americans. 72. If we allow that tax cut to expire – if we refuse to act – middle-class families will get hit with a tax increase at the worst possible tim Manner Maxim This utterance can be interpreted as implicating: NOT p is true. In fact, at the time of utterance the tax cut has not expired yet. Therefore the middle class families in America have not got the impact of tax increase yet. 73. Now, I realize there are some in my party who dont think we should make any changes at all to Medicare and Quality Maxim The utterance will be interpreted as implicating “+ NOT ALL and + NOT MANY”. It means that not all Universitas Sumatera Utara 91 Medicaid, and I understand their concerns.. people in the speaker’s party, in this case Democrat party, agree with the plan of the speaker in Medicare and Medicaid bill. 74. And if we don’t gradually reform the system while protecting current beneficiaries, it won’t be there when future retirees need it. Manner Maxim This utterance implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. In fact, at the time of utterance, America’s financial system has not been reformed yet. It increases a level of worry for Americans since if the system is still not reformed yet, there will be no protection for olf retirees. 75. We should raise taxes on those who are most fortunate and can best afford it Quality Maxim This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. In fact, the taxes has not been raised yet. Raising taxes is just a plan for creating fairness among American people. 76. And I believe the vast majority of wealthy Americans and CEOs are willing to do just that, if it helps the economy grow and gets our fiscal house in order Manner Maxim This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. In fact, wealthy Americans do not help America in facing this financial crisis since there is no plan which invites them to involve and to help America’s big crisis. 77. Our tax code s houldn’t give an advantage to companies that can afford the best-connected lobbyists Manner Maxim This utterance can be interpreted as implicating that + p is in contrary to the real condition. In fact, at the time of utterance, the financial system which goes in America allows the advantages of tax code belong more to companies which have best connection to government. This condition is the main cause of unfairness occured in Universitas Sumatera Utara 92 America’s financial system. 78. It should give an advantage to companies that invest and create jobs here in America Manner Maxim This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The bill has not been passed. When the tax code bill has been passed, the fairness will be created. The advantage of that code will influence every company and then it creates jobs for Americans. 79. If we want them to start here and stay here and hire here, we have to be able to out-build, out-educate, and out-innovate every other country on Earth. Manner Maxim This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The utterance is a plan designed by the speaker with building a different and better system so many people want to invest in United States. 80. If you’re a small business owner who has a contract with the federal government , we’re going to make sure you get paid a lot faster than you do now. Manner Maxim This utterance sends the implicatures as: 1. NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The plan has not been passed yet so the small business owners who have a contract with federal government still do not get paid a lot faster for their businesses. 2. + p is in contrast to x factor. In fact, at the time of utterance, the small business owner needs a longer time to get paid even they have a contract with the government. 81. If Americans can buy Kias and Hyundais, I want to see folks in South Korea driving Fords and Chevys and Chryslers. Manner Maxim This utterance sends the implicatures as: 1. NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The speaker designs a plan to create jobs in automotive fields. If the plan works, America will produce more Universitas Sumatera Utara 93 cars and they can export it to all over the world. 2. Many Americans use Korean’s products. 3. + p is in contrast to x factor. In fact, at the time of utterance, there are only a few American cars in all over the world in this in South Korea. 82. If we provide the right incentives and support – and if we make sure our trading partners play by the rules – we can be the ones to build everything from fuel-efficient cars to advanced biofuels to semiconductors that are sold all over the world Manner Maxim This utterance p implicates: 1. NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The right incentives support, and fixed rules have not existed yet. Those are the speaker’s plan of American economic. 2. NOT p is true. NOT p is in contrast to the real condition. At the time of utterance, America is still not able to produce biofuels cars and sells it to all over the world. 83. Some of you sincerely believe that the only solution to our economic challenges is to simply cut most government spending and eliminate most government regulations. Quality Maxim The utterance will be interpreted as implicating “+ NOT ALL and + NOT MANY”. It means that not all people believe that cutting government spending and eliminating givernment regulations can solve the economic problems faced by America at the time of utterance. 