64 The many fishermen saying that they never saw enforcement patrols Table 43 also suggests
the need to consider a community-based approach. That so many Somalis have cell phones means that reporting of alleged violations to law enforcement groups could be accomplished
relatively easily, as some countries have set up toll-free numbers to allow for this. This allows enforcement agencies to improve their response to alleged violations and direct patrol vessels
to sites where illegal activity has been reported. Over time, plotting of sightings modern cell phones and smart phones are capable of identifying where violations are generally taking place
could be accomplished. Applications could be created to provide such information for every report. These could be plotted over time and help enforcement agencies work out where and
when time of year, day and location violations occur most frequently, again allowing for the establishment of “smart” patrolling patterns.
5.5.5 Environmental Issues
Turning to the important indicator of environmental e.g., pollution, etc. issues, Table 44 shows the percent distribution of fishermen reporting large quantities of dead fish washed up on their
local beaches. As this was raised as a concern while the survey was being developed and in discussions with key informants in Nairobi, questions on this were added to the survey. Some
key respondents believed that these deaths were caused by the illegal dumping of toxic waste in Somali waters. While this survey cannot ascertain precise cause of fish kills, questions were
added to help clarify the prevalence of such beliefs and severity of the problem geographic extent and frequency of occurrences – see Table 43 below and one question on this topic in Box
4 in the next section of this report.
Table 44. Percent distribution of fishermen reporting fish kills along their coastline in past year and mean number of
incidents Fish Kills in Last
Year
Somaliland Puntland
Other Total
N
No 70.00
48.60 27.8
3 46.1
5 16
8 Yes
30.00 51.40
72.1 7
53.8 5
19 6
N 70
179 115
36 4
χ
2
= 31.99, df = 2 p0.01 V=0.30 Incidents mean
5.95 3.76
2.60 F-ratio = 11.01 df = 2 222 p0.01
Overall, 54 percent of the fishermen reported fish kills, with the highest frequencies in the communities classified as “other” 72 percent. Mean reported incidences varied between 3.76
and 5.95 and Somaliland reported the largest number of incidences. Differences in Table 44 are statistically significant p0.01.
Fish kills could have several causes, from algal blooms resulting from excessive nutrient loading into near shore waters that creates anoxic conditions, dead and discarded by-catch from
65 trawling vessels washing ashore, or other pollution sources. The survey results cannot tell us
the causes, but the frequency of such reports from over two to almost six per year is cause for further investigation on this issue to try to determine them.
5.5.6 Fishery Change, Impact, Condition, Development and Compliance Indicators
Items used to develop indicators of fishery change, impact, conditions, development and compliance are shown in Boxes 2, 3 4. The change questions in Box 2 were designed to
understand how quality of life in fishing communities may be changing and also to help understand changes in fish catch and income indirect indicators of fishery health. Impact
indicators in Box 3 focused on respondents perceptions of the impacts of foreign fishing, illegal fishing, anti-piracy patrols and piracy.
66 Box 4 also attempts to gain insight into the condition and status of the fishery resources as
perceived by fishermen, and a sense of other types of development issues in these communities. Global experience has taught us that solutions focused solely on the fisheries
67 resource alone are often insufficient to improving quality of life in fishing communities. In
addition, an integrated “livelihoods” approach proposed by many fisheries experts, presumes that solutions, hard choices and restrictions on fishing efforts may be impossible to implement
unless other benefits and incentives are on offer. Such incentives lessen the negative short- term impacts of management measures that might improve the resources health but in the
short term, have negative socio-economic impacts on fishermen and their households.
68 Box 5 provides indicators on the strength or presence of factors determining local fishermens
compliance with fisheries rules, as shown in Figure 8 of this report. While these indicators help us understand ways to strengthen compliance, they only provide a few indirect clues about
ways of deterring IUU fishing by foreign vessels. Ideally, there would be a survey of foreign fishermen engaged in IUU fishing, but this was too difficult in this study and beyond its scope.
Box 5 Determinants of Compliance Indicators Legitimacy Items
Disagree
Undecided
Agree Strongly Moderately
Moderately Strongly
Fishing rules help preserve and protect fisheries resources
1 2
3 4
5 Fishing rules only benefit some fishermen
5 4
3 2
1 Fishing rules will improve the wellbeing of
all fishers 1
2 3
4 5
The views of fishermen are not
considered in the formulation of fisheries regulations.
5 4
3 2
1 Fishing rules are enforced differently
depending on your social status 5
4 3
2 1
Fishermen who break the rules more often are penalized more severely than
those who only do it occasionally 1
2 3
4 5
Deterrence Items Disagree
Undecided
Agree Strongly Moderately
Moderately Strongly
Fines and Penalties imposed on local
Somalis for violating fishing rules are not
severe enough to reduce their illegal fishing
5 4
3 2
1 Fines and Penalties imposed on foreigners
for violating fishing laws are high enough to reduce their illegal fishing activities
1 2
3 4
5 Local Somali Violators of fishing rules are
ALWAYS caught 1
2 3
4 5
Foreign Violators of fishing rules are NEVER caught
5 4
3 2
1 Local Somali Violators of fishing rules that
are caught are NEVER penalized for the violation e.g. pay fine, serve jail time,
have gear or boat taken 5
4 3
2 1
Foreign Violators of fishing rules that are caught are ALWAYS penalized for the
1 2
3 4
5
69
Legitimacy Items Disagree
Undecided
Agree Strongly Moderately
Moderately Strongly
Fishing rules help preserve and protect fisheries resources
1 2
3 4
5 Fishing rules only benefit some fishermen
5 4
3 2
1 Fishing rules will improve the wellbeing of
all fishers 1
2 3
4 5
The views of fishermen are not
considered in the formulation of fisheries regulations.
5 4
3 2
1 Fishing rules are enforced differently
depending on your social status 5
4 3
2 1
Fishermen who break the rules more often are penalized more severely than
those who only do it occasionally 1
2 3
4 5
violation e.g. pay fine, serve jail time, have gear or boat taken
Gains Items Disagree
Undecided
Agree Strongly Moderately
Moderately Strongly
Despite the penalties it is economically beneficial to break fishing rules
5 4
3 2
1 If I engage in illegal fishing activities or
not, it makes no difference in how much money I can earn from fishing
1 2
3 4
5
Moral Items Disagree
Undecided
Agree Strongly Moderately
Moderately Strongly My friendship with other fishermen will
not change, even if they frequently
violate fishing rules 5
4 3
2 1
I believe it is my moral duty to obey the fishing laws
1 2
3 4
5 If I see a local fishermen violating fishing
rules I will not report them to local
authorities 5
4 3
2 1
If I see a foreign fishing vessel fishing in local waters I will report it to the
authorities 1
2 3
4 5
5.5.7 Perceived Changes in Fishery, Income, Peace and Order and Development
