Perceived Changes in Fishery, Income, Peace and Order and Development Perceptions of Impact from IUU Fishing, Piracy and Anti-Piracy Patrols

69 Legitimacy Items Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Moderately Moderately Strongly Fishing rules help preserve and protect fisheries resources 1 2 3 4 5 Fishing rules only benefit some fishermen 5 4 3 2 1 Fishing rules will improve the wellbeing of all fishers 1 2 3 4 5 The views of fishermen are not considered in the formulation of fisheries regulations. 5 4 3 2 1 Fishing rules are enforced differently depending on your social status 5 4 3 2 1 Fishermen who break the rules more often are penalized more severely than those who only do it occasionally 1 2 3 4 5 violation e.g. pay fine, serve jail time, have gear or boat taken Gains Items Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Moderately Moderately Strongly Despite the penalties it is economically beneficial to break fishing rules 5 4 3 2 1 If I engage in illegal fishing activities or not, it makes no difference in how much money I can earn from fishing 1 2 3 4 5 Moral Items Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Moderately Moderately Strongly My friendship with other fishermen will not change, even if they frequently violate fishing rules 5 4 3 2 1 I believe it is my moral duty to obey the fishing laws 1 2 3 4 5 If I see a local fishermen violating fishing rules I will not report them to local authorities 5 4 3 2 1 If I see a foreign fishing vessel fishing in local waters I will report it to the authorities 1 2 3 4 5

5.5.7 Perceived Changes in Fishery, Income, Peace and Order and Development

Table 45 shows respondents perceptions of change compared to five years ago Box 2. The majority of respondents believe that fish catches and income have declined, suggesting that 70 overfishing may be occurring and negatively impacting fishermen. On the other hand, most feel that peace and order and development have increased. Table 45. Change indicators Indicator Reduced No Change Increased N Catch Change 51.12 19.27 29.61 358 Income Change 55.77 19.72 24.51 355 Peace Order Change 3.93 25.56 70.51 356 Development Change 24.93 24.93 50.14 357 Table 46 provides an analysis of location differences in change indicators. All differences are statistically significant p0.01. Overall, Somalilands fishermen from Somaliland perceive the most positive changes and Puntlands the most negative. For Somaliland, all the indicators are moving in a positive direction. For Puntland and the other states, fishery indicators and related income indicators hint at significant challenges in developing fisheries . Table 46. Distribution of mean values for change indicators Location Catch Change Income Change Peace Order Change Dev. Change Somaliland 0.92 0.84 0.76 0.73 Puntland -0.68 -0.73 0.75 0.04 Other -0.19 -0.37 0.45 0.28 N 358 355 356 357 Kruskal- Wallis H 160.99 167.62 24.98 29.43 p 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

5.5.8 Perceptions of Impact from IUU Fishing, Piracy and Anti-Piracy Patrols

Table 47 presents frequency distributions of responses to impact indicator questions Box 3. Concerning these indicators, more than 88 percent disagreed that foreign fishing should be allowed, but 71 percent strongly disagreed with the statement that foreign piracy patrols protect foreign fishermen. Sixty eight percent strongly agreed that illegal fishing impacts fishermens livelihoods, 81 percent felt strongly that it impacts marine ecosystems, and 82 percent strongly agreed that it impacts their catches. Respondents were split on whether piracy restricts where they fish. Sixty nine percent of respondents either agreed or strongly agreed that piracy deters illegal fishing. Seventy seven percent either agreed or strongly agreed that anti-piracy patrols affect their livelihood. These responses tend to indicate a very negative perception towards illegal fishing and anti-piracy campaigns, and respondents believed that these actions had ecological and economic consequences. 71 Table 47. Percent distribution of Impact indicator responses Statement Strongly Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neither Somewhat Agree Strongly Agree N Allow Foreign Fishing 86.79 1.62 0.81 2.16 8.63 371 Foreign Piracy Patrols Protect Foreign Fishermen 71.35 5.14 2.97 4.59 15.95 370 Illegal Fishing Impacts Livelihood 16.85 0.82 4.62 9.51 68.21 368 Illegal Fishing has No Impact on Ecosystems 81.35 4.32 1.08 3.24 10.00 370 Foreign Fishing Doesnt Impact My Catch 82.21 4.04 1.35 1.62 10.78 371 Piracy does not Restrict Fishing Location 30.54 12.16 9.19 15.95 32.16 370 Piracy Deters Illegal Foreign Fishermen 19.29 5.43 5.71 18.21 51.36 368 Foreign Navy Anti- Piracy Hurts My Fishing Livelihood 12.77 3.80 6.25 13.86 63.32 368 Table 48 includes mean values for responses to the impact indicator questions. Because values associated with agree and disagree responses vary according to the question see values in Box 3, interpretation of the means need to take this into account. For example, mean values for “allow foreign fishing” are all above 3, indicating general disagreement with that question. Concerning the statement “foreign piracy patrols protect foreign fishermen,” the values are below 3, in this case indicating general disagreement. Except for piracy’s impact on fishing location and deterrence of illegal foreign fishermen, differences among the regions are statistically significant p0.05. In general, Puntland and other states have the strongest opinions against allowing foreign fishing and the belief that it negatively affects their livelihood, catch and the ecosystem. 72 Table 48. Inter-location differences in impact indicators mean values Statement Somaliland Puntland Other Kruskal Wallis p N Allow Foreign Fishing 3.74 4.75 4.76 42.57 0.0 1 37 1 Foreign Anti-Piracy Patrols Protect Foreign Fishermen 2.62 1.72 1.70 22.24 0.0 1 37 Illegal Fishing Impacts Livelihood 3.60 4.38 4.03 28.37 0.0 1 36 8 Illegal Fishing does not Impact Ecosystems 3.44 4.78 4.52 60.09 0.0 1 37 Foreign Fishing Doesnt Impact My Catch 3.68 4.72 4.52 42.71 0.0 1 37 1 Piracy Does not Restrict Fishing Location 2.53 3.01 3.06 5.41 0.0 5 37 Piracy Deters Illegal Foreign Fishermen 3.47 2.99 2.94 5.41 0.0 5 37 Foreign Navy Anti-Piracy Hurts My Fishing Livelihood 3.63 4.47 3.86 48.92 0.0 1 36 8 Strongly Disagree = 5, Strongly Agree = 1 Strongly Agree = 5, Strongly Disagree = 1

5.5.9 Perceptions of Fishery Condition and Development Indicators