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weighed down by onerous regulations that suppress the
spirit of enterprise and innovation.
problem. 2. America has not
choosed their financial system and the President
insists of it.
104. And all businesses will be able to continue writing off the
investments they make in 2012;
Existential Presupposition
1. There are many businesses in America.
2. Those businesses are guaranteed to be able to
continue their investment when the plan is passed.
105. Now, I realize there are some in my party who don’t
think we should make any changes at all to Medicare and
Medicaid, and I understand their concerns
Factive Presupposition Some people from
president’s party do not fully agree with president
himself.
106. And I believe the vast majority of wealthy Americans
and CEOs are willing to do just that, if it helps the
economy grow and gets our fiscal house in order
Factive Presupposition 1. There are many rich
people in America. 2. Those rich people are
willing to lend their helping hand to bring
America out of crisis.
107. And I belie ve that’s a race
we can win. Non- Factive
Presupposition President of America
believes that America could be on the top of
competition of being best economic in this world.
108. Some of you sincerely believe that the only solution
to our economic challenges is to simply cut most government
spending and eliminate most government regulations.
Factive Presupposition 1. Those people exist and
have their own idea. 2. There is economic
challenges faced by America at the time of
utterance. 3. There is a proposal to
cut most government spending in solving those
challenges.
109. And maybe some of you have decided that those
differences are so great that we can only resolve them at the
ballot box. Factive Presupposition
At the time of utterance there are some people
who proposed ballot money as idea to solve
health care problem.
4.3. Implicatures
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Through reflecting on a set theory of Cooperative Principle, the analysis moves to describe what the hedges implicate. The implicatures contained in this table
3 ar e completed with maxims of the utterance from Barack Obama’s speeches.
TABLE 3 Implicatures Hedges
The Maxims Implicature
1. I am not the first President to take up this cause, but I am
determined to be the last. Quantity Maxim By following the quantity
maxim that sentence implicates there are many
previous Presidents who also faced the Health Care problem
are not mentioned specifically in that context.
2. More and more Americans worry that if you move, lose
your job, or change your job, youll lose your health insurance
too. Quality Maxim
By choosing “more” in that sentence, the speaker creates
an implicature that + not all Americans worry.
3.Now there are those who are suggesting that somehow this
will restrict the choices available to consumers
Quantity Maxim The utterance will be interpreted as implicating that
the speaker are not sure + certain on the right number
who suggested as it.
4. Another woman from Texas was about to get a double
mastectomy when her insurance company canceled her policy
because she forgot to declare a case of acne
Quantity Maxim The speaker implicates as there is one woman from Texas who
also suffers like other women for Health Care problem. But
here the speaker is also violating the quantity maxim
by not mentionin
g woman’s name briefly.
5. It is wrong, and no one should be treated that way in the
United States of America Quality Maxim
The utterance will be interpreted as this is + not
must on a scale of obligation.
6. If we do nothing to slow these skyrocketing costs, we will
eventually be spending more on Medicare and Medicaid than
every other government Manner maxim
In uttering the statement, the speaker produces implicatures
that:
1. . If we do nothing to slow
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program combined. these skyrocketing costs, we
will eventually be spending more on Medicare and
Medicaid than every other government program
combined. NOT p
2. NOT p is true. +p expected to be true later
means the speaker expects that all American people can slow
the skyrocketing costs later.
7. There are those on the left who believe that the only way to
fix the system is through a single-payer system like
Canadas, where we would severely restrict the private
insurance market and have the government provide coverage
for everyone. Quantity Maxim B
y choosing “those” the speaker sends implicatures
that: 1. + NOT all American
believe in that solution. 2. + NOT certain. The
speaker does not have a certain data to poiny people who stand
on that position.
8. On the right, there are those who argue that we should end
the employer-based system and leave individuals to buy health
insurance on their own. Quantity and
Quality Maxims In uttering this sentence, the
speaker implicates: 1. + NOT all American
believe in that solution. 2. + NOT certain. The
speaker does not have a certain data to point people who stand
on that position.
3. The utterance will be interpreted as this is + not
must on a scale of obligation. It means it was an obligation
to stop and to change that condition, but American did
not do that at the time of utterance.
9. I believe it makes more sense to build on what works and fix
what doesnt, rather than try to build an entirely new system
from scratch. Manner maxim
1. I believe it makes more sense to build on what works
and fix what doesnt. p
2. Rather than try to build an entirely new system from
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scratch.q In uttering that sentence, the
speaker implicates to “two contrast informations” + p is
in contrast to q. The speaker persuades to choose p as his
policy toward his people. In fact, Americans may choose q
as ultimate policy for their economic problem.
10. Too many have used this as an opportunity to score short-
term political points. Quantity Maxim In uttering this sentence, the
speaker implicates: 1. + NOT all America
politicians used this economic problem as political
opportunity to blow up his political popularity.
2. + NOT certain. The speaker does not have a certain
data to point people who used this problem as a dirty political
opportunity.
