Background of Study INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Language has a significant role in communication among the nations in the world. It functions as a bridge for connecting one nation to another, and translation is considered to have the role in linking one language to another. To be able to transfer the meaning from the target language to the source language, a translator should equip himself with knowledge of the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of both the source and target text. Larson 1998:3 stated that translation is basically a change in form. Translation then consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context. In terms of the form of a language, it refers to actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., whether it is spoken or written. In relation to translation, Nida 1974:3 stated that something which can be said in one language can be said in another, unless the form is essential element of the message. From this statement, it can be concluded that the awareness and understanding the linguistic systems of the languages are considered to be important in transferring the message from the source language into the target language. Grammatical structure of languages can be considered a significant factor in translation, for example, in translating a text from English into Indonesian. Both English and Indonesian are different from each other, either on their phonological or grammatical aspects. Concerning these linguistic facts, Bell 1991 stated that languages are different from each other. They are different in form of having distinct codes and rules regulating the construction of grammatical structures of language. The lexical meaning of the source language and target language will not be exactly the same. Besides, both languages have different cultural backgrounds. Therefore, it is very difficult to find the lexical equivalent of one language in another language. Quirk 1985 stated that a sentence or clause may alternatively be seen as comprising five units called elements of sentence or clause structure: subject, verb, complement, object, and adverbial, here abbreviated to S, V, C, O, A. According to him, adverbial is normally an adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, or adverbial clause. Adverbials may be single words or phrases that provide information about when, where, how, or why things happen. Adverbial can have some variation in terms of forms, functions, or meanings. For example time, place, and manner in clause or sentence can be stated by adverbial, and it can be in the form of noun phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, or clause, and in general, the adverbial is capable of occurring in more than one position in the clause. Adverbial can be divided into some categories; one of them is called Adverbial of manner. The way how an action is performed is expressed by adverbial of manner. In English, some adverbials of manner are formed by an adjective, and the suffix -ly, for example, quiet-quietly, careful-carefully, etc. In Indonesian, adverb of manner can be in the form single word such as secepatnya, sebaliknya, sepenuhnya, etc. Besides, it can be in the form of phrases. In prepositional phrase it consists of preposition dengan, secara, or tanpa; adjective in adjective phrase; or noun in noun phrase Alwi et.al 2008:370-371. From this explanation, it can be seen that word and phrase which functionas adverbials can be in various forms and meaning. In translating the adverbial stating manner from English into Indonesian, there will be some differences in terms of the grammatical structure and lexical item since each language has its own form of adverbial. Therefore, this research is necessary to be done and it is very challenging and interesting to conduct a research on the topic of the translation of adverbial of manner from English into Indonesian found in a biography book of a Balinese prince entitled Against All Odds by Pucci 2004 with its Indonesian version Menepis Segala Rintangan by Adidharma 2004. The biography was chosen as the data source of this study because they were typical compared with other biography. There are lots of variations on the translation of adverbials of manner. The journey of life of the prominent figure from Bali can be seen on these biographies since his childhood during Dutch colonial period until he became the first doctor from Bali who worked for the United Nation. The life of Balinese people, what they did on that period, and the adventures of Dr. Djelantik in doing his duty on that period are related to the adverbials of manner which explains how the actions are done.

1.2 Problems of Study