They are probably at home. Semantically, conjuncts have a connective function. They indicate the connection
between what is being said and what was said before. Eg: We have complained several times, yet he does nothing about it
If they open all the windows, then I’m leaving
Items can belong to more than one class. For example, naturally is an adjunct in They aren’t walking naturally ‘in a natural manner’ and a disjunct in Naturally,
they are walking ‘of course’. Adjuncts have some subclasses; one of them is
process adjunct. Process adjuncts define in some way the process denoted by the verbs. They can be divided into three semantic subclasses; one of them is manner
adjunct.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
The theories of this thesis were based on the ideas proposed by the experts in the field of syntax and translation studies. Those theories are grammatical
theory which deals with adverbials of manner, as well as the translation procedure
2.3.1 Adverbial of Manner in English
Quirk 1973 stated that according to class of adverbials, Adverbials of manner could be categorized as adjuncts. The example of adverbials of manner in
a sentence could be seen in the following example: John S carefully A searched V the room O
It is clear that sentence or clause has a subclass of adverbials. Because the verbs with which they can occur allow the progressive, the aspect of on-going activity, it
is appropriate to refer to these adverbials as process.
Process Adjuncts define in some way the process denoted by the verb. Common pro-forms for process adjuncts are in that way, that way informal, like
that. Process adjunct co-occurs with dynamic verbs, but not with stative verbs: He likes them skillfully
He owns it awkwardly
Process adjunct favour final position, since they usually receive the information focus. Indeed, no other position is likely if the process adjunct is
obligatory for the verb: They live frugally
They treated his friend badly They frugally live
They badly treated his friend Since the passive is often used when the need is felt to focus attention on
the verb, process adjunct are commonly placed in middle position rather than final when the verb is in passive:
Tear gas was indiscriminately sprayed on the protesters Process adjunct realized by units other than adverb phrase often occur initially,
that position being preferred if the focus of information is required in another part of sentence: By pressing this button you can stop the machine.
According to Quirk 1973 adverbials of manner can be realized by a by adverb phrases, having an adverb as head; b by noun phrase; c by prepositional
phrases-that is, structures consisting of a noun phrase dominated by a preposition; and d by clause.
a Adverb Phrase
The adverb functions directly in an adverb phrase which is head or sole realization. It was found convenient to refer to the syntactic functions of a
particular adverb or type of adverb, since it is generally the adverb that dictates the syntactic functions of an adverb phrase
.
The majority of adverbs have the derivational suffix-ly. The creation of adverbs from adjectives by adding the
–ly suffix is closely related to the dynamic quality in the adjective, for example:
cheerful ~ cheerfully suspicious ~ suspiciously
jealous ~ jealously reasonable ~ reasonably
But it is not found in French ~ Frenchly, etc. it appears that –ly adverbs are not
formed from typically stative adjective classes, such as adjectives denoting: dimension: big ~ bigly
tall ~tally colour : red ~redly
blonde ~ blondely age
: old ~ oldly young ~ youngly
Certain items that function as adjectives are also used to define in some way the process denoted by the verb; this is a typical use of adverbs, eg: loud and
clear in He spoke loud and clear. In some cases, the adjective form and corresponding
–ly adverb can be used interchangeably, with little or no semantic differences, except that many people find the adjective form objectionable:
He spoke loud and clear loudly and clearly Drive slowslowly
She buys her clothes cheapcheaply
The principal syntactic difference between the use of adjective and adverb forms is that the adjective form, if admissible at all, is restricted to a position after
the verb or if present the object: He slowly drove the car into the garage
He drove the car slowly into the garage He slow drove the car into the garage
? He drove the car slow into the garage b
Noun Phrase and Prepositional Phrase The structures of adverbials of manner realized by prepositional phrase are
formed by a noun phrase dominated by a preposition. Therefore, the structure explanation of adverbials of manner in the form noun and prepositional phrase is
not separated. Manner adjuncts are realized mostly by adverb phrases and prepositional
phrases, but also by noun phrase and clauses. The phrase with way, manner, and style, as head tends to have the definite
article: She cooks the chicken the way I like
in the a way I like As the above example illustrates, we can regard such phrases as having omitted
the preposition in. It is considered as part of inversed voice since the noun phrase cannot occur by itself without the verb phrase; for example: I like the way cannot
occur by itself; it should be I like the way the chicken is cooked
An adverb manner adjunct can usually be paraphrased by in a… manner or
in a … way with its adjective base in the vacant position. Where adverb forms exist, it is usually preferred over a corresponding prepositional phrase with
manner or way . Hence, ‘He always writes carelessly’ is more usual than ‘He
always writes in a careless manner way’.
Adverbs as heads of manner phrase adjunct are an open class. The main method of forming manner adverbs is by adding a
–ly suffix to an adjective. Three minor methods are by adding
–wise, -style, or –fashion to a noun, eg: snake-wise, cowboy-style, peasant-fashion. With these forms, the prepositional paraphrase
would include postmodification; in the manner of a snake, in the style of cowboys, in the fashion of peasant.
As means ~ agentive, the adverbials of manner realized by prepositional phrase are described by the form:
with, in…manner, like; as can be seen in following examples:
Manner: with, in… manner, like
We were received with the utmost courtesy The task was done in a workmanlike manner
The army swept through the city like a pestilence Note that like with intensive verbs, as in Life is like a dream, refers not to manner
but to resemblance. As distinct from like, preposition as refers to actual role; He spoke
like a lawyer ‘after the manner of…’ As a lawyer ‘in the capacity of..’
c Clause
The clause of manner is introduced by exactly as, just as, for examples; Please do it exactly as I instructed
‘in the way that…’. If an as- clause is placed initially, the correlative form so, in formal literary English, may introduce
the main clause: Just as a month is attracted by a light, so he was fascinated by her.Such examples provide a transition to the adverbial clause of comparison,
introduced by as if, as though: He looks as if he is going to be ill. If there is doubt or
‘unreality’, the modal past is used: He treated me just as if he had never met me. Clauses of comparison sometimes show subject operator inversion: The
present owner collects paintings, as did several of his ancestor.
2.3.2 Adverbial of Manner in Indonesian