11. First, if you are among the hundreds of millions of
Americans who already have health insurance through your
job, Medicare, Medicaid, or the VA, nothing in this plan will
require you or your employer to change the coverage or the
doctor you have. Manner Maxim
In uttering that sentence, the conversational context which
might be implicated is:
1. The speaker is sure about the plan which he proposed in
order the plan would not ask for any changes for Americans
who have held health insurance previously.
2. The plan is not passed yet. The speaker expects the plan
will be passed later.
12. As soon as I sign this bill, it will be against the law for
insurance companies to drop your coverage when you get
sick or water it down when you Manner Maxim
The utterance can be interpreted as:
1. As soon as I sign this bill. p
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need it most. 2. It will be against the law for
insurance companies to drop your coverage when you get
sick or water it down when you need it most. q
Considering those two propositions the speaker
implicates:
1. NOT p This has not been signed yet.
2. NOT q Dropping American coverage when they
get sick or water it down when they need it most is not an act
against law.
13. We will place a limit on how much you can be charged for
out-of-pocket expenses, because in the United States of America,
no one should go broke because they get sick
Manner Maxim 1. We will place a limit on
how much you can be charged for out-of-pocket expenses.p
2. Because in the United States of America, no one should go
broke because they get sick.q
Those sentences could be interpreted as the implicatures
of:
1. NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. At
the time of utterance, there is no clear law who manages
about limit that can be charged toward someone in
maintaining their health in United States.
2. q is in contrast with x factor. By regarding that
sentence and the social condition at the time, it can be
seen that speaker’s utterance stands contrastly against the
fact. In the fact, many
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Americans go broke for their sick since they do not get any
good health care for it.
14. Now, if youre one of the tens of millions of Americans
who dont currently have health insurance, the second part of
this plan will finally offer you quality, affordable choices.
Manner Maxim In uttering that sentence, the
speaker implicates that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be
true later. At the time of utterance, there is no clear,
affordable, and quality choices which are provided to
American. It is just a plan that is expected to be true later.
15. If you lose your job or change your job, you will be
able to get coverage. Manner Maxim
The utterance will be interpreted as implicating:
1. p is in contrast to x factor. The sentence is in contrast
with the real condition. At the time of utterance, there is no
coverage for most Americans who lose their jobs or change
their jobs.
2. NOT p is true. P is expected to be true later. As stated
above that in the fact that utterance is in contrast with the
real condition. Therefore, that utterance is merely a plan
which is hoped to be realized later.
16. If you strike out on your own and start a small business,
you will be able to get coverage. Manner Maxim
The utterance will be interpreted as implicating:
1. p is in contrast to x factor. The sentence is in contrast
with the real condition. At the time of utterance, there is no
coverage for most Americans who strike for their own jobs
and start a small business.
2. NOT p is true. P is expected to be true later. As stated
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above that in the fact that utterance is in contrast with the
real condition. Therefore, that utterance is merely a plan
which is hoped to be realized later.
17. We will immediately offer low-cost coverage that will
protect you against financial ruin if you become seriously ill.
Manner Maxim The utterance will be
interpreted as implicating:
1. p is in contrast to x factor. The sentence is in contrast
with the real condition. At the time of utterance, there is no
low cost coverage which protects Americans against
financial ruin when they get serious problems.
2. NOT p is true. P is expected to be true later. As stated
above that in the fact that utterance is in contrast with the
real condition. Therefore, that utterance is merely a plan
which is hoped to be realized later after the plan has been
passed.
18. This was a good idea when Senator John McCain proposed
it in the campaign. Quantity Maxim 1. This was a good idea. p
2. When Senator John McCain proposed it in the campaign.q
Those sentences can be implicated as + p q. It
means that the idea and Senator John McCain which
proposed the idea are both real things.
19. Now, even if we provide these affordable options, there
may be those particularly the young and healthy
– who still want to take the risk and go
without coverage Manner and
Quality Maxim 1. Even if we provide these
affordable options. p.
The sentence can be interpreted as implicating NOT
p is true. It means + p is
expected to be true later since at the time of utterance United
States government do not give
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really good options in health insurance for most Americans.
2.There may be those particularly the young and
healthy – who still want to
take the risk and go without coverage. q.
The sentence implicates that q + not certain with p. It means
through that statement the speaker hesitates that all
Americans can get coverage even when the health
insurance plan has been passed.
20. There may still be companies
that refuse to do right by their workers
Quality Maxim There may still be companies
that refuse to do right by their workers. p
Through observing that sentence, it implicates that
“+p not certain”. It means that the speaker does not have
full belief of his plan and he cannot much do to overcome
those companies in America which do not obey his plan.
21. If there are affordable options and people still dont
sign up for health insurance, it means we pay for those peoples
expensive emergency room visits.
Manner Maxim In that utterance, the speaker
implicates as NOT p is true, + p is expected to be true
later. The speaker just calculated and estimated that
this big budget will be pleased rich people when common
Americans do not sign up themselves for health
insurance care as soon as the plan has been passed.
22. If some businesses dont provide workers health care, it
forces the rest of us to pick up the tab when their workers get
sick, and gives those businesses an unfair advantage over their
competitors Manner Maxim
1. By choosing “some in that utterance, the speaker creates
an implicature that + all businesses provide health care
insurance for their workers in United States at the time of
utterance.