84. We should have no more regulation than the health, safety, and security of the American people require. Manner Maxim This utterance sends an implicature as: “We should have no more regulation than the health, safety, and security of the American people require”. p + p is in contrast to x factor. At the time of utterance, Americans government creates more regulations than a real Universitas Sumatera Utara 94 action in solving health and security problems in America. 85. Every rule should meet that common sense test. Manner Maxim This utterance p sends an implicature as: + p is in contrast to x factor. In fact, at the time of utterance, there is a tendency in which Americans make a rule not based on the commonsensical consideration. It leads Americans to the condition without uncertainty. 86. We shouldn’t be in a race to the bottom, where we try to offer the cheapest labor and the worst pollution standards. Quality Maxim This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is in contrast to x factor. In fact, due to the fact that America is facing a huge financial crisis and because of it, America is only able to give a low wage to their labors, America is on low position in the level of countries in this world which is measured by economic, politics and many other factors. 87. America should be in a race to the top. Manner Maxim This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. America is not in a top race competition of being best and wealthiest country now. This utterance sounds as persuasion to all Americans for they are willing to accept that plan and build America once again. 88. Ask yourselves – where would we be right now if the people who sat here before us decided not to build our highways and our bridges; our dams and our airports? Quality Maxim The utterance can be interpreted as implicating that: 1. + p is true. There are Americans ancestors who fought for Americans independence. 2. For their struggle, America is able to build public necessities in fulfilling Universitas Sumatera Utara 95 Americans as society. 89. What would this country be like if we had chosen not to spend money on public high schools, or research universities, or community colleges? Quality Maxim This utterance can be interpreted as implicating that: 1. Americans’ founding fathers had decided to issue a policy of sacrificing money in building public needs in United States. 2. + p is true. There are public high schools, colleges, and many other public places built by American ancestors. 90. Where would we be if they hadn’t had that chance? Manner Maxim This utterance implicates that: + p is in contrast to x factor. American ancestors had a chance and took it in their responsibility to build America as they are now. 91. How many jobs would it have cost us if past Congresses decided not to support the basic research that led to the Internet and the computer chip? Manner Maxim This utterance sends an implicature as: 1. + p is in contrast to x factor. Americans past Congresses have decided to pass a bill that allowed the use of costs in developing Internet and computer chip. 2. In fact, at the time of utterance, Americans has a big development in internet and computer chips. 92. What kind of country would this be if this Chamber had voted down Social Security or Medicare just because it violated some rigid idea about what government could or could not do? How many Americans would have suffered as a result? Manner Maxim This utterance can be interpreted as implicating that + p is in contrast to x factor. In fact, in past American, the past Congress has voted up to Social Security ad other acts which related to public needs without considering their own interests. They sacrifice their interests for Americans as a whole. Universitas Sumatera Utara 96 93. And maybe some of you have decided that those differences are so great that we can only resolve them at the ballot box. Quality Maxim a. And maybe some of you have decided that those differences are so great p The utterance can be interpreted: 1. + p is NOT certain. It means that the speaker is not really sure for his utterance that talks about people’s perspective of America’s deficit. 2. + p is NOT all and NOT many. Only some people think that America’s deficit is too big and ballot policy is the only solution. b. We can only resolve them at the ballot box.q This utterance can be interpreted: NOT q is true. + q is expected to be true later. Ballot policy is just a plan and does not exist yet at the time of utterance. 94. Some of them are living week to week; paycheck to paycheck; even day to day. Quality Maxim The utterance will be interpreted as implicating “+ NOT ALL and + NOT MANY”. It means that not all Americans are living in the suffered condition because of Medicare and Medicaid. But the number increases rapidly. Therefore, the speaker asks all elements to unite and solve this problem. 95. It shouldn’t be, nor will it be, the last plan of action we propose. Manner Maxim Through this utterance p, the speaker sends an implicature as: NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The speaker asks all Americans to create many options to widen Universitas Sumatera Utara 97 their solution in solving that financial crisis. 96. Remind us that if we act as one nation, and one people, we have it within our power to meet this challenge Manner Maxim This utterance p implicates that: NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. At the time of utterance, Americans tend to be separated and do not act as one nation. Through this utterance, the speaker expects Americans to unite so Americans can jump over this challenge. 97. Even if it robs the country of our opportunity to solve a long- term challenge. And out of this blizzard of charges and counter- charges, confusion has reigned. Manner Maxim This utterance p sends an implicature as: NOT p is true. The plan has not been passed yet and the solution can not be countered. 98. It will be against the law for insurance companies to drop your coverage when you get sick or water it down when you need it most Manner Maxim This utterance can be interpreted as: NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The bill has not been passed yet at the time of utterance. At the time of utterance, dropping people’s coverage when they are sick is not considered as an action against law. 99. It’s a good idea now, And we should embrace it. Manner Maxim This utterance sends an implicature as: 1. The idea exists and it is proposed by someone. 2. NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. In fact, at the time of utterance, Americans tend to deny that idea. 100. Most of this plan can be paid for by finding savings within the existing health care system – a system that is currently full of waste and abuse. Quality Maxim Through this utterance, the speaker implicates: 1. + p is NOT all. It means not all aspects can be paid for by finding savings with the existing health care system. 2. NOT p is true. This plan has not been paid for by finding savings within the existing health care system. Universitas Sumatera Utara 98 101. Add it all up, and the plan Im proposing will cost around 900 billion over ten years – less than we have spent on the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, and less than the tax cuts for the wealthiest few Americans that Congress passed at the beginning of the previous administration Quality Maxim The utterance can be interpreted as: 1. There are some exiting things occured in America such as wars and tax cuts. 2. There is a plan proposed by the speaker. 3. NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The plan has not been passed yet so it can not be applied to Americans. 4. + p is NOT certain. The speaker is not really sure about the number of costs which would be spent. 102. And financial penalties whether through a credit card or debit card that appear without warning on their statements. Quality Maxim The utterance p implicates that: + p is NOT certain. The speaker is not really sure about the causes of financial penalties to consumers who hold credit and debit cards. 103. That we must choose between markets unfettered by even the most modest of regulations and markets weighed down by onerous regulations that suppress the spirit of enterprise and innovation. Manner Maxim The utterance p can be interpreted as implicating: NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. Americans still hve not determined their option yet insolving this financial crisis. America has two contrast options and the speaker asks all elements in America to work faster in facing this problem. 104. And all businesses will be able to continue writing off the investments they make in 2012; Manner Maxim Through observing this utterance p, it implicates that: NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The plan has not been passed yet, so there is no guarantee that the small businesses can continue their investments in 2012. The speaker expects the plan could be passed and he estimates this investment will be appeared with this plan. 105. Now, I realize there are Manner Maxim The utterance p implicates Universitas Sumatera Utara 99 some in my party who don’t think we should make any changes at all to Medicare and Medicaid, and I understand their concerns as: 1. There are some people in the speaker’s party who gave their opinion about this crisis. 2. NOT p is true. There are no changes in Medicare and Medicaid bill at the time of utterance. The changes are plans which are expected to be true later. 106. And I believe that’s a race we can win. Manner Maxim The utterance p can be interpreted as implicating: NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. At the time of utterance, America is in low position of a race of being best country. Through this plan which has not been passed yet the speaker expects America can solve this problem and rebuild their glory and wealthy. 107. Some of you sincerely believe that the only solution to our economic challenges is to simply cut most government spending and eliminate most government regulations. Manner Maxim The utterance p can be interpreted as implicating: NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. At the time of utterance, there is no cut for government spending and eliminate government regulations. It is just an expectation when the solution is approved. 108. And maybe some of you have decided that those differences are so great that we can only resolve them at the ballot box. Quality Maxim The utterance will be interpreted as implicating “+ NOT ALL and + NOT MANY”. It means that not all people believe that ballot decision is the only way to solve America’s deficit. 109. Most of this plan can be paid for by finding savings within the existing health care system – a system that is currently full of waste and abuse Quality Maxim Through this utterance, the speaker implicates: 1. + p is NOT all. It means not all aspects can be paid for by finding savings with the existing health care system. 2. NOT p is true. This plan has not been paid for by finding savings within the existing Universitas Sumatera Utara 100 health care system. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion