9 suffixes do not change the meaning of the base; rather, they change grammatical
function of the base word. Based on Quirk at al. 1985, p. 1520, “suffixation is a process to put a suffix after the base, sometimes with, but more usually with, a
change of a word class”. Furthermore, Bergman 1987, p. 36 points out that suffixation consist of attaching a suffix to a base root. The -ing and –ed endings
are the examples that used to form the participial adjective. We often call these types of word elements as inflectional endings, or inflectional suffixes.
The addition of the –ing and –ed at the end of a word form a new word and this changes the base grammatical functions. The –ing addition is known as
present participial adjectives whilst the –ed addition known as part participial adjectives based on Hughes 1996. This research is to examine students’
understanding of –ing and –ed participial adjective.
1. Types of Participial Adjectives
According to Hewing 1999 p. there are two types of participial adjective. First is the present -ing participial adjective and the second is the past -ed
participial adjective.
a. The Present -ing Participial Adjective
According to Swan 1995, pp. 404-405, present participles -ing are used to describe the people or things that cause the feeling. The –ing participle refers to
the actor the one or thing causing the emotion. In addition to that, when –ing forms are used for adjectives or adverbs, they have similar meaning to active
verbs, e.g. falling leaves =leaves that fall, a meat-eating animal =an animal that eats meat
10 According to Close 1975, p. 12, “present participle is one of non-finite
part of English, which has no tense, and it is not affected by the person and the number of subjects”. “The adjective ending in –ing can also describe the general
use of the noun is intended for, for instance: ‘a washing machine’ means a machine which washes and ‘a dining table’ means a table for dining” Hughes
1965 p.. There are only several verbs that can be changed into adjectives by adding
suffix –ing, and they are commonly called emotive verbs. The terms emotive is used to indicate that the verbs influence people, or caused someone to become
based on Celce- Muria 1983. For instance: amuse, bore, interest, tire, admire, amaze, annoy, surprise. Therefore, referring to the theories mentioned in the
previous paragraph. Based on theories mentioned above, the researcher concludes that the
present participial adjectives are follows: 1. It usually refers to a characteristic feature of the thing referred to by the noun
and not any specific act Quirk, 1985, p. 246 2. It describes the cause of feeling Azar, 1992, p. 298. The present participle
conveys an active meaning. The noun it modifies does something Azar, 1989, p. 144.
3. It is adjective in the noun phrases can reach full adjective status when it is compound with another adjective, put in front of noun compound, as in the
moving traffic compounded with fast become the fast-moving traffic; breaking compounded with heart become heart-breaking Quirk, 1985, p. 245
11
b. The Past -ed Participial Adjective
The past participle describes how people feel Azar, 1992, p.298. It also conveys a passive meaning Azar, 1989, p.144.According to Kilby 1985, p.57,
the past -ed participial adjectives of all regular and irregular verb is identical with past tense, and is to be distinguished by its function in the sentence. For
instance : a well-dressed little girl is a girl who has been well dressed, white a well-dressed man has an active meaning since a man is considered to be able to
dress himself; whereas a little girl is not. The sentence performs the same pattern but not always has the same meaning.
Based on Swan in Practical English Usage 1995, p.404-405, past participial adjectives -ed are used to say how people feel. The –ed participle
refers to the experience the one feeling the emotion. Most participles have passive meanings when they are used like adjectives or adverbs: a broken heart =
a heart that has been broken. Etherton 1968 divides the –ed participial adjective into groups according
to the kind of verbs from which they derive and it can be summarized as follows: 1. The –ed participial adjectives of transitive verbs.
2. The –ed participial adjectives of intransitive verbs. The most common participial adjective are those which derive from
transitive verbs. They may stand in attributive or predicative position. At large, most adjective are formed by transitive part participle have passive meaning and
descriptive stress. According to Lado 1975, p. 65, the participial adjective stress; PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12 it means that they indicate the condition or state of the person or thing denoted by
the noun which they modify. According to Compbell 1951, the past -ed participial adjective may
have the same function as the present -ing participial adjective since the participial adjective in common which more or less can be generalized based on
the function as follows: 1. They modify nouns.
2. They can be used either attributively or predicatively. 3. The might be descriptive that is, they modify nouns by naming the
quality or condition of the objects named, or classifying that is, they restrict the referee of the object named.
2. Pattern of Participial Adjectives
Based on Geoffery Leech and J. Svartvik 1994, p.215, the pattern of English participial adjectives can be divided as follows:
a. The present -ing participial adjectives 1 The present –ing active participial adjectives
Itthey V someonething PA Participial Adjective
---- Agent The rule above states that the –ing participial adjective show an active
relationship with the noun they modify, for instance: Frightening animals animals which frighten someonething, a paying customer a customer who pays