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2. It forces the rest of us to pick up the tab when their
workers get sick, and gives those businesses an unfair
advantage over their competitors. p
The utterance implicates that +p is expected to be true later
since NOT p is true at the time of utterance. Through that
utterance the speaker just persuades American people to
stand with his economic plan therefore goverment could
help people who do not have health insurance yet from their
companies. This utterance is expected to be true later.
23. And unless everybody does their part many of the insurance
reforms we seek – especially
requiring insurance companies to cover pre-existing conditions
– just cant be achieved. Manner Maxim
In uttering that sentence, the speaker implicates that + p is
in contrast with the x condition. It means that at the
time of utterance many Americans denied being
involved in solving health insurance problem. It can be
proven that America still cannot reform their health care
bill.
24. Improving our health care system only works if everybody
does their part Manner Maxim
In uttering that sentence, the speaker implicates that + p is
in contrast with the x condition. It means that:
1. NOT p is true. It means not American involves in
improving health care system.
2. NOT p is true. It means improving health care system
in United States does not work well at the time of utterance.
25. I believe a broad consensus exists for the aspects of the plan
Quality Maxim That utterance implicates that:
1.a broad consensus for the aspects of the plan does not
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exist yet. =NOT p 2. NOT p is true. +p is
expected to be true later. The speaker expects that all
Americans stand with him in doing this plan.
26. Such a charge would be laughable if it werent so cynical
and irresponsible. Quantity Maxim In that utterance, the speaker
implicates that +p is true. There is a charge which is
cannot be explained rationally that went over people who
hold health insurance in America. The charge should
not be allowed to be charged over people.
27. In fact, based on Congressional Budget Office
estimates, we believe that less than 5 of Americans would
sign up. Quantity Maxim In this case, this utterance
conveys a meaning as +p is true based on the fact that the
speaker has a valid data from very specific institution which
is responsible for counting the budget statistic in America.
28. And theyd be right if taxpayers were subsidizing this
public insurance option. But they wont be.
Manner Maxim 1. And theyd be right if
taxpayers were subsidizing this public insurance option. p
2.But they wont be.q Those utterances can be
interpreted as implicating: p q
+p is in contrast to q. The speaker expects that the
paxpayers obey to pay their taxes so it may help public
health insurance for many people. But the payers do not
do it regularly in United States at the time of utterance and it
causes many people cannot have health insurance in their
life.
29. But by avoiding some of the overhead that gets eaten up at
private companies by profits, excessive administrative costs
and executive salaries, it could provide a good deal for
Quality Maxim 1. But by avoiding some of the
overhead that gets eaten up at private companies by profits,
excessive administrative costs and executive salaries, it could
provide a good deal for
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consumers consumers p
This utterance can be interpreted as implicating NOT
p is true. + p is expected to be
true later. It clearly means that at the time of utterance, in
United States, there are some particular excessive costs used
by private companies. The speaker expects that the costs
can be subsidized to consumers but at the time of
utterance, it does not work.
30. The public option is only a means to that end
– and we should remain open to other
ideas that accomplish our ultimate goal.
Quality Maxim The public option is only a
means to that end – and we
should remain open to other ideas that accomplish our
ultimate goal.p
The utterance sends an implicature that NOT p is true.
+ p is expected to be true later. It means at the time of
speaking, there is a tendency in United States that people
start to be suspicious toward every new idea that comes
from others. There is a lack of belief about each other.
31. And to my Republican friends, I say that rather than
making wild claims about a government takeover of health
care, we should work together to address any legitimate concerns
you may have. Quality Maxim
1. And to my Republican friends, I say that rather than
making wild claims about a government takeover of health
care. p
That utterance implicates that + p is true. It means that there
are some Republicans, an opposite party of the speaker,
who issued an opposite
opinion about government’s health plan without any further
consideration. The speaker expects that all Americans,
whether Democrats or Republicans to reunite in
solving this problem.
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32. But I will not back down on the basic principle that if
Americans cant find affordable coverage, we will provide you
with a choice. Manner Maxim But I will not back down on
the basic principle that if Americans cant find
affordable coverage, we will provide you with a choice.p
In uttering that sentence, the speaker implicates that NOT p
is true. + p is expected to be true later. At the time of
speaking, there is no affordable option of coverage
which is available for Americans. The utterance is
just a plan of the speaker which is hoped to embody
later.
33. And to prove that Im serious, there will be a provision
in this plan that requires us to come forward with more
spending cuts if the savings we promised dont materialize.
Manner Maxim The utterance implicates that
NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. It
means at the time of utterance, the plan and all aspects inside
of it do not exist yet. It also implicates that there is a
tendency in United States to materialize the savings which
is done by some sides in bureaucracy.
34. Second, weve estimated that most of this plan can be paid for
by finding savings within the existing health care system
– a system that is currently full of
waste and abuse Quality Maxim
In uttering this sentence, the speaker implicates:
1. + NOT all parts of this plan can be paid for by finding
savings within the existing health care system.
2. + NOT certain. The speaker does not have a certain
and trusted data to be delivered about how many parts in this
plan that can be paid for by finding savings within the
existing health care system.
