power to judge the crime or those who violate the social rule inhabiting at that time.
The Jews in Palestine had experienced many social and cultural contacts with other society and cultures. This of course brought impacts in some of
aspects such as economic, politics and religion or ideology. However, the temple and synagogues had a very important role in keeping the nationalism of the Jews
Graham, 1928:571. He also added that the temple and synagogues were the institutions made in order to solve the problems among society. The temple was
organized by the Sadducees and the synagogues were organized by the Pharisees. Both of these institutions then showed the characteristics of their organizers
Graham, 1928: 573-572.
D. Theoretical Framework
In this research, the writer uses some related studies, theories and background. In this part, the writer explains the contribution of each review
starting from the related studies. The writer uses four related studies. As this research mainly talks about the Jewish nation from Postcolonial theory, the writer
uses some similar studies which also discuss the same ground. The related studies give contribution to this research by sharing some thoughts of how to scrutinize a
biblical text and find many problems related to colonial situation in the Jewish nation. As the related studies in this research mostly discuss the colonial problem
in the Old Testament era or the time before Roman period, they can be used as the basic ground or pioneers from where the writer can start this research as they are
all in sequence of time. The related studies also give contribution to the related background of this research as they also share some important historical data. The
related studies in this research are used as the starting point from where the writer begins to develop the postcolonial biblical study.
There are also some related theories used in this research to answer the research questions. As this research discusses about a struggle of defending
national identity of a nation which lived in the context of imperialism, the theory used here is Postcolonial theory. Avoiding any jumping observation to the main
problem, the writer uses two intrinsic theories as the beginning to make this research fully understandable. The first intrinsic theory is the theory of
characterization. This theory gives contribution in giving the writer understanding of how to know the characteristic or quality of a character, which in this research
is Jesus, using some methods. This theory, used in the first research question, helps the writer to determine the characteristics of Jesus which show his
reinterpretations of Torah. The second intrinsic theory is the theory of conflict. This theory gives
contribution in giving the writer understanding of what makes conflict, how the different ideas can lead to clash. This theory, used in the second research question,
helps the writer to know how Jesus criticism of Torah can trigger a clash with the Jews, especially the Jewish authorities.
After that, in the third research question, the writer uses Postcolonial theory. This theory gives contribution as a whole about the impact of imperialism
