54
believe that the only solution to our economic challenges is to
simply cut most government spending and eliminate most
government regulations. 108. And maybe some of you
have
decided that
those differences are so great that we
can only resolve them at the ballot box.
Word Form Adverbial Construction
109. Most of this plan can be paid for by finding savings
within the existing health care system
– a system that is currently full of waste and
abuse Word Form
Modal Verb Construction
4.2. Presupposition.
After presenting the typology of hedging construction found in Barack Oba
ma’s speeches, the analysis continues to present what the hedges presuppose to. All the presuppositions from all the hedging constructions above are entirely
described as below: TABLE 2 Projection of Presupposition
Hedges Types of Presupposition
Projection of Presupposition
1. I am not the first President to take up this cause, but I am
determined to be the last. Existential
Presupposition 1. “I” is a man that exists
among people. 2. “I” is a President of a
certain country. 3. “I” is a President who
is facing a problem in his country.
4. In facing problems in
his country, “I”, as the President, fully hopes
that he will be the last
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president who is in that problem.
2. More and more Americans worry that if you move, lose
your job, or change your job, youll lose your health
insurance too. Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. Americans are existing
objects. 2. At the time of
utterance, Americans will not lose their health
insurance even they move, lose, or change
their job.
3. Now there are those who are suggesting that somehow this
will restrict the choices available to consumers.
Factive Presupposition 1. The rule which is
proposed by some people will not restrict the
choices available to consumers
4. Another woman from Texas was about to get a double
mastectomy when her insurance company canceled
her policy because she forgot to declare a case of acne
Existential Presupposition
1. The woman exists. 2. The woman has
mastectomy. 3. Her mastectomy is
growing about double.
5. It is wrong, and no one should be treated that way in
the United States of America Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. There is, at least a
person, who is treated in bad way in case of
Medicare for people.
6. If we do nothing to slow these skyrocketing costs, we
will eventually be spending more on Medicare and
Medicaid than every other government program
combined. Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. At the time of
utterance there is a skyrocketing cost which
exists in American society.
2. At the time of utterance there is no way
clear solution to solve the skyrocketing costs.
7. There are those on the left who believe that the only way
to fix the system is through a single-payer system like
Canadas, where we would severely restrict the private
insurance market and have the government provide coverage
for everyone. Existential
Presupposition 1. Single payer system is
an existing system which is used by a certain
country named Canada. 2. There are some
existing people that believe single payer
system is the only way.
8. On the right, there are those Counterfactual
1. At the time of
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who argue that we should end the employer-based system
and leave individuals to buy health insurance on their own.
Presupposition utterance there is still
employer based system in United States.
9. I believe it makes more sense to build on what works
and fix what doesnt, rather than try to build an entirely
new system from scratch. Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. At the time of
utterance people prefer choosing to build a new
system entirely than to build on what works and
fix what doesn’t. 10. Too many have used this
as an opportunity to score short-term political points.
Existential Presupposition
1. Those people exist and they are working on
political benefit of this problem.
11. First, if you are among the hundreds of millions of
Americans who already have health insurance through your
job, Medicare, Medicaid, or the VA, nothing in this plan
will require you or your employer to change the
coverage or the doctor you have.
Non- Factive Presupposition
1. There are millions of Americans who already
have health insurance. 2. This plan does not
exist yet. This is only assumption which is
hoped to be true if the plan works.
12. As soon as I sign this bill, Non-Factive
Presupposition He does not sign the bill
yet. 13. We will place a limit on
how much you can be charged for out-of-pocket expenses,
because in the United States of America, no one should go
broke because they get sick Non-Factive
Presupposition 1. A limit on how much
someone can be charged for out of pocket
expenses does not exist yet.
14. Now, if youre one of the tens of millions of Americans
who dont currently have health insurance, the second
part of this plan will finally offer you quality, affordable
choices. Non-Factive
Presupposition 1. There are about ten
million Americans who don’t currently have
health insurance. 2. The second part of that
plan is only an assumption which is
hoped to be true.
15. If you lose your job or change your job, you will be
able to get coverage. Non- Factive
Presupposition This is just an
assumption. At the time of utterance, there is no
coverage of insurance when people lose or
change their jobs.
16. If you strike out on your own and start a small business,
Non-Factive Presuppostion
This is just an assumption. At the time
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you will be able to get coverage.
of utterance, there is no coverage of insurance
when people start a small business.
17. We will immediately offer low-cost coverage that will
protect you against financial ruin if you become seriously
ill. Non-Factive
Presupposition This is just an
assumption. At the time of utterance, there is no
low cost coverage of insurance when people
become seriously ill.
18. This was a good idea when Senator John McCain
proposed it in the campaign. Existential
Presupposition Senator John McCain
exists and he has an idea to government.
19. Now, even if we provide these affordable options, there
may be those particularly the young and healthy
– who still want to take the risk and go
without coverage Factive Presupposition
1. The government is willing to provide
options to people to get coverage of insurance.
2. There is still a risk for people to go working
without coverage in United States.
20. There may still be companies that refuse to do
right by their workers Factive Presupposition
1. There are companies who refuse to give
coverage for their workers.
2. Some workers in United States do not get
coverage of insurance.
21. If there are affordable options and people still dont
sign up for health insurance, it means we pay for those
peoples expensive emergency room visits.
Non-Factive Presupposition
1. This is just an assumption to be true.
The affordable options do not exist yet.
2. People also still do not agree with the health
insurance. 3. This is just an
assumption. There is no guarantee that American
taxes belong more to rich people even when this
health insurance bill is not allowed.
22. If some businesses dont provide workers health care, it
forces the rest of us to pick up the tab when their workers get
sick, and gives those businesses an unfair advantage
Non-Factive Presupposition
1. This is just an assumption to be true.
There is no health care bill which forces every
business in America to provide health care for its
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over their competitors workers.
23. And unless everybody does their part many of the
insurance reforms we seek –
especially requiring insurance companies to cover pre-
existing conditions – just cant
be achieved. Non-Factive
Presupposition 1. Not all Americans take
a responsibility in helping this crisis.
2. The financial reform which is expected to be
true originally does not exist
24. Improving our health care system only works if
everybody does their part Non-Factive
Presupposition It is only an assumption
of United States President. At the time of
utterance not everybody cares of this plan and
their health care system is not improving yet.
25. I believe a broad consensus exists for the aspects of the
plan Non- Factive
Presupposition A broad consensus does
not exist yet.
26. Such a charge would be laughable if it werent so
cynical and irresponsible. Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. The charge is so
cynical and irresponsible. 2. The charge looks as a
joking for people.
27. In fact, based on Congressional Budget Office
estimates, we believe that less than 5 of Americans would
sign up. Factive Presupposition
1. Americans have not signed up this plan yet.
28. And theyd be right if taxpayers were subsidizing this
public insurance option. But they wont be.
Counterfactual Presupposition
1. American workers are not right based on public
insurance option upon them at the time of
utterance. 2. Taxpayers in America
are not subsidizing that public insurance option
at the time of utterance.
29. But by avoiding some of the overhead that gets eaten up
at private companies by profits, excessive
administrative costs and executive salaries, it could
provide a good deal for consumers
Counterfactual Presupposition
1. There are some of the overhead that gets eaten
up at private companies by profits, excessive
administrative costs, and executive salaries in
America at the time of utterance.
2. Consumers do not get a good deal from taxes
paid by companies in America at the time of
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utterance. 30. The public option is only a
means to that end – and we
should remain open to other ideas that accomplish our
ultimate goal. Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. Public option does not
exist yet. It is just an assumption to be true.
2. Americans tend to be introvert to new ideas of
solving this problem.
31. And to my Republican friends, I say that rather than
making wild claims about a government takeover of health
care, we should work together to address any legitimate
concerns you may have. Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. There are some
Republicans existing toward this case.
2. Those Republicans stand against the
government by making arguments against the
plan designed by the government.
3. The Republicans side and the government side
cannot work together about this plan at the
time of utterance.
32. But I will not back down on the basic principle that if
Americans cant find affordable coverage, we will
provide you with a choice. Non-Factive
Presupposition 1. There is a basic
principle to keep maintaining the situation
as a status quo. 2. They are working on
finding a right choice about affordable
coverage but at the time of utterance the choice is
only an assumption which is hoped to be
true.
33. And to prove that Im serious, there will be a
provision in this plan that requires us to come forward
with more spending cuts if the savings we promised dont
materialize. Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. There is no provision
in that plan. 2. There is less spending
cuts at the time of utterance.
3. There is an indication that the savings they
have, have been materialized by some
certain people.
34. Second, weve estimated that most of this plan can be
paid for by finding savings within the existing health care
system
– a system that is Non-Factive
Presupposition 1. A recent system does
not match with Americans recent crisis.
2. This plan is just an assumption to be true and
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currently full of waste and abuse.
this plan does not exist yet.
35. And according to these same experts, this modest
change could help hold down the cost of health care for all of
us in the long-run. Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. The changes of the bill
are just assumptions. The changes do not exist in
America’s financial system.
36. And the plan I’m proposing.
Existential Presupposition
1. “I” is an existing object and he has a plan
to be proposed.
37. And if we are able to slow the growth of health care costs
by just one-tenth of one percent each year, it will
actually reduce the deficit by 4 trillion over the long term
Non- Factive Presupposition
1. They are not able to slow the growth of health
care costs. 2. It is just an assumption
to reduce the deficit.
38. If you come to me with a serious set of proposals, I will
be there to listen. Non- Factive
Presupposition No one comes with a set
of serious proposal. 39. If you misrepresent what’s
in the plan, we will call you out.
Counterfactual Presupposition
1. None claims of his misunderstanding of
American government’s plan.
2. None is called up to Sate Palace in order to
understand this plan.
40. Everyone in this room knows what will happen if we
do nothing. Factive Presupposition
Everyone knows that something will happen if
the government does not take an action against
this problem.
41. There is something that could make you better, but I
just can’t afford it. Existential
Presupposition 1. Something that could
make better is existing. 2. The object of this
utterance cannot get the thing.
42. They joined together so that all of us could enter our
golden years with some basic peace of mind.
Existential Presupposition
1. They are existing people.
2. They worked together and created plenty years
in American history.
43. I still believe we can act even when it’s hard.
Counterfactual Presupposition
At the time of utterance many Americans do not
want to do something when the condition gets
hard.
44. I still believe we can replace acrimony with civility,
Counterfactual Presupposition
At the time of utterance, there are no civility and
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and gridlock with progress. progress in American
social life. It is only about acrimony and
gridlock.
45. I still believe we can do great things, and that here and
now we will meet history’s test Counterfactual
Presupposition At the time of utterance,
American President sees that there are no great
things that have been done by Americans and
the President now asks for it.
46. Other large firms teetered on the brink of insolvency
Existential Presupposition
1. There are firms existing in America.
2. Those firms are facing a big problem and
struggling to survive.
47. We could not separate what was happening in the
corridors of our financial institutions from what was
happening on factory floors and around kitchen tables.
Existential Presupposition
1. There is a problem in American financial
institutions and it affects all the sides of life in
America.
48. Just a few months ago, many experts from across the
ideological spectrum feared that ensuring financial stability
would require even more tax dollars.
Existential Presupposition
1. Those experts exist. 2. Those experts worried
about the instability of financial system in
America.
49. And to the extent that some have so readily returned to
them underscores the need for change and change now.
Existential Presupposition
Some people have got the effect of financial
instability and they need for a change at the time
of utterance.
50. Consumers shouldn’t have to worry about loan contracts
designed to be unintelligible, hidden fees attached to their
mortgages. Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. There is a serious
problem toward loan contracts in America at
the time of utterance. 2. Consumers actually
worried at the time of utterance since there are
hidden fees attached to their home loan
contracts.
51. And responsible lenders, including community banks,
doing the right thing shouldn’t have to worry about ruinous
competition from unregulated Counterfactual
Presupposition The responsible lenders
worried at the time of utterance for unregulated
competitors in home loan contracts.
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competitors 52. Nothing could be further
from the truth. Counterfactual
Presupposition There is a thing that
stands far away from the truth in American social
life at the time of utterance.
53. The firm that could make its products looks best by
doing the best job of hiding the real costs won.
Existential Presupposition
1. The firm exists. 2. Firms in America
could make best products with low costs.
54. That many agencies and regulators were responsible for
oversight of individual financial firms and their
subsidiaries, Existential
Presupposition 1. Those agencies and
regulators exist. 2. Those agencies and
regulators take responsibility in
individual financial firms and their subsidiaries.
55. You could provide, or the community development
institutions you could support. Non-Factive
Presupposition People could not support
the development of institutions and other
social communities.
56. There are those who would suggest.
Existential Presupposition
1. Those people exist. 2. They have suggestions
upon a problem.
57. But if there is one lesson we can learn from the last
year, it is that this is a false choice.
Existential Presupposition
There was a false policy in the past and it affects
until the time of utterance.
58. Where if you stepped up, did your job, and were loyal to
your company, that loyalty would be rewarded with a
decent salary and good benefits; maybe a raise once in
awhile. Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. Even the workers are
loyal to their companies and did a good a job;
they did not get a good salary and benefit
comparing to their job and loyalty.
59. If you did the right thing, you could make it in America
Counterfactual Presupposition
In the past, if we did a right thing, we would get
something precious in America. But at the time
of utterance, it does not mean anymore.
60. I am sending this Congress a plan that you should pass
right away. Non-Factive
Presupposition At the time of utterance,
American Congress does not pass the plan yet.
61. There should be nothing controversial about this piece
of legislation confidence that if they invest and hire, there will
Counterfactual Presupposition
There is a controversial debate about the plan
proposed by government.
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be customers for their products and services
62. You should pass this jobs plan right away.
Non-Factive Presupposition
The object of “you” has not passed this jobs plan
yet.
63. Pass this jobs bill, and starting tomorrow, small
businesses will get a tax cut if they hire new workers or raise
workers’ wages Non-Factive
Presupposition 1. The bill has not been
passed yet by the Congress.
2. At the time of utterance, small
businesses will not get a tax cut even they hire
new workers or raise
workers’ wages. 64. If you have 50 employees
making an average salary, that’s an 80,000 tax cut. And
all businesses will be able to continue writing off the
investments they make in 2012 Non-Factive
Presupposition There is no a rule of tax
cut at the time of utterance.
65. You should pass it right away
Non-Factive Presupposition
That thing has not been passed yet.
66. At a time when millions of unemployed construction
workers could build them right here in America
Existential Presupposition
1. There are millions unemployed construction
workers existing in America at the time of
utterance.
2. In President’s point of view, those workers
originally could do a great job for building
constructions in America.
67. Every child deserves a great school
– and we can give it to them, if we act now.
Non-Factive Presupposition
1. There are some children in American
who do not get a great school.
2. Many Americans will not take an action to save
their social life and the President calls them for it
at the time of utterance.
68. Pass this jobs bill, and companies will get extra tax
credits if they hire America’s veterans.
Non-Factive Presupposition
1. This jobs bill has not been passed yet.
2. Companies, in the reality, do not get extra
tax when hiring
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America’s veterans. 69. The last thing they should
have to do is fight for a job when they come home
Non-Factive Presupposition
1. They have not come home yet.
2. They are not guaranteed to have a job
when coming home to their land, United States.
70. Pass this jobs bill and companies will get a 4,000
tax credit if they hire anyone who has spent more than six
months looking for a job. Non-Factive
Presupposition 1. This jobs bill has not
been passed yet. 2. Companies in America
will not get an extra tax credit when hiring
anyone who has spent more than six months
looking for a job at the time of utterance.
71. If the millions of unemployed Americans
stopped getting this insurance, and stopped using that money
for basic necessities, it would be a devastating blow to this
economy Lexical Presupposition
1. Millions of unemployed Americans
used to get insurance for their basic necessities.
2. America will face a problem when
unemployed Americans do not get insurance from
their government.
72. If we allow that tax cut to expire
– if we refuse to act – middle-class families will get
hit with a tax increase at the worst possible time.
Non-Factive Presupposition
1. The tax cut has not expired yet.
2. Middle class families has not get yet a tax
increase at the time of utterance.
73. Now, I realize there are some in my party.
Factive Presupposition There are some people
who exist in President’s party.
74. And if we don’t gradually reform the system while
protecting current
beneficiaries, it won’t be there when future retirees need it.
Counterfactual Presupposition
1. They factually have not reformed the system
yet. 2. Retired people might
not get insurance when they retire one day.
75. We should raise taxes on those who are most fortunate
and can best afford it Counterfactual
Presupposition Taxes are not raised yet.
76. And I believe the vast majority of wealthy Americans
and CEOs are willing to do just that, if it helps the
economy grow and gets our Non-Factive
Presupposition 1. There are many
wealthy people in America.
2. The wealthy people in America are willing to
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fiscal house in order help America out of
crisis. 77. Our tax code shouldn’t
give an advantage to companies that can afford the
best-connected lobbyists. Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. America’s tax code at
the time of utterance just gives an advantage to
companies who have best connection and lobbyists.
78. It should give an advantage to companies that invest and
create jobs here in America Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. There are some
companies in America which are success to
invest and create jobs in America at the time of
utterance. 2. Even the companies
give advantages for economic building, but
they do not get an advantage from tax cut
bill.
79. If we want them to start here and stay here and hire
here, we have to be able to out-build, out-educate, and
out-innovate every other country on Earth.
Non-Factive Presupposition
1. Americans could not start a new fiscal system.
2. Americans are not able to give a significant
influence to the development of this
world.
80. If you’re a small business owner who has a contract with
the federal government, we’re going to make sure you get
paid a lot faster than you do now.
Non-Factive Presupposition
1. Government promised a faster payment of
contract to small business which is protected by
government.
81. If Americans can buy Kias and Hyundais, I want to see
folks in South Korea driving Fords and Chevys and
Chryslers. Counterfactual
Presupposition 1. Many Americans have
Kias and Hyundais cars. 2. There is just a few
America cars sold in other countries.
82. If we provide the right incentives and support
– and if we make sure our trading
partners play by the rules – we
can be the ones to build everything from fuel-efficient
cars to advanced biofuels to semiconductors that are sold
all over the world Non-Factive
Presupposition 1. There are no right
incentives and support to trading partners in
America at the time of utterance. It is just a
president’s plan. 2. Americans could not
produce biofuel cars to be sold all over the
world.
83. Some of you sincerely Existential
1. Those people exist and
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believe that the only solution to our economic challenges is
to simply cut most government spending and eliminate most
government regulations. Presupposition
have their own idea. 2. There is economic
challenges faced by America at the time of
utterance. 3. There is a proposal to
cut most government spending in solving those
challenges.
84. We should have no more regulation than the health,
safety, and security of the American people require.
Counterfactual Presupposition
1. There are many regulations in America
which stand against the health, the safety, and
security of people’s required.
85. Every rule should meet that common sense test.
Factive Presupposition There is a fact which is
believed all around America that rule sshould
be attached with common sense.
86. We shouldn’t be in a race to the bottom, where we try to
offer the cheapest labor and the worst pollution standards.
Counterfactual Presupposition
1. America is in bottom position in world life
now. 2. America merely gives
cheapest labors’ wages and even they also
produce high pollution to the air.
87. America should be in a race to the top.
Counterfactual Presupposition
1. America is not in a top race now.
88. Ask yourselves – where
would we be right now if the people who sat here before us
decided not to build our highways and our bridges; our
dams and our airports? Structural Presupposition
Americans’ ancestors had built highways and
bridges, dams and airports to their next
generations.
89. What would this country be like if we had chosen not to
spend money on public high schools, or research
universities, or community colleges?
Structural Presupposition Americans’ ancestors
had built many public facilities to equip
people’s requires.
90. Where would we be if they hadn’t had that chance?
Structural Presupposition Americans’ ancestors
took that chance. 91. How many jobs would it
have cost us if past Congresses decided not to support the
basic research that led to the Structural Presupposition
1. Past America’s congresses decided to
support the basic research on developing
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Internet and the computer chip?
internet and computer chips.
2. As the impact of developing internet and
computer chips, America offered many job fields
to workers.
92. What kind of country would this be if this Chamber
had voted down Social Security or Medicare just
because it violated some rigid idea about what government
could or could not do? How many Americans would have
suffered as a result? Structural Presupposition
1. America’s Chamber has not passed the Social
Security or Medicare plan yet.
2. Government think that many Americans would
suffered when that plan is not passed.
93. And maybe some of you have decided that those
differences are so great that we can only resolve them at the
ballot box. Factive Presupposition
At the time of utterance there are some people
who proposed ballot money as idea to solve
health care problem.
94. Some of them are living week to week; paycheck to
paycheck; even day to day. Factive Presupposition
There are some Americans who live in
suffering conditions since the health care plan
has not been passed yet.
95. It shouldn’t be, nor will it be, the last plan of action we
propose. Non Factive
Presupposition At the time of utterance
that is just a plan proposed by government,
but government hope tightly for another
stunning idea to solve health care problem in
America.
96. Remind us that if we act as one nation, and one people, we
have it within our power to meet this challenge
Non-Factive Presupposition
1. At the time of utterance, Americans do
not act as one nation and one people.
2. President hopes American could be
united in facing this problem.
3. President believes America will overcome
this problem when they act as one unity.
97. Even if it robs the country of our opportunity to solve a
Non-Factive Presupposition
1. America is facing a big problem in financial
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long-term challenge. And out of this blizzard of charges and
counter-charges, confusion has reigned.
system. That problem is like a blizzard, huge ice
storm for Americans. 2. Americans are looking
for long term solution for this problem.
98. It will be against the law for insurance companies to
drop your coverage when you get sick or water it down when
you need it most Non-Factive
Presupposition At the time of utterance
insurance companies would not be charged
when droping people’s coverage when they get
sick and need it most.
99. It’s a good idea now, And we should embrace it.
Non-Factive Presupposition
1. There is a good idea proposed by a certain
man. 2. At the time of
utterance, some Americans denied that
idea.
100. Most of this plan can be paid for by finding savings
within the existing health care system
– a system that is currently full of waste and
abuse. Factive Presupposition
1. The plan is just an assumption to be true.
2. The speaker is not really sure that this plan
can be paid for by finding savings.
101. It will cost around 900 billion over ten years
– less than we have spent on the Iraq
and Afghanistan wars, and less than the tax cuts for the
wealthiest few Americans that Congress passed at the
beginning of the previous administration
Existential Presupposition
1. There is an existing plan proposed by
government side. 2. The plan will cost
900 billion over ten
years in America’s budgeting plans.
3. America had some wars outside of their
country. 4. Those wars costed
more than the health care plan who sticks at
number of 900 billions.
102. And financial penalties whether through a credit card
or debit card that appear without warning on their
statements. Existential
Presupposition There are risk of
penalties for everyone who holds credit cards in
America.
103. That we must choose between markets unfettered by
even the most modest of regulations and markets
Non-Factive Presupposition
1. There is a choice proposed by government
side in solving America’s financial system
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weighed down by onerous regulations that suppress the
spirit of enterprise and innovation.
problem. 2. America has not
choosed their financial system and the President
insists of it.
104. And all businesses will be able to continue writing off the
investments they make in 2012;
Existential Presupposition
1. There are many businesses in America.
2. Those businesses are guaranteed to be able to
continue their investment when the plan is passed.
105. Now, I realize there are some in my party who don’t
think we should make any changes at all to Medicare and
Medicaid, and I understand their concerns
Factive Presupposition Some people from
president’s party do not fully agree with president
himself.
106. And I believe the vast majority of wealthy Americans
and CEOs are willing to do just that, if it helps the
economy grow and gets our fiscal house in order
Factive Presupposition 1. There are many rich
people in America. 2. Those rich people are
willing to lend their helping hand to bring
America out of crisis.
107. And I belie ve that’s a race
we can win. Non- Factive
Presupposition President of America
believes that America could be on the top of
competition of being best economic in this world.
108. Some of you sincerely believe that the only solution
to our economic challenges is to simply cut most government
spending and eliminate most government regulations.
Factive Presupposition 1. Those people exist and
have their own idea. 2. There is economic
challenges faced by America at the time of
utterance. 3. There is a proposal to
cut most government spending in solving those
challenges.
109. And maybe some of you have decided that those
differences are so great that we can only resolve them at the
ballot box. Factive Presupposition
At the time of utterance there are some people
who proposed ballot money as idea to solve
health care problem.
4.3. Implicatures