35. And according to these same experts, this modest change
could help hold down the cost of health care for all of us in the
long-run. Quality Maxim
And according to these same experts, this modest change
could help hold down the cost of health care for all of us in
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the long-run. p Through observing that
sentence, it implicates that “+p is not certain”. It implies
that the speaker does not fully believe that his plan in health
care system can help down the cost of America.
36. Add it all up, and the plan Im proposing will cost around
900 billion over ten years –
less than we have spent on the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, and
less than the tax cuts for the wealthiest few Americans that
Congress passed at the beginning of the previous
administration Quality Maxim
in uttering that sentence p, the speaker gives implicatures
as:
1. NOT p is true. P is expected to be true later. The plan does
not exist yet and the plan is hoped to work soon.
2. +p is certain. The speaker is not fully certain about the
number of cost which would be spent in this plan.
37. And if we are able to slow the growth of health care costs
by just one-tenth of one percent each year, it will actually reduce
the deficit by 4 trillion over the long term
Manner Maxim In that utterance, the speaker implicates as NOT p is true,
+ p is expected to be true later. At the time of utterance,
America government is still not able to slow the growth of
health care costs. For all the increasing of spent-cost
occured in America at the time of utterance, America
budgeting faced a horrible deficit.
38. If you come to me with a serious set of proposals, I will
be there to listen. Manner Maxim
This utterance can be interpreted as implicating that:
NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later since at the
time of utterance none brings another option for the speaker
in solving health care system in United States.
39 . If you misrepresent what’s
in the plan, we will call you out. Manner Maxim
This utterance can be interpreted as implicating that:
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NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later since none
sends his misinterpretation about this plan therefore none
would be called out to get a further explanation about this
plan.
40. Everyone in this room knows what will happen if we
do nothing. Quantity Maxim + p is true based on the
speaker’s perspectives. The speaker believes every
American really knows the disaster that will come if they
still cannot find the right solution for health care system.
41. He never forgot the sheer terror and helplessness that any
parent feels when a child is badly sick; and he was able to
imagine what it must be like for those without insurance; what it
would be like to have to say to a wife or a child or an aging
parent
– there is something that could make you better, but I just
cant afford it. Quality Maxim
There is something that could make you better, but I just
can’t afford it. Through observing that
sentence, it implicates that “+p is not certain”. In this
utterance, the speaker talks about someone’s experience
about health care. That man intends to give a something
better to his family but he cannot make it true since
America still has no a reform in health care system. This
phrase literally conveys about
Americans’ suffering in their healthy for health care system
has not been reformed yet.
42. They joined together so that all of us could enter our golden
years with some basic peace of mind.
Quantity and Quality Maxim
This utterance can be interpreted as implicating:
1. They joined together. p + p is true. The utterance
implicates that American ancestors were being united to
fight for America Independent. Because of the independent,
America could get prosperity in their society.
2. All of us could enter our golden years with some basic
peace of mind.q
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+ q is NOT many. It means there is no many basic peace
of mind belonging to Americans in their golden
years.
43. I still believe we can act even when it’s hard.
Manner Maxim This utterance p conveys implicature as:
NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later. At the time of
utterance, there is a tendency that Americans stop struggling
for problems that they are facing.
44. I still believe we can replace acrimony with civility, and
gridlock with progress Manner Maxim
This utterance p conveys implicature as:
NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later since at the
time of utterance, America is still stuck with acrimony and
gridlock as the result of their incapibility to reform their
health care system entirely. Civility and progress are
expected to be true in America society later.
45. I still believe we can do great things, and that here and
now we will meet history’s test Manner Maxim
This utterance p conveys implicature as:
NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later since at the
time of utterance, Americans are still surrounded by many
big problems. The speaker then asks all Americans to
great things later in solving this problem.
46. Other large firms teetered on the brink of insolvency
Quality Maxim Other large firms teetered on
the brink of insolvency. p This utterance can be
interpreted as implicating: + p is NOT certain. It means
the speaker has no particular data that can be used to point
exactly or precisely the firms which teetered on the brink of
insolvency.
47. We could not separate what was happening in the corridors
Quality Maxim We could not separate what
was happening in the corridors
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of our financial institutions from what was happening on factory
floors and around kitchen tables. of our financial institutions
from what was happening on factory floors and around
kitchen tables. p The utterance implicates that
+ p is in contrast to x factor. The factor belongs to the real
social condition at the time of utterance. At the time of
utterance, Americans tend to separate the effect of job lost
to the American family life. Americans do not realize that
the damage in financial system caused to the decreasing of
quality of life in most American family.
48. Just a few months ago, many experts from across the
ideological spectrum feared that ensuring financial stability
would require even more tax dollars.
Quality Maxim The utterance will be
interpreted as implicating “+ NOT ALL”. It means that it is
a fact that to ensure financial stability would need more
dollars for tax. The policy on the other side would give more
burdens for Americans in paying their taxes. That is a
brief explanation of the effect of that policy. But NOT ALL
experts believe in it.
49. And to the extent that some have so readily returned to them
underscores the need for change and change now.
Quality Maxim + q is NOT many. It means
there are no many people who are ready for a change of
financial system at the time of utterance.
