Terms of Reference INTRODUCTION

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report was prepared by a team of consultants from the United States - Trans-Africa Consultancy Services TACS, a consultancy firm based in Barrington, Rhode Island RI, with help from the Coastal Resources Center CRC of the University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography in Narragansett, RI. This is the final report of a project on the “Study of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated IUU Fishing in the Territorial Waters of Somalia.” Adeso, who commissioned this study with funding from the European Union, is a humanitarian and development agency based in Kenya, with operations in Somalia and South Sudan as well.

1.1 Terms of Reference

The main objectives, as noted in ANNEX 6, were to: ● Identify and analyze the fundamental types of illegal fishing; unlicensed foreign industrial vessel, unreported or misreported fishing on the part of “licensed” vessels, illegal fishing in prohibited areas particularly close to shore, and with illegal nets, and illegal fishing by artisanal vessels. ● Identify and analyze the key domestic and international factors that foster illegal fishing and its impacts on Somalias marine ecosystems and livelihoods through synthesis of the empirical and anecdotal available knowledge. ● Carry out extensive fact finding missions and interviews in all coastal areas of Somalia with fishing communities, fishing industry or business people operating in the Somali fishing sector, as well as relevant stakeholders, such as local authorities and gather evidence on illegal fishing, its impact on the local communities’ marine resources and the links to piracy. Better understand the areas of vulnerability that allow illegal fishing to thrive at policy and governance level; ● Identify specific forms of support to enable the Somalia government to better implement their responsibilities with respect to illegal fishing and high seas fisheries ● Identify policy options and strategies to combat illegal fishing. ● Produce a policy and advocacy paper on illegal fishing in Somalia based on key findings and analysis. Methodology This study involved secondary and primary research combining both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The consultants used the following methods: ● Reviewed the relevant literature, including: Reports on Somalia by FAO, UNDP and World Bank, Sea Around US Project, documents of FGS and State of Puntland, Somaliland website and other literature as stated in footnotes and references. • Designed methodology for surveying Somali fishing communities regarding IUU fishing. The sample included ten fishing towns and villages representing all areas of Somalia, from city to small village, from the coast in Berbera to Kismaayo, and all coastal states of Somalia and Somaliland Fig. 1. 372 fishermen were formally interviewed using extensive individual survey questionnaires Table 1 and the survey used rapid 6 assessment methodologies, key informant interviews with an additional number of fishermen about 450. See “Design and Methodology for the Survey of Somalia Fishing Communities Concerning IUU Fishing” ANNEX IV of Inception Report, June 03, 2014. • Employed teams of local survey enumerators and trained them on the survey methodology and how to administer the Somali-translated questionnaire, o Prior to administering the survey instrument, the survey of fishery sites were characterized via rapid assessment methods including visual walks through the community and semi-structured conversations with key informants ANNEX I. o At each survey site, a systematic survey sampling design was used and the head of the household was interviewed. In some cases, fishermen were randomly selected at community landing centers. The target was to interview 30-40 individuals per community to ensure adequate representation. ● Checked the accuracy of, and corrected the resulting coded, data entries made into Excel spreadsheets for all interviewees. ● Conducted brief key informant interviews with officials at the Ministries of Fisheries and Environment in Puntland. ● Conducted key informant interviews with representatives of multilateral agencies and non-governmental organizations active in Somalia and based in Nairobi. ● Interviews were also done with prominent Somali individuals with knowledge of Somalias fisheries sector.

1.2 Challenges and Limitations of this Study