69
Legitimacy Items Disagree
Undecided
Agree Strongly Moderately
Moderately Strongly
Fishing rules help preserve and protect fisheries resources
1 2
3 4
5 Fishing rules only benefit some fishermen
5 4
3 2
1 Fishing rules will improve the wellbeing of
all fishers 1
2 3
4 5
The views of fishermen are not
considered in the formulation of fisheries regulations.
5 4
3 2
1 Fishing rules are enforced differently
depending on your social status 5
4 3
2 1
Fishermen who break the rules more often are penalized more severely than
those who only do it occasionally 1
2 3
4 5
violation e.g. pay fine, serve jail time, have gear or boat taken
Gains Items Disagree
Undecided
Agree Strongly Moderately
Moderately Strongly
Despite the penalties it is economically beneficial to break fishing rules
5 4
3 2
1 If I engage in illegal fishing activities or
not, it makes no difference in how much money I can earn from fishing
1 2
3 4
5
Moral Items Disagree
Undecided
Agree Strongly Moderately
Moderately Strongly My friendship with other fishermen will
not change, even if they frequently
violate fishing rules 5
4 3
2 1
I believe it is my moral duty to obey the fishing laws
1 2
3 4
5 If I see a local fishermen violating fishing
rules I will not report them to local
authorities 5
4 3
2 1
If I see a foreign fishing vessel fishing in local waters I will report it to the
authorities 1
2 3
4 5
5.5.7 Perceived Changes in Fishery, Income, Peace and Order and Development
Table 45 shows respondents perceptions of change compared to five years ago Box 2. The majority of respondents believe that fish catches and income have declined, suggesting that
70 overfishing may be occurring and negatively impacting fishermen. On the other hand, most feel
that peace and order and development have increased. Table 45. Change indicators
Indicator Reduced
No Change Increased
N
Catch Change 51.12
19.27 29.61
358 Income Change
55.77 19.72
24.51 355
Peace Order Change
3.93 25.56
70.51 356
Development Change
24.93 24.93
50.14 357
Table 46 provides an analysis of location differences in change indicators. All differences are statistically significant p0.01. Overall, Somalilands fishermen from Somaliland perceive the
most positive changes and Puntlands the most negative. For Somaliland, all the indicators are moving in a positive direction. For Puntland and the other states, fishery indicators and related
income indicators hint at significant challenges in developing fisheries
. Table 46. Distribution of mean values for change indicators
Location Catch
Change Income
Change Peace
Order Change
Dev. Change
Somaliland 0.92
0.84 0.76
0.73 Puntland
-0.68 -0.73
0.75 0.04
Other -0.19
-0.37 0.45
0.28
N 358
355 356
357
Kruskal- Wallis H
160.99 167.62
24.98 29.43
p 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.01
5.5.8 Perceptions of Impact from IUU Fishing, Piracy and Anti-Piracy Patrols
Table 47 presents frequency distributions of responses to impact indicator questions Box 3. Concerning these indicators, more than 88 percent disagreed that foreign fishing should be
allowed, but 71 percent strongly disagreed with the statement that foreign piracy patrols protect foreign fishermen. Sixty eight percent strongly agreed that illegal fishing impacts
fishermens livelihoods, 81 percent felt strongly that it impacts marine ecosystems, and 82 percent strongly agreed that it impacts their catches. Respondents were split on whether piracy
restricts where they fish. Sixty nine percent of respondents either agreed or strongly agreed that piracy deters illegal fishing. Seventy seven percent either agreed or strongly agreed that
anti-piracy patrols affect their livelihood. These responses tend to indicate a very negative perception towards illegal fishing and anti-piracy campaigns, and respondents believed that
these actions had ecological and economic consequences.
71
Table 47. Percent distribution of Impact indicator responses Statement
Strongly Disagree
Somewhat Disagree
Neither Somewhat
Agree Strongly
Agree N
Allow Foreign Fishing 86.79
1.62 0.81
2.16 8.63
371 Foreign Piracy Patrols
Protect Foreign Fishermen
71.35 5.14
2.97 4.59
15.95 370
Illegal Fishing Impacts Livelihood
16.85 0.82
4.62 9.51
68.21 368
Illegal Fishing has No Impact on Ecosystems
81.35 4.32
1.08 3.24
10.00 370
Foreign Fishing Doesnt Impact My Catch
82.21 4.04
1.35 1.62
10.78 371
Piracy does not Restrict Fishing Location
30.54 12.16
9.19 15.95
32.16 370
Piracy Deters Illegal Foreign Fishermen
19.29 5.43
5.71 18.21
51.36 368
Foreign Navy Anti- Piracy Hurts My Fishing
Livelihood 12.77
3.80 6.25
13.86 63.32
368 Table 48 includes mean values for responses to the impact indicator questions. Because values
associated with agree and disagree responses vary according to the question see values in Box 3, interpretation of the means need to take this into account. For example, mean values for
“allow foreign fishing” are all above 3, indicating general disagreement with that question. Concerning the statement “foreign piracy patrols protect foreign fishermen,” the values are
below 3, in this case indicating general disagreement. Except for piracy’s impact on fishing location and deterrence of illegal foreign fishermen, differences among the regions are
statistically significant p0.05. In general, Puntland and other states have the strongest opinions against allowing foreign fishing and the belief that it negatively affects their livelihood,
catch and the ecosystem.
72
Table 48. Inter-location differences in impact indicators mean values Statement
Somaliland Puntland Other Kruskal
Wallis p
N
Allow Foreign Fishing 3.74
4.75 4.76 42.57 0.0
1 37
1 Foreign Anti-Piracy Patrols Protect
Foreign Fishermen 2.62
1.72 1.70 22.24 0.0
1 37
Illegal Fishing Impacts Livelihood 3.60
4.38 4.03 28.37 0.0
1 36
8 Illegal Fishing does not Impact
Ecosystems 3.44
4.78 4.52 60.09 0.0
1 37
Foreign Fishing Doesnt Impact My Catch
3.68 4.72 4.52 42.71
0.0 1
37 1
Piracy Does not Restrict Fishing Location
2.53 3.01 3.06
5.41 0.0
5 37
Piracy Deters Illegal Foreign Fishermen 3.47
2.99 2.94 5.41
0.0 5
37 Foreign Navy Anti-Piracy Hurts My
Fishing Livelihood 3.63
4.47 3.86 48.92 0.0
1 36
8 Strongly Disagree = 5, Strongly Agree = 1 Strongly Agree = 5, Strongly Disagree = 1
5.5.9 Perceptions of Fishery Condition and Development Indicators