50. Consumers shouldn’t have to worry about loan contracts
designed to be unintelligible, hidden fees attached to their
mortgages. Manner Maxim This utterance can be
interpreted as implicating that: NOT p is true. +p is expected
to be true later since at the time of utterance most
Americans get worried about all unexplained fees which
would be attached for Americans who hold home
loan contracts.
51. And responsible lenders, including community banks,
Manner Maxim This utterance can be
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doing the right thing shouldn’t
have to worry about ruinous competition from unregulated
competitors interpreted as implicating that:
NOT p is true. +p is expected to be true later since at the
time of utterance most America lenders such as banks
and other financial institutions get worried about unhealthy
competition which is caused by the ruinous system in
United States.
52. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Quantity Maxim In this utterance, the speaker implicates that + p is true
based on speaker’s perspective. It means that
speaker believes that all things must stand near the truth. All
the opinions must be based on the truthiness.
53. The firm that could make its products looks best by doing the
best job of hiding the real costs won.
Quantity Maxim In the utterance, the speaker sends an implicature that:
+ p is true. Based on his utterance, the speaker talked
about firms which could survive in financial ruin
through producing products that look best but they still can
save the costs.
54. That many agencies and regulators were responsible for
oversight of individual financial firms and their subsidiaries.
Quality Maxim The utterance will be
interpreted as implicating “+ NOT ALL”. It means that not
all agencies and regulators of financial system are
responsible for mistakes made by individual financial firms
and their subsidiaries.
55. To help communities that would benefit from the
financing you could provide, or the community development
institutions you could support. Quality Maxim
In uttering the utterance p, the speaker implicates that
NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later since
the speaker talks about his plan of financial reform which has
not existed yet. Therefore that utterance is just an expectation
which is expected to be true
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later. There is no clear financial system which helps
communities or institutions in United States.
56. There are those who would suggest that we must choose
between markets unfettered by even the most modest of
regulations and markets weighed down by onerous
regulations that suppress the spirit of enterprise and
innovation. Quality Maxim
1. There are those who would suggest. p
This utterance implicates that: 1. + NOT all people suggest
in that way. 2. + NOT certain. The
speaker does not have very specific dat to point people
who suggest that way.
2. We must choose between markets unfettered by even the
most modest of regulations and markets weighed down by
onerous regulations that suppress the spirit of enterprise
and innovation. q
The utterance implicates that: 1. America financial markets
are in the huge storm of problems at the time of
utterance.
2. NOT p is true. Americans are still not able to reform their
financial system. This choice is expected to be true later so
the government could save America financial markets.
57. But if there is one lesson we can learn from the last year, it is
that this is a false choice. Quantity Maxim This utterance p implicates
that + p is true at the time of utterance. The speaker reveals
that the false choice in the past leads America to the ruinous
of financial system. Hence, the speaker persuades Americans
to learn and reform their financial system.
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58. They believed in a country where everyone gets a fair shake
and does their fair share –
Where if you stepped up, did your job, and were loyal to your
company, that loyalty would be rewarded with a decent salary
and good benefits; maybe a raise once in awhile.
Quantity Maxim The utterance p can be interpreted as implicating that
NOT p is true at the time of utterance. In the fact, America
was a land of hope. But now at the time of crisis, the speaker
implies that America is not a friendly land any longer. In the
past when someone did his job, he would get his reward.
But now even people do their best in their jobs they are not
surely rewarded.
59. If you did the right thing, you could make it in America
Manner Maxim This utterance implicates:
NOT p is true. In the past, when someone did the right
thing in America they would got success. But at the time of
utterance, NOT p is true. Even people do the right things, they
do not certainly get success.
60. I am sending this Congress a plan that you should pass right
away. Quality Maxim
I am sending this Congress a plan that you should pass right
away.p
This utterance implicates that: 1. The speaker has a plan and
he sent it to American Congress.
2. NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. This
plan has not been passed yet. Therefore the speaker
persuades all Congress members to pass this plan
later.
61. There should be nothing controversial about this piece of
legislation confidence that if they invest and hire, there will
be customers for their products and services
Quality Maxim 1.There should be nothing
controversial about this piece of legislation confidence.p
This utterance implicates that NOT p is true. + p is in
contrast to the real condition. In the fact, there are
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controversials about the plan proposed by the speaker.
2. If they invest and hire, there will be customers for their
products and services.
This utterance implicates that NOT p is true. + p is
expected to be true later. This is just a plan of the speaker.
The speaker proposet it and expects it would be passed so
it can give something for jobs act in United States.
62. You should pass this jobs plan right away.
Quality Maxim This utterance p implicates
that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. This
is just a plan of the speaker and the plan is expected to be
passed.
63. Pass this jobs bill, and starting tomorrow, small
businesses will get a tax cut if they hire new workers or raise
workers’ wages Manner Maxim
The utterance can be interpreted as implicating:
NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. It
means this jobs bill has not been passed by America
Congress. It also means the small business at the time of
utterance still will not get a tax cut even when they hire new
workers or raise workers’ wages.
