62
Table 41. Percent distribution of perceptions of how close to shore foreign vessels are fishing
Location Somaliland
Puntland Other
Total N
Within 5km 11.11
68.72 31.03
45.50 167
5 to 50km 47.22
20.67 62.07
38.96 143
Very far 25.00
1.68 3.45
6.81 25
Everywhere 16.67
8.94 3.45
8.72 32
N 72
179 116
367
χ
2
= 130.52, df = 6 p0.01 V=0.42
5.5.4 Enforcement
The following tables provide fishermens views on various aspects of enforcement, including who they perceive to be undertaking enforcement, and whether fishermen themselves or
traditional leaders play de-facto roles compared to conventional authorities such as the fisheries authorities, navy or police. In many countries, informal actions by fishermen
themselves or traditional authorities can deter illegal fishing through peer pressure or by imposing informal sanctions and penalties. Some countries have capitalized on informal roles
and have moved to legally formalize them. In the Philippines, fishermen are used as an auxiliary force that complements conventional and formal law enforcement agencies. Survey questions
in this section included whether foreign navies anti-piracy patrols are perceived as playing a role in fisheries enforcement. Fishermen were also asked about the frequency of patrols-an
indicator of how likely illegal activity is detected that influences the degree of deterrence.
Table 42 identifies the regulations’ enforcers that fishermen mentioned. Again, locations vary greatly, with many 41 percent fishermen saying that they do not know. This variation is again,
statistically significant p0.01.
Its important to note that many local fishermen and clans were identified as enforcers. It is doubtful that these groups currently have the legal authority to undertake such enforcement.
However, the fact that fishermen identify these groups suggests again that community-based surveillance and assistance in enforcement actions would appeal to fishing communities.
Community-based enforcement approaches are gaining support in countries like Senegal, the Philippines and Indonesia. These should not be considered a replacement for conventional
enforcement authorities, but as extensions of the enforcement system that provides many more eyes along the very extensive Somali coastline that local navy, coast guard and police
cannot fully patrol.
63
Table 42. Percent distribution of those identified as fishery regulation enforcers Enforcement
Agency Somaliland
Puntland Other
Total N
χ2 p
V
Dont Know 27.78
50.00 33.3
3 40.3
2 150
14.1 5
0.0 1
0.20 Federal Fisheries
27.78 2.78
12.5 10.7
5 40
34.0 6
0.0 1
0.30 Regional Fisheries
5.56 0.00
15.8 3
6.18 23
31.1 8
0.0 1
0.29 Police
25.00 13.89
2.50 12.3
7 46
21.7 7
0.0 1
0.24 Navy
4.17 1.11
3.33 2.42
9 2.66
0.08 Foreign Navies
4.17 1.67
3.33 2.69
10 1.51
0.06 Clans
9.72 11.11
10.8 3
10.7 5
40 0.10
0.0 5
0.02 Local Fishermen
44.44 19.44
20.8 3
24.7 3
92 18.7
1 0.0
1 0.22
Other 6.94
0.56 7.50
4.03 15
10.9 3
0.17
N 72
180 120
372
N too small to calculate reliable probability Table 43 shows how many fishermen reported seeing enforcers patrol their waters in percent
distribution. The majority 58 percent of respondents reported that they never saw enforcers. Somaliland fishermen reported seeing enforcers more than others p0.01.
Table 43. Percent distribution of perceived enforcement frequency
Frequency Somaliland
Puntland Other
Total N
Never 39.44
69.44 50.0
57.7 20
6 Rarely
12.68 11.67
11.3 2
11.7 6
42 Some of the
time 18.31
11.67 13.2
1 13.4
5 48
Frequently 9.86
6.11 16.0
4 9.80
35 All the time
19.72 1.11
9.43 7.28
26
N 71
180 106
35 7
χ
2
= 43.11, df = 8 p0.01 V=0.25 U= 30.65 p0.01
64 The many fishermen saying that they never saw enforcement patrols Table 43 also suggests
the need to consider a community-based approach. That so many Somalis have cell phones means that reporting of alleged violations to law enforcement groups could be accomplished
relatively easily, as some countries have set up toll-free numbers to allow for this. This allows enforcement agencies to improve their response to alleged violations and direct patrol vessels
to sites where illegal activity has been reported. Over time, plotting of sightings modern cell phones and smart phones are capable of identifying where violations are generally taking place
could be accomplished. Applications could be created to provide such information for every report. These could be plotted over time and help enforcement agencies work out where and
when time of year, day and location violations occur most frequently, again allowing for the establishment of “smart” patrolling patterns.
5.5.5 Environmental Issues