64. If you have 50 employees making an average salary
, that’s an 80,000 tax cut. And all
businesses will be able to continue writing off the
investments they make in 2012 Manner Maxim
The utterance implicates that NOT p is true. + p is
expected to be true later. This is just a plan of government.
When this plan is passed all businesses can continue
writing off their investment which they make in 2012.
65. You should pass it right away
Quality Maxim This utterance p implicates
that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. This
is just a plan of the speaker
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and the plan is expected to be passed.
66. At a time when millions of unemployed construction
workers could build them right here in America
Quality Maxim This utterance implicates that:
1. There are unemployed construction workers in United
States at the time of utterance.
2. + p NOT certain. The speaker only mentioned
millions of unemployed workers. The speaker did not
mention the specific number of unemployed workers in United
States.
67.Every child deserves a great school
– and we can give it to them, if we act now.
Manner Maxim This utterance p can be interpreted as implicating:
NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later.
Americ still does not take an action in solving the number of
unemployed workers who are steadily growing. Americans
still do not act at the time of utterance and it causes many
American children do not get a good education.
68. Pass this jobs bill, and companies will get extra tax
credits if they hire America’s
veterans. Manner Maxim The utterance implicates that
NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. This
is just a plan of government. When this plan is passed to be
a bill, the government plans to give extra credits to every
company which hires
America’s veterans. 69. The last thing they should
have to do is fight for a job when they come home.
Manner Maxim Through flouting this utterance, the speaker
impicates that: 1. “They” refers to Americans
who fight for wars outside of America.
2. NOT p is true. Those people
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are not coming home yet. They are still out of America and the
government still cannot guarantee a particular job for
them after coming home.
70. Pass this jobs bill, and companies will get a 4,000 tax
credit if they hire anyone who has spent more than six months
looking for a job. Manner Maxim The utterance implicates that
NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. This
is just a plan of government. When this plan is passed to be
a bill, the government plans to give extra tax credits to every
company which hires Americans who has spent
more than six months looking for a job.
71. If the millions of unemployed Americans stopped
getting this insurance, and stopped using that money for
basic necessities, it would be a devastating blow to this
economy. Manner Maxim
This utterance p implicates that:
NOT p is true. + p is in contrast to the real condition.
At the time of utterance, millions of unemployed
Americans still get insurance and money for their daily
needs. Yet, America is facing a financial crisis now and there
is a tendency to stop this policy in reducing the deficit.
Therefore, the speaker asks all Americans to pass this job bill
to create job fields to those unemployed Americans.
72. If we allow that tax cut to expire
– if we refuse to act – middle-class families will get hit
with a tax increase at the worst possible tim
Manner Maxim This utterance can be interpreted as implicating:
NOT p is true. In fact, at the time of utterance the tax cut
has not expired yet. Therefore the middle class families in
America have not got the impact of tax increase yet.
73. Now, I realize there are some in my party who dont
think we should make any changes at all to Medicare and
Quality Maxim The utterance will be
interpreted as implicating “+ NOT ALL and + NOT
MANY”. It means that not all
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Medicaid, and I understand their concerns..
people in the speaker’s party, in this case Democrat party,
agree with the plan of the speaker in Medicare and
Medicaid bill.
74. And if we don’t gradually
reform the system while protecting current beneficiaries,
it won’t be there when future retirees need it.
Manner Maxim This utterance implicates that NOT p is true. + p is
expected to be true later. In fact, at the time of utterance,
America’s financial system has not been reformed yet. It
increases a level of worry for Americans since if the system
is still not reformed yet, there will be no protection for olf
retirees.
75. We should raise taxes on those who are most fortunate
and can best afford it Quality Maxim
This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is
expected to be true later. In fact, the taxes has not been
raised yet. Raising taxes is just a plan for creating fairness
among American people.
76. And I believe the vast majority of wealthy Americans
and CEOs are willing to do just that, if it helps the economy
grow and gets our fiscal house in order
Manner Maxim This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is
expected to be true later. In fact, wealthy Americans do not
help America in facing this financial crisis since there is
no plan which invites them to
involve and to help America’s big crisis.
77. Our tax code s houldn’t give
an advantage to companies that can afford the best-connected
lobbyists Manner Maxim
This utterance can be interpreted as implicating that
+ p is in contrary to the real condition. In fact, at the time
of utterance, the financial system which goes in America
allows the advantages of tax code belong more to
companies which have best connection to government.
This condition is the main cause of unfairness occured in
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America’s financial system. 78. It should give an advantage
to companies that invest and create jobs here in America
Manner Maxim This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is
expected to be true later. The bill has not been passed. When
the tax code bill has been passed, the fairness will be
created. The advantage of that code will influence every
company and then it creates jobs for Americans.
79. If we want them to start here and stay here and hire here,
we have to be able to out-build, out-educate, and out-innovate
every other country on Earth. Manner Maxim
This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is
expected to be true later. The utterance is a plan designed by
the speaker with building a different and better system so
many people want to invest in United States.
80. If you’re a small business
owner who has a contract with the federal government
, we’re going to make sure you get paid
a lot faster than you do now. Manner Maxim
This utterance sends the implicatures as:
1. NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The
plan has not been passed yet so the small business owners who
have a contract with federal government still do not get
paid a lot faster for their businesses.
2. + p is in contrast to x factor. In fact, at the time of
utterance, the small business owner needs a longer time to
get paid even they have a contract with the government.
81. If Americans can buy Kias and Hyundais, I want to see
folks in South Korea driving Fords and Chevys and
Chryslers. Manner Maxim
This utterance sends the implicatures as:
1. NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The
speaker designs a plan to create jobs in automotive
fields. If the plan works, America will produce more
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cars and they can export it to all over the world.
2. Many Americans use Korean’s products.
3. + p is in contrast to x factor. In fact, at the time of
utterance, there are only a few American cars in all over the
world in this in South Korea.
82. If we provide the right incentives and support
– and if we make sure our trading
partners play by the rules – we
can be the ones to build everything from fuel-efficient
cars to advanced biofuels to semiconductors that are sold all
over the world Manner Maxim
This utterance p implicates: 1. NOT p is true. + p is
expected to be true later. The right incentives support, and
fixed rules have not existed
yet. Those are the speaker’s plan of American economic.
2. NOT p is true. NOT p is in contrast to the real condition.
At the time of utterance, America is still not able to
produce biofuels cars and sells it to all over the world.
83. Some of you sincerely believe that the only solution to
our economic challenges is to simply cut most government
spending and eliminate most government regulations.
Quality Maxim The utterance will be
interpreted as implicating “+ NOT ALL and + NOT
MANY”. It means that not all people believe that cutting
government spending and eliminating givernment
regulations can solve the economic problems faced by
America at the time of utterance.
84. We should have no more regulation than the health,
safety, and security of the American people require.
Manner Maxim This utterance sends an implicature as:
“We should have no more regulation than the health,
safety, and security of the
American people require”. p + p is in contrast to x factor.
At the time of utterance, Americans government creates
more regulations than a real
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action in solving health and security problems in America.
85. Every rule should meet that common sense test.
Manner Maxim This utterance p sends an
implicature as: + p is in contrast to x factor.
In fact, at the time of utterance, there is a tendency in which
Americans make a rule not based on the commonsensical
consideration. It leads Americans to the condition
without uncertainty.
86. We shouldn’t be in a race to
the bottom, where we try to offer the cheapest labor and the
worst pollution standards. Quality Maxim
This utterance p implicates that NOT p is true. + p is in
contrast to x factor. In fact, due to the fact that America is
facing a huge financial crisis and because of it, America is
only able to give a low wage to their labors, America is on low
position in the level of countries in this world which
is measured by economic, politics and many other
factors.
87. America should be in a race to the top.
Manner Maxim This utterance p implicates
that NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later.
America is not in a top race competition of being best and
wealthiest country now. This utterance sounds as persuasion
to all Americans for they are willing to accept that plan and
build America once again.
88. Ask yourselves – where
would we be right now if the people who sat here before us
decided not to build our highways and our bridges; our
dams and our airports? Quality Maxim
The utterance can be interpreted as implicating that:
1. + p is true. There are Americans ancestors who
fought for Americans independence.
2. For their struggle, America is able to build public
necessities in fulfilling
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Americans as society. 89. What would this country be
like if we had chosen not to spend money on public high
schools, or research universities, or community colleges?
Quality Maxim This utterance can be
interpreted as implicating that: 1. Americans’ founding fathers
had decided to issue a policy of sacrificing money in
building public needs in United States.
2. + p is true. There are public high schools, colleges,
and many other public places built by American ancestors.
90. Where would we be if they hadn’t had that chance?
Manner Maxim This utterance implicates that:
+ p is in contrast to x factor. American ancestors had a
chance and took it in their responsibility to build America
as they are now.
91. How many jobs would it have cost us if past Congresses
decided not to support the basic research that led to the Internet
and the computer chip? Manner Maxim This utterance sends an
implicature as: 1. + p is in contrast to x
factor. Americans past Congresses have decided to
pass a bill that allowed the use of costs in developing Internet
and computer chip.
2. In fact, at the time of utterance, Americans has a big
development in internet and computer chips.
92. What kind of country would this be if this Chamber had
voted down Social Security or Medicare just because it
violated some rigid idea about what government could or could
not do? How many Americans would have suffered as a result?
Manner Maxim This utterance can be
interpreted as implicating that + p is in contrast to x factor.
In fact, in past American, the past Congress has voted up to
Social Security ad other acts which related to public needs
without considering their own interests. They sacrifice their
interests for Americans as a whole.
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93. And maybe some of you have decided that those
differences are so great that we can only resolve them at the
ballot box. Quality Maxim
a. And maybe some of you have decided that those
differences are so great p
The utterance can be interpreted:
1. + p is NOT certain. It means that the speaker is not
really sure for his utterance that talks about people’s
perspective of America’s deficit.
2. + p is NOT all and NOT many. Only some people think
that America’s deficit is too big and ballot policy is the
only solution.
b. We can only resolve them at the ballot box.q
This utterance can be interpreted:
NOT q is true. + q is expected to be true later.
Ballot policy is just a plan and does not exist yet at the time of
utterance.
94. Some of them are living week to week; paycheck to
paycheck; even day to day. Quality Maxim
The utterance will be interpreted as implicating “+
NOT ALL and + NOT MANY”. It means that not all
Americans are living in the suffered condition because of
Medicare and Medicaid. But the number increases rapidly.
Therefore, the speaker asks all elements to unite and solve
this problem.
95. It shouldn’t be, nor will it
be, the last plan of action we propose.
Manner Maxim Through this utterance p, the
speaker sends an implicature as:
NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The
speaker asks all Americans to create many options to widen
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their solution in solving that financial crisis.
96. Remind us that if we act as one nation, and one people, we
have it within our power to meet this challenge
Manner Maxim This utterance p implicates
that: NOT p is true. + p is
expected to be true later. At the time of utterance,
Americans tend to be separated and do not act as one
nation. Through this utterance, the speaker expects Americans
to unite so Americans can jump over this challenge.
97. Even if it robs the country of our opportunity to solve a long-
term challenge. And out of this blizzard of charges and counter-
charges, confusion has reigned. Manner Maxim This utterance p sends an
implicature as: NOT p is true. The plan has
not been passed yet and the solution can not be countered.
98. It will be against the law for insurance companies to drop
your coverage when you get sick or water it down when you
need it most Manner Maxim
This utterance can be interpreted as:
NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The
bill has not been passed yet at the time of utterance. At the
time of utterance, dropping
people’s coverage when they are sick is not considered as an
action against law.
99. It’s a good idea now, And we should embrace it.
Manner Maxim This utterance sends an implicature as:
1. The idea exists and it is proposed by someone.
2. NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. In
fact, at the time of utterance, Americans tend to deny that
idea.
100. Most of this plan can be paid for by finding savings
within the existing health care system
– a system that is currently full of waste and
abuse. Quality Maxim
Through this utterance, the speaker implicates:
1. + p is NOT all. It means not all aspects can be paid for
by finding savings with the existing health care system.
2. NOT p is true. This plan has not been paid for by finding
savings within the existing health care system.
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101. Add it all up, and the plan Im proposing will cost around
900 billion over ten years –
less than we have spent on the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, and
less than the tax cuts for the wealthiest few Americans that
Congress passed at the beginning of the previous
administration Quality Maxim
The utterance can be interpreted as:
1. There are some exiting things occured in America
such as wars and tax cuts. 2. There is a plan proposed by
the speaker. 3. NOT p is true. + p is
expected to be true later. The plan has not been passed yet so
it can not be applied to Americans.
4. + p is NOT certain. The speaker is not really sure about
the number of costs which would be spent.
102. And financial penalties whether through a credit card or
debit card that appear without warning on their statements.
Quality Maxim The utterance p implicates
that: + p is NOT certain. The
speaker is not really sure about the causes of financial
penalties to consumers who hold credit and debit cards.
103. That we must choose between markets unfettered by
even the most modest of regulations and markets
weighed down by onerous regulations that suppress the
spirit of enterprise and innovation.
Manner Maxim The utterance p can be
interpreted as implicating: NOT p is true. + p is
expected to be true later. Americans still hve not
determined their option yet insolving this financial crisis.
America has two contrast options and the speaker asks
all elements in America to work faster in facing this
problem.
104. And all businesses will be able to continue writing off the
investments they make in 2012; Manner Maxim
Through observing this utterance p, it implicates that:
NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. The
plan has not been passed yet, so there is no guarantee that
the small businesses can continue their investments in
2012. The speaker expects the plan could be passed and he
estimates this investment will be appeared with this plan.
105. Now, I realize there are Manner Maxim
The utterance p implicates
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some in my party who don’t think we should make any
changes at all to Medicare and Medicaid, and I understand their
concerns as:
1. There are some people in the speaker’s party who gave
their opinion about this crisis. 2. NOT p is true. There are no
changes in Medicare and Medicaid bill at the time of
utterance. The changes are plans which are expected to be
true later.
106. And I believe that’s a race we can win.
Manner Maxim The utterance p can be interpreted as implicating:
NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. At
the time of utterance, America is in low position of a race of
being best country. Through this plan which has not been
passed yet the speaker expects America can solve this
problem and rebuild their glory and wealthy.
107. Some of you sincerely believe that the only solution to
our economic challenges is to simply cut most government
spending and eliminate most government regulations.
Manner Maxim The utterance p can be interpreted as implicating:
NOT p is true. + p is expected to be true later. At
the time of utterance, there is no cut for government
spending and eliminate government regulations. It is
just an expectation when the solution is approved.
108. And maybe some of you have decided that those
differences are so great that we can only resolve them at the
ballot box. Quality Maxim
The utterance will be interpreted as implicating “+
NOT ALL and + NOT MANY”. It means that not all
people believe that ballot decision is the only way to
solve America’s deficit. 109. Most of this plan can be
paid for by finding savings within the existing health care
system – a system that is
currently full of waste and abuse Quality Maxim
Through this utterance, the speaker implicates:
1. + p is NOT all. It means not all aspects can be paid for
by finding savings with the existing health care system.
2. NOT p is true. This plan has not been paid for by finding
savings within the existing
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health care system.
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion