The Equivalence of the Logical Meanings between Toba-Batak Language and English (A Case Study of the Toba-Batak Wedding speeches)

THE EQUIVALENCE OF THE LOGICAL MEANINGS BETWEEN TOBA-BATAK LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH

(A CASE STUDY OF THE TOBA-BATAK WEDDING SPEECHES) A DISSERTATION

Submitted to the Postgraduate Studies of Linguistics, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor in Linguistics under the Authority of the Rector Prof. Dr. dr. Syahril Pasaribu, DTM&H., M.Sc. (CTM)., Sp.A(K).

Final Examination Held on Day : Monday

Date : October 21, 2013 Hour : 10.30 A.M.

SANGGAM SIAHAAN Reg. Number 108107019

FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2013

THE EQUIVALENCE OF THE LOGICAL MEANINGS BETWEEN TOBA-BATAK LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH

(A CASE STUDY OF THE TOBA-BATAK WEDDING SPEECHES) A DISSERTATION

Submitted to the Postgraduate Studies of Linguistics, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor in Linguistics under the Authority of the Rector Prof. Dr. dr. Syahril Pasaribu, DTM&H., M.Sc. (CTM)., Sp.A(K).

Final Examination Held on Day : Monday

Date : October 21, 2013 Hour : 10.30 A.M.

By

Sanggam Siahaan NIM 108107019

Title of Dissertation : The Equivalence of the Logical Meanings between Toba-Batak Language and English (A Case Study of the Toba-Toba-Batak Wedding speeches)

Name of the Student : Sanggam Siahaan

Reg. No. : 108107019

Study Program : Linguistics

Approved and Accepted by Promotor Commision

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D. Promotor

Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL, M.Hum.

Co-promotor

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. Co-promotor

Chairperson of Linguistics Study Program

Dean of Cultural Science Faculty

THE RESULT OF THIS DISSERTATION RESEARCH HAS BEEN APPPROVED BY THE FINAL EXAMINING COMMETTEE AND ACCEPTED BY LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM OF THE FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FOR THE PROMOTION

Approved Promotor

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.

Co-promotor

Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL, M.Hum. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.

Legalized

Chairperson of Linguistics Study Program

The Faculty of Cultural Sciences of the University of Sumatera Utara

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. NIP 1308099976

Examined in the Promotion

--- EXAMINATION COMMITTEE

Chairperson : Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.

Members : 1. Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL, M.Hum.

2. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.

3. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D.

4. Asruddin B. Tou, M.A., Ph.D.

5. Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.

With the Rector Decree of the University of Sumatera Utara Number: 1421/UN5.1.R./SK/SSA/2013

Date : September 24, 2013

--- TEAM OF PROMOTORS

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D.

Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL, M.Hum.

EXTERNAL EXAMINERS

Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D.

Asruddin B. Tou, M.A., Ph.D.

Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.

THE EQUIVALENCE OF THE LOGICAL MEANINGS BETWEEN TOBA-BATAK LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH

(A CASE STUDY OF THE TOBA-BATAK WEDDING SPEECHES)

I certify that the dissertation I wrote as one of the requirements to obtain the degree of Doctor from the Study Program of Linguistics, the Faculty of Cultural Science of the University of Sumatera Utara is exactly my own work.

I certify that I clearly mention the references of the citations I use in some specific parts of this dissertation based on the norm, rule, and etiquette of the technique of the scientific writing.

I certify, in the future, that I am willing to accept the sanction of the revocation of my academic degree which I receive and other sanctions in accordance with the applicable rules and laws, provided some parts or all of this dissertation are invented not my own work or to commit plagiarism.

Medan, October 2013

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

Abbreviations

EL English Language

IL Indonesian Language

LSR Logico-Semantic Relation

SL Source Language

ST Source Text

TBL Toba-Batak Language

TBP Toba Batak People

TBWS Toba-Batak Traditional Wedding speeches

TL Target Languge

TS Transitivity System

TT Target Text

T1 Translation 1

T2 Translation 2

Symbols

= Elaboration, Specification, Exemplification, Restatement, and Commentary

+ Extension with “and”, Extension with “or”, and Extension with “but”

x Enhancements: spatial, temporal, conditional, Causal, Concessive, and Manner

“ Locution Projection

„ idea projection

1 Independent clause 1 2 Independent clause 2

Dependent clause (unnecessarily embedded in α) δ Dependent clause (unnecessarily embedded in ) Dependent clause (unnecessarily embedded in δ) {...} Block of logical meanings

[...] Block of logical meanings in a {...} (...) Block of logical meanings in a [...]

→ The Analysis of the patterns of the logical meanings(Bottom-Up Translation Approach) of a text

↔ The translation process of the patterns of the logical meanings from the ST into the TT, the analysis of the functional equivalence between the ST and TT

DIAGRAMS Diagram 1: Meaning Network System Construct Diagram 2: Text Context

Diagram 3: The Analytical Construct of the Translation Process of TBWS as the ST into TT

ABSTRACT

This research is about the equivalence of the logical meanings between Toba-Batak language (TBL) as the source language (SL) and English language (EL) as the target language (TL). The research is a case study on the translation process of the patterns of the logical meanings of Toba-Batak Wedding speeches (TBWS) as the source text (ST) translated into English as the target text (TT). The problems investigated are: (1). What are the patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the wedding speeches of the TBL text as a ST? (2). How are the translationally related patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the ST represented in the English language text as a TT? (3). Why are the patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the wedding speeches of the TBL text as a ST represented as they are in the English language text as a TT? The theoretical frameworks used in this research are based on the logico-semantic relation theory (Halliday, 1994) and the bottom-up translation approach (Manfredi, 2008). The research design conducted in this study is a qualitative research (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). The research subject is the Toba Batak people who have participated in the weeding party held in Balige in December 19th, 2011. The research object is the patterns of the logical meanings of 142 clause complexes of the ST. The technique of the data analysis follows the concurrent activities elaborated by Miles and Huberman (1984). The research findings are as follows: (1). the patterns of the logical meanings which occur in the ST are expansion, projection, and complex mixed pattern. Expansions are elaboration, extension and enhancement. Elaborations are specification, exemplification, commentary. Extensions are extension “and”, extension “or”, and extension “but”. Enhancements are spatial enhancement, temporal enhancement, conditional enhancement, causal enhancement, concessive enhancement, and manner enhancement. Projections are locution projection, idea projection, idea proposition, and idea proposal. Complex mixed pattern are classified into complex mixed elaboration head, complex mixed extension head, complex mixed enhancement head, and complex mixed locution head; (2). the application of the bottom-up translation approach realizes the patterns of the logical meanings of the ST into TT as they are by five stages, i.e., (i). the analysis of the ST into clause simples and clause complexes, (ii). the analysis of the components of the clause simples of the clause complexes based on the transitivity system, (iii). the analysis of how the clause simples create the patterns of the logical meanings in each of the clause complexes based on the logico-semantic relation, (iv). the transfer of the pattern of the logical meanings of the ST into the TT by selecting the equivalent component from the TL to replace the component of the ST to represent the equivalent pattern of the logical meaning into the TT, and (v). the analysis of the equivalence of the patterns of the logical meanings between the ST and TT based on the transitivity system and logico-semantic relation; and (3). the reason why patterns of the logical meanings are realized from the ST into TT as they are because the translation approach used in the translation process make the linguistic behavior of the TT approach the linguistic behavior of the ST to keep the same message between the ST and TT by picking up the logical meanings of the ST, then selecting equivalent lexico-grammatical aspects from the TL to replace the grammatical aspects of the SL in the expression of the equivalent pattern of the logical meaning in the TT.

Key words: Toba-Batak wedding speeches, logical meaning, functional equivalence, Systemic Functional Grammar Theory, and bottom-up translation approach

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini ialah tentang kesepadanan makna logis antara bahasa Batak Toba sebagai bahasa sumber (BSu) dan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa sasaran (Bsa). Penelitian ini ialah sebuah studi kasus penerjemahan pola makna logis Wejangan Pernikahan Batak Toba sebagai teks sumber (TSu) ke bahasa Inggris sebagai teks sasaran (TSa). Masalah yang diteliti ialah: (1). Pola makna logis apa yang terdapat pada WPBT sebagai sebuah TSu? (2). Bagaimana pola makna logis yang terdapat pada TSu direalisasikan ke pola makna logis sebagaimana adanya pada TSa? (3). Mengapa pola makna logis yang terdapat pada WPBT sebagai TSu direalisasikan kepola makna logis sebagaimana adanya pada TSa? Kerangka teori penelitian ini ialah teori relasi semantik logis (Halliday, 1994) dan teori pendekatan penerjemahan bawah atas (Manfredi, 2008). Rancangan penelitian ialah penelitian kwalitatif (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Subjek penelitian ialah masyarakat Batak Toba yang terlibat pada sebuah pesta pernikahan di Balige pada 19 Desember 2011. Objek penelitian ialah pola makna logis dan sumber data ialah klausa kompleks TSu dan TSa. Teknik pengumpulan dan analisis data ialah mengikuti model yang dikembangkan Miles and Huberman (1984). Temuan penelitian adalah sebagai berikut: (1). pola makna logis yang terdapat pada TSu ialah expansi, projeksi dan pola campuran. Ekspansi dikelompokkan atas elaborasi, ekstensi, dan enhansi. Elaborasi terdiri dari spesifikasi dan komentri. Ekstensi teridiri dari ekstensi “and”, “or”, dan “but”. Enhasi tediri dari spasial, temporal, kondisional, kausal, konsesif, serta manner. Projeksi ialah lokusi, ide, proposisi dan proposal. Lokusi ialah parataktik dan hipotaktik lokusi. Pola campuran terdiri dari inti elaborasi, inti ekstensi, inti enhansi, inti lokusi; (2). Aplikasi pendekatan penerjemahan bawah atas dalam merealisasikan pola makna logis dari TSu ke TSa mempunyai lima tahapan, yaitu: (i). analisis TSu menjadi klausa sederhana dan bertingkat, (ii). analisis komponen klausa sederhana klausa bertingkat TSu berdasarkan sistim transitiviti; (iii). analisis bagaimana klausa sederhana membentuk pola makna logis klausa bertingkat berdasarkan relasi semantik logis; (iv). transfer pola makna logis TSu ke TSa dengan memilih komponen sepadan dari BSa untuk menggantikan komponen BSu, dan (v). analisis kesepadanan pola makana logis diantara TSu dan TSa berdasarkan sistim transitiviti dan relasi semantik logis; (3) alasan mengapa pola makna logis TSu dialihkan ke TSu sebagaimana adanya karena pendekatan penerjemahan menyebabkan perilaku linguistik TSa mendekat kepada prilaku linguistik TSu untuk mempertahankan kesepadanan makna diantara TSu dan TSa dengan cara memahami makna logis yang terdapat pada TSu, kemudian memilih komponen klausa BSa untuk menggantikan komponen klausa BSu untuk mengungkapkan makna logis yang sepadan ke TSa.

Kata Kunci: Wejangan pernikahan Batak Toba, makna logis, kesepadanan fungsional, teori tata bahasa fungsional sistemik, dan pendekatan penerjemahan bawah-atas

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise the Almighty God for His eternal love poured upon the life of the writer of this dissertation forever. It is His all blessing which strengthens him in the completion of this dissertation. Without His immense love, this dissertation will never come into such existence. Praise God the Lord forever!

In this opportunity, the writer would like to express his thanks to some people who have given contribution for the completion of this dissertation.

First of all, his sincerest and deepest thanks must be addressed to the commission of his promotor, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D., with co-promotors, Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL, M.Hum. and Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. for their sincere immense guidance and supervision during the process of writing this dissertation. It is their outstanding help which motivates the writer in the completion of this dissertation. His sincerest and deepest thanks must also be addressed to the examiner commission, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D., Asruddin B. Tou, M.A., Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed., TESP. It is their help in the improvement of the draft of this dissertation to become into this existence.

Second, his sincerest and deepest thanks go to the rector of the University of Sumatera Utara (USU), Prof. Dr. dr. Syahril Pasaribu, DTM&H., M.Sc. (CTM)., Sp.A(K). It is his help to provide the opportunity for the writer to continue his study at the Faculty of Cultural Sciences of the University of Sumatera Utara. His sincerest and deepest thanks must also be addressed to the Dean of the Faculty of Cultural Sciences of the University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. It is also his help to provide the financial supports during the writer‟s study at this post graduate program. His sincerest and deepest thanks must be addressed to the chairperson of the Study Program of Linguistics, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. It is her help to provide all the academic and official supports during the writer‟s study at the study program. His sincerest and deepest thanks must be addressed to all the teaching and administrative staffs of the

University of Sumatera Utara, the Faculty of Cultural Sciences of the University of Sumatera Utara, and the Study Program of Linguistics. It is their invaluable help which enable the writer to complete this dissertation.

Third, his sincerest and deepest thanks must be addressed to the Rector of Universitas HKBP Nommensen Medan, Dr. Ir. Jongkers Tampubolon, M.Sc. It is his sincere help to provide the administrative recommendation to continue his study, and the financial support given to him during his study. His sincerest and deepest thanks must be addressed to foundation of Universitas HKBP Nommensen for the recommendation and financial support given to the writer to continue his study at the University of North Sumatera. His sincerest and deepest thanks must be addressed to all officials of Universitas HKBP Nommensen who have given care and support to the writer during his study at the University of North Sumatera and the completion of this dissertation.

Fourth, his sincerest and deepest thanks are extended to his supervising professor in his Sandwich Program at National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Prof. Dr. Paitoon M. Chaiyanara. His thanks are also extended to late Prof. D.P. Tampubolon, Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., Dr. Hilman Pardede, M.Pd., Dr. Pasaman Silaban, M.S.A, Drs. Bloner Sinurat, M.Hum., Dra. Selviana Napitupulu, M.Hum., Albert Lumbangaol, M.Pd., Apredo Simamora, M.Pd., Sabar Tampubolon, S.E., M.M., Kisno Shinoda, S.Pd., Aprida Sidauruk, S.Sos., Simon Sitanggang, S.E., Hutmin Hutagalung, Pdt. Julson Pasaribu, S.Th., late Jahata Sitohang, Tambos Parulian Siahaan, Laoranto Simanullang, Efendi Siagian and James Letbridge. It is their invaluable help which enables the writer to complete this dissertation.

Last but not least, his sincerest and deepest thanks must go to the members of his family, they are his beloved mother, Pintauli Lumbangaol, his beloved wife, Diana Lumbangaol, his beloved children, they are Gomgom Basar Lolo Siahaan, Fine Eirene Siahaan, Dippos Partungkoan Siahaan, Johannes Hotmatua Siahaan, Leoni New Mercy Siahaan, his nephew, Siska Anggita Situmeang, his brothers, they are Josua Hamonangan Siahaan, Rolas Humisar Siahaan, Tanda Haposan

Siahaan, sisters-in-laws, Nelly Tarigan, Lumbangaol, Deria Manik, and his sisters, they are Dermi Flora Siahaan, and Sondang Hotmauli Siahaan, brothers-in-law, Lanto Situmorang, Demak Manalu, Robinson Hutagalung and Anni Siahaan. It is their constant love, care, and support which strengthen the writer in the completion of this dissertation.

May God the Almighty bless them all!

Medan, October 2013 The writer,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ... i

DIAGRAMS ... ii

ABSTRACT ... iii

ABSTRAK ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background ... 1

1.2 Research Focus ... 12

1.3 Research Problems ... 12

1.4 Research Objectives ... 12

1.5 Research Scope ... 13

1.6 Key Terms ... 14

1.7 Research Significances ... 15

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 17

2.1 Theoretical Review ... 17

2.1.1 Linguistics and Translation Study ... 17

2.1.1.1 SFL-Based View of Language, System and Realization ... 19

2.1.2. Translation Theories ... 20

2.1.2.1 Definition ... 20

2.1.2.2 Translation as a Process ... 21

2.1.2.3 Translation as a Product ... 21

2.1.2.4 Translation Equivalence ... 22

2.1.2.5 Translation Strategy ... 25

β.1.β.5.1 Manfredi‟s Study ... 25

β.1.β.5.β Venuti‟s Study ... 27

β.1.β.5.γ Kring‟s Study ... 28

β.1.β.5.5 Cohen‟s Study ... 29

β.1.β.5.6 Bell‟s Study ... 30

β.1.β.5.7 Jaaskelainen‟s Study ... 30

β.1.β.5.8 Seguinot‟s Study ... 33

2.2 The Previous Studies ... 33

β.β.1 Lubis‟ Research (β009) ... 33

β.β.β Silalahi‟s Research (β009) ... 34

β.β.γ Johnson‟s Research (β006) ... 36

β.β.4 Guo‟s Research (β011)... 37

β.β.5 Burgos et al‟s Research (β007) ... 38

β.β.6 Zhang‟s Research (β011) ... 40

β.β.7 Aghagolzadeh‟s Research (β01β) ... 41

β.γ Theoretical Framework……….. 43

2.3.1 Logical Meaning ... 43

2.3.2 Expansion ... 45

2.3.3 Projection ... 51

2.3.4 Text ... 56

2.3.5 Context ... 60

β.γ.6 Theoretical Construct……….. 6γ CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 65

3.1 Research Design ... 65

3.2 Research Subject ... 67

3.3 Research Object ... 68

3.4 Data and Data Source ... 70

3.5 Technique of Data Collection and Data Analysis ... 71

3.5.1 Procedure of Technique of Data Collection ... 72

3.5.1.1 Data Collection of ST ... 72

3.5.1.2 Data Collection of Patterns of Logical Meanings ... 73

3.5.1.3 Data Collection of Translation Process of Patterns of Logical Meanings from ST into TT ... 78

3.5.1.4 Data Collection of Equivalence between ST and TT ... 79

3.5.2 Procedure of Technique of Data Analysis ... 80

3.5.2.1 Data Analysis of Patterns of Logical Meanings ... 80

3.5.2.2 Data Analysis of Process of Translating Logical Meanings from ST into TT ... 84

3.5.2.3 Data Analysis of Functional Equivalence between ST and TT ... 87

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS OF PATTERNS OF LOGICAL MEANING OF TBWS ... 91

4.1 Expansion ... 91

4.1.1 Elaboration ... 91

4.1.1.1 Specification ... 91

4.1.1.1.1 Paratactic Specification ... 92

4.1.1.1.2 Hypotactic Specification ... 93

4.1.1.2 Exemplification ... 96

4.1.1.2.1 Paratactic Exemplification ... 96

4.1.1.3 Commentary ... 99

4.1.1.3.1 Paratactic Commentary ... 99

4.1.1.3.2 Hypotactic Commentary ... 100

4.1.2 Extension ... .104

4.1.β.1 Extension “and” ... 104

4.1.2.1.1 Paratactic Extension “and” ... 104

4.1.β.β Extension “or” ... 107

4.1.β.β.1 Paratactic Extension “or” ... 107

4.1.β.γ Extension “but” ... 110

4.1.β.γ.1. Paratactic Extension “but” ... 110

4.1.3 Enhancement ... 111

4.1.3.1 Spatial Enhancement ... 111

4.1.3.1.1 Paratactic Spatial Enhancement ... 112

4.1.3.1.2 Hypotactic Spatial Enhancement ... 113

4.1.3.2.1 Hypotactic Temporal Enhancement ... 114

4.1.3.3 Conditional Enhancement ... 116

4.1.3.3.1 Paratactic Conditional Enhancement ... 116

4.1.3.3.2 Hypotactic Conditional Enhancement ... 118

4.1.3.4 Causal Enhancement ... 123

4.1.3.4.1 Paratactic Causal Enhancement ... 123

4.1.3.4.2 Hypotactic Causal Enhancement ... 128

4.1.3.5 Concessive Enhancement ... 130

4.1.3.5.1 Hypotactic Concessive Enhancement ... 131

4.1.3.6 Manner Enhancement ... 135

4.1.3.6.1 Hypotactic Manner Enhancement ... 135

4.2 Projection ... 136

4.2.1 Locution ... 136

4.2.1.1. Paratactic Locution ... 136

4.2.1.2 Hypotactic Locution ... 140

4.2.2 Idea ... 145

4.2.2.1 Paratactic Idea ... 146

4.2.2.2 Hypotactic Idea ... 147

4.2.3 Idea: Proposition ... 151

4.2.3.1 Paratactic Idea: Proposition ... 151

4.2.3.2 Hypotactic Idea: Proposition ... 155

4.3 Complex Mixed Pattern ... 157

4.3.1 Complex Mixed Elaboration Head Pattern ... 158

4.3.2. Complex Mixed Extension Head Pattern ... 168

4.3.3 Complex Mixed Enhancement Head Pattern ... 177

4.3.4 Paratactic Complex Mixed Locution Head Pattern ... 189

4.3.5 Hypotactic Complex Mixed Locution Head Pattern ... 203

CHAPTER V DATA ANALYSIS ON TRANSLATING EXPANSION AND PROJECTION OF TBWS ... 222

5.1.1 Translating Elaboration ... 222

5.1.1.1 Translating Specification Elaboration ... 222

5.1.1.1.1 Paratactic Specification Elaboration ... 222

5.1.1.1.2 Hypotactic Specification Elaboration ... 224

5.1.1.2 Translating Exemplification Elaboration ... 229

5.1.1.2.1 Paratactic Exemplification Elaboration ... 229

5.1.1.3 Translating Commentary Elaboration ... 234

5.1.1.3.1 Paratactic Commentary Elaboration ... 234

5.1.1.3.2 Hypotactic Commentary Elaboration... 236

5.1.2 Translating Extension ... 242

5.1.β.1 Translating Extension “and” ... 242

5.1.β.1.1 Paratactic Extension “and” ... 242

5.1.β.β Translating Extension “or” ... 248

5.1.β.β.1 Paratactic Extension “or” ... 248

5.1.β.γ Translating Extension “but” ... 253

5.1.β.γ.1 Paratactic Extension “but” ... 253

5.1.3 Translating Enhancement ... 255

5.1.3.1 Translating Spatial Enhancement... 255

5.1.3.1.1 Paratactic Spatial Enhancement ... 255

5.1.3.1.2 Hypotactic Spatial Enhancement ... 257

5.1.3.2 Translating Temporal Enhancement ... 259

5.1.3.2.1 Hypotactic Temporal Enhancement ... 259

5.1.3.3 Translating Conditional Enhancement ... 263

5.1.3.3.1 Paratactic Conditional Enhancement ... 263

5.1.3.3.2 Hypotactic Conditional Enhancement ... 265

5.1.3.4 Translating Causal Enhancement ... 275

5.1.3.4.1 Paratactic Causal Enhancement ... 275

5.1.3.4.2 Hypotactic Causal Enhancement ... 286

5.1.3.5 Translating Concessive Enhancement ... 290

5.1.3.6 Translating Manner Enhancement ... 294 5.1.3.6.1 Hypotactic Manner Enhancement ... 294 5.2 Translating Projections ... 298 5.2.1. Translating Locution ... 298 5.2.1.1 Paratactic Locution ... 298 5.2.1.2 Hypotactic Locution ... 306 5.2.2 Translating Idea ... 316 5.2.2.1 Paratactic Idea ... 316 5.2.2.2 Hypotactic Idea ... 318 5.2.3 Translating Idea: Proposition ... 325 5.2.3.1 Paratactic Idea: Proposition ... 325 5.2.3.2 Hypotactic Idea: Proposition ... 328 CHAPTER VI DATA ANALYSIS ON TRANSLATING COMPLEX

MIXED PATTERNS OF LOGICAL MEANINGS OF TBWS ... 333 6.1 Translating Complex Mixed Elaboration Head Pattern ... 333 6.2 Translating Complex Mixed Extension Head Pattern ... 354 6.3 Translating Complex Mixed Enhancement Head Pattern ... 373 6.4 Translating Paratactic Complex Mixed Locution Head ... 395 6.5 Translating Hypotactic Complex Mixed Locution Head Pattern... 424 CHAPTER VII RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 466 7.1 The Patterns of the Logical Meanings of the TBWS ... 466 7.1.1 Expansion ... 466 7.1.1.1 Elaboration ... 466 7.1.1.1.1 Specification ... 466 7.1.1.1.1.1 Paratactic Specification ... 466 7.1.1.1.1.2 Hypotactic Specification ... 467 7.1.1.1.2 Exemplification ... 467 7.1.1.1.2.1 Paratactic Exemplification ... 467 7.1.1.1.3 Commentary ... 467 7.1.1.1.3.1 Paratactic Commentary ... 467

7.1.1.1.3.2 Hypotactic Commentary ... 468 7.1.2 Extension ... 468 7.1.β.1 Extension “and” ... 468 7.1.β.1.β. Paratactic Extension “and” ... 468 7.1.β.β Extension “or” ... 468 7.1.β.β.1 Paratactic Extension “or” ... 469 7.1.2.γ Extension “but” ... 469 7.1.β.γ.1 Paratactic Extension “but” ... 469 7.1.3 Enhancement ... 469 7.1.3.1 Spatial Enhancement ... 469 7.1.3.1.1 Paratactic Spatial Enhancement ... 470 7.1.3.1.2 Hypotactic Spatial Enhancement ... 470 7.1.3.2 Temporal Enhancement ... 470 7.1.3.2.1 Hypotactic Temporal Enhancement ... 470 7.1.3.3 Conditional Enhancement ... 470 7.1.3.3.1 Paratactic Conditional Enhancement ... 471 7.1.3.3.2 Hypotactic Conditional Enhancement ... 471 7.1.3.4 Causal Enhancement ... 471 7.1.3.4.1 Paratactic Causal Enhancement ... 471 7.1.3.5 Concessive Enhancement ... 472 7.1.3.5.1 Hypotactic Concessive Enhancement ... 472 7.1.3.6 Manner Enhancement ... 472 7.1.3.6.1 Hypotactic Manner Enhancement ... 472 7.1.4 Projection ... 472 7.1.4.1 Locution ... 473 7.1.4.1.1 Paratactic Locution ... 473 7.1.4.1.2 Hypotactic Locution ... 473 7.1.4.2 Idea ... 473 7.1.4.2.1 Paratactic Idea ... 474 7.1.4.2.2 Hypotactic Idea ... 474

7.1.4.3 Idea: Proposition ... 474 7.1.4.3.1 Paratactic Idea: Proposition ... 474 7.1.4.3.2 Hypotactic Idea: Proposition ... 474 7.1.5 Complex Mixed Pattern ... 475 7.1.5.1 Complex Mixed Elaboration Head Pattern ... 475 7.1.5.2 Complex Mixed Extension Head Pattern ... 475 7.1.5.3 Complex Mixed Enhancement Head Pattern ... 476 7.1.5.4 Paratactic Complex Mixed Locution Head ... 476 7.1.5.5 Hypotactic Complex Mixed Locution Head Pattern ... 477 7.β Translating the Patterns of the Logical Meaning of TBWS……….. 477 7.2.1. Translating Expansions of TBWS ... 477 7.2.1.2. Elaboration ... 478 7.2.1.2.1 Paratactic Specification ... 478 7.2.1.2.2 Hypotactic Specification ... 478 7.2.1.2.3 Paratactic Exemplification ... 479 7.2.1.2.4 Paratactic Commentary ... 479 7.2.1.2.5 Hypotactic Commentary ... 480 7.2.1.1.1 Extension ... 480 7.β.1.1.1.1 Paratactic Extension “and”... 480 7.β.1.1.1.β Paratactic Extension “or” ... 481 7.β.1.1.1.γ Paratactic Extension “but” ... 481 7.2.1.3 Enhancement ... 481 7.2.1.3.1 Paratactic Spatial Enhancement ... 482 7.2.1.3.2 Hypotactic Spatial Enhancement ... 482 7.2.1.3.3 Hypotactic Temporal Enhancement ... 483 7.2.1.3.4 Paratactic Conditional Enhancement ... 483 7.2.1.3.5 Hypotactic Conditional Enhancement ... 484 7.2.1.3.6 Paratactic Causal Enhancement ... 484 7.2.1.3.7 Hypotactic Concessive Enhancement ... 484 7.2.1.3.8 Hypotactic Manner Enhancement ... 485

7.2.2 Translating Projection of TBWS ... 485 7.2.2.1 Paratactic Locution ... 486 7.2.2.2 Hypotactic Locution ... 486 7.2.2.3 Paratactic Idea ... 486 7.2.2.4 Hypotactic Idea ... 487 7.2.2.5 Paratactic Idea: Proposition ... 487 7.2.2.6 Hypotactic Idea: Proposition ... 488 7.2.3 Translating the Complex Mixed Patterns of TBWS ... 488 7.2.3.1 Complex Mixed Elaboration Head Pattern ... 488 7.2.3.2 Complex Mixed Extension Head Pattern ... 489 7.2.3.3 Complex Mixed Enhancement Head Pattern ... 489 7.2.3.4 Paratactic Complex Mixed Locution Head ... 490 7.2.3.5 Hypotactic Complex Mixed Locution Head Pattern ... 491 7.3 The Reason Why the Patterns of the Logical Meaning of TBWS are

Realized as they are in the TT ... 491 7.3.1 The Reason Why the Patterns of the Logical Meaning

of Expansion are Realized as they are in the TT... 492 7.3.1.1 Elaboration ... 492 7.3.1.1.1 Paratactic Specification ... 493 7.3.1.1.2 Hypotactic Specification ... 493 7.3.1.1.3 Hypotactic Exemplification ... 493 7.3.1.1.4 Paratactic Commentary ... 494 7.3.1.1.5 Hypotactic Commentary ... 494 7.3.1.2 Extension ... 494 7.γ.1.β.1 Paratactic Extension “and” ... 495 7.γ.1.β.β Paratactic Extension “or” ... 495 7.3.1.2.3 Paratactic Extension “but” ... 495 7.3.1.3 Enhancement ... 496 7.3.1.3.1 Paratactic Spatial Enhancement ... 496 7.3.1.3.2 Hypotactic Spatial Enhancement ... 496

7.3.1.3.3 Hypotactic Temporal Enhancement ... 497 7.3.1.3.4 Paratactic Conditional Enhancement ... 497 7.3.1.3.5 Hypotactic Conditional Enhancement ... 497 7.3.1.3.6 Paratactic Causal Enhancement ... 498 7.3.1.3.7 Hypotactic Concessive Enhancement ... 498 7.3.1.3.8 Hypotactic Manner Enhancement ... 498 7.3.2 The Reason Why the Patterns of the Logical Meaning

of Projection are Realized as they are in the TT ... 499 7.3.2.1 Paratactic Locution ... 499 7.3.2.2 Hypotactic Locution ... 500 7.3.2.3 Paratactic Idea ... 500 7.3.2.4 Hypotactic Idea ... 500 7.3.2.5 Paratactic Idea: Proposition ... 501 7.3.2.6 Hypotactic Idea: Proposition ... 501 7.3.3 The Reason Why the Patterns of the Logical Meaning of Complex

Mixed Patterns of the ST are Realized as they are in the TT... 502 7.3.3.1 Complex Mixed Elaboration Head Pattern ... 502 7.3.3.2 Complex Mixed Extension Head Pattern ... 503 7.3.3.3 Complex Mixed Enhancement Head Pattern ... 503 7.3.3.4 Paratactic Complex Mixed Locution Head ... 503 7.3.3.5 Hypotactic Complex Mixed Locution Head Pattern ... 504 7.4 Discussions ... 504 7.4.1 Discussion on the Research Findings of the Patterns of the Logical

Meanings of the TBWS ... 505 7.4.1.1 Expansion ... 505 7.4.1.1.1 Paratactic Specification ... 506 7.4.1.1.2 Hypotactic Specification ... 506 7.4.1.1.3 Paratactic Exemplification ... 506 7.4.1.1.4 Paratactic Commentary ... 507 7.4.1.1.5 Hypotactic Commentary ... 507

7.4.1.2 Extension ... 507 7.4.1.β.1 Paratactic Extension “and” ... 508 7.4.1.β.β. Paratactic Extension “or” ... 508 7.4.1.β.γ Paratactic Extension “but” ... 508 7.4.1.3 Enhancement ... 509 7.4.1.3.1 Paratactic Spatial Enhancement ... 509 7.4.1.3.2 Hypotactic Spatial Enhancement ... 509 7.4.1.3.3 Hypotactic Temporal Enhancement ... 510 7.4.1.3.4 Paratactic Conditional Enhancement ... 510 7.4.1.3.5 Hypotactic Conditional Enhancement ... 510 7.4.1.3.6 Paratactic Causal Enhancement ... 511 7.4.1.3.7 Hypotactic Concessive Enhancement ... 511 7.4.1.3.8 Hypotactic Manner Enhancement ... 511 7.4.1.4 Projection ... 512 7.4.1.4.1 Paratactic Locution ... 512 7.4.1.4.2 Hypotactic Locution ... 512 7.4.1.4.3 Paratactic Idea ... 513 7.4.1.4.4 Hypotactic Idea ... 513 7.4.1.4.5 Paratactic Idea: Proposition ... 513 7.4.1.4.6 Hypotactic Idea: Proposition ... 514 7.4.1.5 Complex Mixed Pattern ... 514 7.4.1.5.1 Complex Mixed Elaboration Head Pattern ... 514 7.4.1.5.2 Complex Mixed Extension Head Pattern ... 515 7.4.1.5.3 Complex Mixed Enhancement Head Pattern ... 515 7.4.1.5.4 Paratactic Complex Mixed Locution Head ... 516 7.4.1.5.5 Hypotactic Complex Mixed Locution Head Pattern ... 516 7.4.2 Discussion on the Findings of the Realization of the Patterns of the

Logical of the ST in the TT as they are ... 517 7.4.3 Discussion on the Findings on the Reasons why the Patterns of the

7.4.4. Cultural Terms ... 521 CHAPTER VIII CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 523 8.1 Conclusions ... 523 8.1.1 Patterns of the Logical Meanings of TBWS ... 523 8.1.2 How the Patterns of the Logical Meanings which Occur in the TBWS

are represented into English as they are ... 524 8.1.3 The Reason why the Patterns of the Logical Meanings of ST are

Translated Meaningfully into Functional Equivalent TT ... 525 8.2 Suggestions ... 526 REFERENCES ... 528 APPENDIX 1: TBWS AS THE ST ... 533 APPENDIX 2: THE TRANSLATION OF THE ST INTO TT ... 592 APPENDIX 3: GLOSSARIES ... 610 APPENDIX 4: LETTERS ... 612 Letter 1: The Letter of Recommendation from Hutmin Hutagalung ... 612 Letter 2: The Letter of Recommendation from Effendi Siagian ... 613 Letter 3: The Letter of Recommendation from Laoranto Simanullang ... 614 Letter 4: The Letter of Recommendation from Jahata Sihotang ... 615 Letter 5: The Letter of Recommendation from Tambos Parulian Siahaan ... 616 Letter 6: The Letter of Recommendation from Pendeta HKBP Resort

Balige, Pdt. Julson Pasaribu, S.Th. ... 617 Letter 7: The Letter of Recommendation from

Prof. D.P. Tampubolon, Ph.D. ... 618 Letter 8: The Letter of Recommendation from

Dr. Hilman Pardede, M.Pd. ... 619 Letter 9: The Letter of Recommendation from

ABSTRACT

This research is about the equivalence of the logical meanings between Toba-Batak language (TBL) as the source language (SL) and English language (EL) as the target language (TL). The research is a case study on the translation process of the patterns of the logical meanings of Toba-Batak Wedding speeches (TBWS) as the source text (ST) translated into English as the target text (TT). The problems investigated are: (1). What are the patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the wedding speeches of the TBL text as a ST? (2). How are the translationally related patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the ST represented in the English language text as a TT? (3). Why are the patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the wedding speeches of the TBL text as a ST represented as they are in the English language text as a TT? The theoretical frameworks used in this research are based on the logico-semantic relation theory (Halliday, 1994) and the bottom-up translation approach (Manfredi, 2008). The research design conducted in this study is a qualitative research (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). The research subject is the Toba Batak people who have participated in the weeding party held in Balige in December 19th, 2011. The research object is the patterns of the logical meanings of 142 clause complexes of the ST. The technique of the data analysis follows the concurrent activities elaborated by Miles and Huberman (1984). The research findings are as follows: (1). the patterns of the logical meanings which occur in the ST are expansion, projection, and complex mixed pattern. Expansions are elaboration, extension and enhancement. Elaborations are specification, exemplification, commentary. Extensions are extension “and”, extension “or”, and extension “but”. Enhancements are spatial enhancement, temporal enhancement, conditional enhancement, causal enhancement, concessive enhancement, and manner enhancement. Projections are locution projection, idea projection, idea proposition, and idea proposal. Complex mixed pattern are classified into complex mixed elaboration head, complex mixed extension head, complex mixed enhancement head, and complex mixed locution head; (2). the application of the bottom-up translation approach realizes the patterns of the logical meanings of the ST into TT as they are by five stages, i.e., (i). the analysis of the ST into clause simples and clause complexes, (ii). the analysis of the components of the clause simples of the clause complexes based on the transitivity system, (iii). the analysis of how the clause simples create the patterns of the logical meanings in each of the clause complexes based on the logico-semantic relation, (iv). the transfer of the pattern of the logical meanings of the ST into the TT by selecting the equivalent component from the TL to replace the component of the ST to represent the equivalent pattern of the logical meaning into the TT, and (v). the analysis of the equivalence of the patterns of the logical meanings between the ST and TT based on the transitivity system and logico-semantic relation; and (3). the reason why patterns of the logical meanings are realized from the ST into TT as they are because the translation approach used in the translation process make the linguistic behavior of the TT approach the linguistic behavior of the ST to keep the same message between the ST and TT by picking up the logical meanings of the ST, then selecting equivalent lexico-grammatical aspects from the TL to replace the grammatical aspects of the SL in the expression of the equivalent pattern of the logical meaning in the TT.

Key words: Toba-Batak wedding speeches, logical meaning, functional equivalence, Systemic Functional Grammar Theory, and bottom-up translation approach

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini ialah tentang kesepadanan makna logis antara bahasa Batak Toba sebagai bahasa sumber (BSu) dan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa sasaran (Bsa). Penelitian ini ialah sebuah studi kasus penerjemahan pola makna logis Wejangan Pernikahan Batak Toba sebagai teks sumber (TSu) ke bahasa Inggris sebagai teks sasaran (TSa). Masalah yang diteliti ialah: (1). Pola makna logis apa yang terdapat pada WPBT sebagai sebuah TSu? (2). Bagaimana pola makna logis yang terdapat pada TSu direalisasikan ke pola makna logis sebagaimana adanya pada TSa? (3). Mengapa pola makna logis yang terdapat pada WPBT sebagai TSu direalisasikan kepola makna logis sebagaimana adanya pada TSa? Kerangka teori penelitian ini ialah teori relasi semantik logis (Halliday, 1994) dan teori pendekatan penerjemahan bawah atas (Manfredi, 2008). Rancangan penelitian ialah penelitian kwalitatif (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Subjek penelitian ialah masyarakat Batak Toba yang terlibat pada sebuah pesta pernikahan di Balige pada 19 Desember 2011. Objek penelitian ialah pola makna logis dan sumber data ialah klausa kompleks TSu dan TSa. Teknik pengumpulan dan analisis data ialah mengikuti model yang dikembangkan Miles and Huberman (1984). Temuan penelitian adalah sebagai berikut: (1). pola makna logis yang terdapat pada TSu ialah expansi, projeksi dan pola campuran. Ekspansi dikelompokkan atas elaborasi, ekstensi, dan enhansi. Elaborasi terdiri dari spesifikasi dan komentri. Ekstensi teridiri dari ekstensi “and”, “or”, dan “but”. Enhasi tediri dari spasial, temporal, kondisional, kausal, konsesif, serta manner. Projeksi ialah lokusi, ide, proposisi dan proposal. Lokusi ialah parataktik dan hipotaktik lokusi. Pola campuran terdiri dari inti elaborasi, inti ekstensi, inti enhansi, inti lokusi; (2). Aplikasi pendekatan penerjemahan bawah atas dalam merealisasikan pola makna logis dari TSu ke TSa mempunyai lima tahapan, yaitu: (i). analisis TSu menjadi klausa sederhana dan bertingkat, (ii). analisis komponen klausa sederhana klausa bertingkat TSu berdasarkan sistim transitiviti; (iii). analisis bagaimana klausa sederhana membentuk pola makna logis klausa bertingkat berdasarkan relasi semantik logis; (iv). transfer pola makna logis TSu ke TSa dengan memilih komponen sepadan dari BSa untuk menggantikan komponen BSu, dan (v). analisis kesepadanan pola makana logis diantara TSu dan TSa berdasarkan sistim transitiviti dan relasi semantik logis; (3) alasan mengapa pola makna logis TSu dialihkan ke TSu sebagaimana adanya karena pendekatan penerjemahan menyebabkan perilaku linguistik TSa mendekat kepada prilaku linguistik TSu untuk mempertahankan kesepadanan makna diantara TSu dan TSa dengan cara memahami makna logis yang terdapat pada TSu, kemudian memilih komponen klausa BSa untuk menggantikan komponen klausa BSu untuk mengungkapkan makna logis yang sepadan ke TSa.

Kata Kunci: Wejangan pernikahan Batak Toba, makna logis, kesepadanan fungsional, teori tata bahasa fungsional sistemik, dan pendekatan penerjemahan bawah-atas

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background

This study deals with the equivalence of the logical meanings between Toba-Batak language (TBL) as the source language (SL) and English language as the target language (TL). The research is a case study in the translation of the Toba-Batak wedding speeches (TBWS) as the source text (ST) into English as the target text (TT). The research focuses on the translation of the patterns of the logical meanings of the ST into the TT. This study is conducted based on six reasons which are discussed as in the following.

First, this research is conducted to provide a written document of the ST both in TBL and English. This document is necessary to communicate the value of the local wisdom of Toba-Batak people (TBP) to the international society. It is the transcription of the wedding speeches delivered by the close members of the wed families from both sides of the parents of the bride and the parents of the groom. Traditionally, the TBP use it to communicate a traditional ideology, which is considered as a local wisdoms of the TBP, to set up the conditions of the newly married couple to have a harmonic family as early as from the beginning day of their marriage to the time of having off springs, wealth, power, healthiness, and up to having a long life as a whole. Traditionally, the TBP conform the practice of their daily life to their ancestor maxim as mentioned in Ompunta sijolo-jolo tubu martungkot siala gundi, napinungka ni parjolo siihutonon ni na parpudi which

means that the tradition of the ancestor of the TBP must be transferred to and practiced in the tradition of their latter generation (Siahaan, 2012). Up to the present age this ideology is learned through the spoken tradition in a wedding party speech event. So the findings of this research is expected to be able to offer some contribution to the conceptual development of the translation of the ST into the TT which can be used as a document for the target readers at large both for cultural information exchanges and academic purposes.

Second, this research is conducted to provide a contribution for the development of the technique of the analysis of the ST in order to understand the structure of its logical meanings for the purpose their translation into the TT. An informal preliminary study on the ST, which is conducted for the purpose of this real research, indicates that the ST has lots of patterns of logical meaning which create the difficulties in the translation of the ST into the TT. An analysis on the ST based on Hallidayan Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) shows that the ST contains lots of complicated blocks of logical meanings because they are created by some logico-semantic relations in the clause complexes of the text. It shows that these blocks create some complexities in the interpretation of the message existed in this ST. It shows that the ST contains some elaborations, enhancements, extensions, locutions, ideas, and complex patterns of elaboration, extension, enhancement and locution head. The nature of the language variation used in this TBWS indicates that it is dominated by the logical meanings which are represented by clause complexes. It indicates that it contains some complicated

lexico-grammatical features which need a specific translation strategy to provide an accountable and scientific description of the process of translating them from the ST into the TT.

Third, this research is conducted for the development of the translation concept which is viewed as process of communication in transferring the message of a ST into a functional equivalent TT. This concept is due to one of the translation missions, i.e., the cultural information exchange among the international societies in the world. By this concept the mission can be predicted to be achieved well. House (2001: 247) says that translation is a text which is a representation or reproduction of an original one produced in another language. An original text is a ST in a SL; while its reproduction is a TT in a TL.

Manfredi (2008: 21) says that translation can be analyzed as a process to refer to the activity of turning a ST into a TT, and as a product to refer to a translated text. As a process, translation is an activity to replace a ST into a TT, while as a product translation is a product of a process. Similarly Bell (1991: 13) also differentiates between translating (process) and a translation (product). Translation as a product is the product of translation as a process.

Jakobson (1959/2000: 139) classifies the kinds of translation into intralingual translation or rewording, interlingual or translation proper and intersemiotic translation or transmutation. Translation proper refers to translation as a process for translation as a product from a SL into a TL. Catford (1965: 20) says that translation is the replacement of a textual material in another language

(TL). Translation is translation proper to refer to the replacement of a ST into TT from the SL into the TL. Koller (1995: 196) says that the result of a text-processing activity, by means of which a SL text is transposed into a TL text. Further, it is said that between the resultant text in L2 (the TL text) and the ST in L1 (the SL text) there exists a relationship, which can be designated as a translational or equivalence relation. The aim of a good translation is the equivalence between the ST and TT. Halliday (1992: 15) says that in English, translation is a term used to refer to the total process and relationship of equivalence between two languages; then the term translation is distinguished from the term translating (written text) and interpreting (spoken text). So translation is used to cover both written and spoken equivalence; and whether the equivalence is conceived of as a process or relationship. Translation refers to the process of a spoken or written ST into a spoken or written TL. Hatim (2001:10) says that translation is a textual practice and translation as meaningful communicative events. Translation is an activity or a cultural exchange. The term translation is used in this research refers to the process of transferring the meaning of the TBWS as the ST into the equivalent TT.

Fourth, this research is conducted to give significant contribution for the conceptual development of the logical meaning which is represented by a clause complex as a text in co-text. According to Halliday (1994) a text can be any meaningful linguistic unit. It can be a word, or a word group, or a clause or one which is bigger than a clause. Manfredi (2008) interprets a meaningful text to

mean full of meanings. It means that it has lots of meanings. Further, it is said that context can be linguistic context and nonlinguistic contexts and a linguistic context is called text. According to Halliday (1994) a linguistic unit as a co-text can come before or after the co-text. It can be a word, or a word group, or a clause or one which is bigger than a clause. Nonlinguistic context can be divided into the context of situation which is called register and the context of culture which is called genre (Halliday, 1994; Manfredi, 2008; Butt et al, 2000). The variables of register are field, tenor, and mode. Field is what is communicated, so it can be a demand or supply of information or service or good; tenor refers to the social relation among the participants involving in a communicative interaction; and mode is the selection of the appropriate lexico-grammatical feature in relation to the social relation among the participants and it also refers to whether it is a spoken or written language and medium of the communication. The variables of genre are text purpose, custom, ideology etc. These variables provide cultural value to the meaning of a text.

Fifth, this research is conducted to provide a contribution for the conceptual development of the revitalization of equivalence to be a functional equivalence as the parameter which is accountable for a good relation between the ST and TT. House (2001: 247) says that, non-linguistically, persons mostly think equivalence as a text which is some sort of reproduction of another text, originally written in another language. Shuttleworth & Cowie (1997: 49) say that basically, it is a term used by many writers to describe the nature and extent of the

relationships which exist between SL and TL text. Nida (1964) says that it refers to formal equivalence i.e. based on the match of element between the ST and TT, and dynamic equivalence i.e. based on the target reader. Manfredi (2008: 36) says that due to the differences among languages, there could never be a full equivalence between code unit between the ST and TT. Nida and Taber (1969: 12) say that translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the SL message, the first in terms of meaning and secondly in term of style. Catford (1965: 21) says that the central problem of translation practice is that of finding the translation equivalence and the central task of translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence. Baker (1993: 6) proposes the equivalence between the ST and TT at different level i.e. word, phrase, grammar (meaning and syntax), text, and pragmatics. Bell (1991: 7) proposes functional equivalence according to the purpose of translation. Halliday (2001: 15) discusses the centrality of equivalence in translation quality and proposes a categorization according to three parameter i.e. stratification, function, and rank. Steiner (2001) says that for something to count as a translation, it needs not have the same register features as its ST, but register features which functions similarly to those of the original in their context of culture. In this research, the revitalized concept suggested as the parameter of the good translation deals with the functional equivalence which focused on the equivalence of a specific pattern of the logical meaning between the ST and the TT. Such parameter is based on the equivalent function of the clause components

based on the transitivity system and the clauses of a tactic system based on the logico-semantic relation.

In this research, the revitalization of the notion of equivalence is viewed based on the mutual relation between SFG and Translation Studies. The idea begins from the concept saying that SFG is designed to account how language works to make functions or meanings in the contexts where it is used (Halliday, 1994; Manfredi 2008). Here SFG is seen not as a long list of rules of a dead language such as in the prescriptive rules of language which is separated from its environment (Manfredi, 2008). But as the opposite, it is claimed as the power house of language and it is about the living language, spoken or written language, which is used in its context, both in its linguistic and nonlinguistic context (Halliday, 1994). Systemic Functional Linguistics views that SFG is responsible for how language enters into co-text based on word order system. It describes that from a lower level, the lexico-grammatical features of language enter into a higher level based on the syntagmatic relation (Cf. Manfredi, 2008). Here, it is seen that a lexico-grammatical feature of language at a certain level works to function at a higher level. The function is determined by the network system i.e. the syntagmatic relation. SFG also views that register is responsible to describe how language enters into its social context (Halliday, 1994). It describes that the social relationship among the tenors such as the relation between the speaker and listener in accordance with the field being involved to determine the mode which is selected based on the paradigmatic relation of specific lexico-grammatical

features. Here, it is seen that a lexico-grammatical feature functions in register. SFG also views that genre, i.e., the outer context, is responsible to describe how language works to make function or meaning (Halliday & Matthiesen, 2004). It describes that culture variables such as purpose out-goal and out-come, belief, hope, ideology etc. are seen as a set of institutional frames which govern the social behavior of the society in their communicative interaction. Here, it is seen that the lexico-grammatical features function in the institutional frame. The way SFG views a text as a language unit which works to function in context is by viewing how a specific lexico-grammatical feature from a lower level enters into a higher level and function in it as its co-text; then the text enters into register and functions in it as its context of situation; and at last the text enters into genre as an outer context to function in it.

The way the lexico-grammatical features of a text function in context from the view point of SFG can be applied in the revitalization of the concept of equivalence between the ST and TL. In this view, the revitalization of the concept is based on the function of a specific lexico-grammatical feature of a text of lower level in a higher level as the co-text and in register and genre. Here equivalence is defined based on the function of a text in co-text, register and genre and such a kind of equivalence is called functional equivalence. It refers to the same function of a specific lexico-grammatical feature in a co-text, register, and genre between the ST of the SL and the TT of the TL. Accordingly, a part of the study of a translator is grammar to understand how a specific lexico-grammatical feature of

a text enters into its co-text and functions in it (Halliday in Manfredi, 2008) and the other parts of the study of the translator is register to understand how the lexico-grammatical feature in its co-text functions in relation to each of the three variables of register i.e. field, tenor, and mode (Halliday, 1994) and genre to understand how the lexico-grammatical feature both in its context and register functions in relation with the variables of genre i.e. purpose goal and out-come, belief, hope, ideology etc. (Halliday & Matthiesen, 2004; Manfredi, 2008; Butt et al, 2000). To produce a functional equivalence translation is to translate the ST into the TT the way the TL functions in the TT as the way the TL functions in the ST.

According to Manfredi (2008) to understand language functions in its context is to view it based on the bottom-up translation approach. Consequently, it is said that any translation process must include a bottom-up translation approach to produce a functional equivalence between the ST and the TL (ibid. 2008). By the functional approach, translators are guided to the meaning of a text by starting to analyze the text from the lower level towards the higher one as the co-text of the text, and from there, translators take real action of translation probability first in register and at last in genre (ibid. 2008). In such a way translators start analyzing the function of a specific text in its co-text first, then do the first translation possibility in register and at last finalize the possibility in genre. It is understood that the lower level of the functional equivalence between the ST and the TT, the lower value of the functional equivalence between the two texts is

achieved. The higher level of the functional equivalence between the ST and the TL, the higher value of the functional equivalence between the two texts is achieved. So it can be concluded that a good translation is the one which includes a Bottom-up translation approach in the process of translating the ST into a functional equivalence TT at any level of the two texts i.e. from the lower level towards the higher level.

Sixth, this research is conducted as a pilot project on the functional equivalence of the logical meaning between the ST and the TT. This research is categorized as an uncovered area in field of translation studies. The characteristics of this research differ from the characteristics of the previous relevant research reports invented not in the area of functional equivalence of the logical meaning between the ST and the TT which are given as in the following. Lubis (2009) conducted a research on the translation of a cultural text based on meaning-based translation method. It is different from the translation of the logical meaning from the ST into the TT since the object of his research is concentrated on the translation of the cultural meaning of a text. Silalahi (2009) conducted a research on the translation of the medical text from English into Indonesian. It is different from the study in this research since it is a translation from English into Indonesian. Johnson‟s research (β006) was to examine some particular problems in Indonesian language for translator in the translation of a text from Indonesian to English or from English to Indonesian. It was focused on the historical and political perspective of the problem. Guo‟s research (β011) is about the translation

problem of some types of explicitation from Chinese into English in order to meet the need of the readers. It is focused on the relation between the translation strategy and the policy used by an institution that creates the ST. Burgos et al‟s research (2007) is an exploration on the significance of the dynamic equivalence to avoid the cultural problem in the translation of the Mexican cultural text from English into Spanish and from Spanish into English. It was concentrated on the competence of different translators. Zhang‟s research (β011) focused on the exploration on CCTV NEWS textual strategies to be adopted to translate domestic news for English speaking audiences and influences on translation from media organization and China society. The focus is on the function of the TL for the target reader. Aghagolzadeh‟s research (2012) focused on the application of meaning-based functional approach as an objective criterion in analyzing error analysis in the translation of legal document from English into Persian. The review shows that an exploration on the translation of the logical meanings of a ST into a TL based on the bottom-up translation approach from the view point of SFG to have a functional equivalence between the ST and TL can be categorized as a new area or an uncovered field of research in the translation studies.

Based on the six reasons presented above, it can be concluded that this study is necessary to be conducted, and the title of this research is as follows:

THE EQUIVALENCE OF THE LOGICAL MEANINGS BETWEEN TOBA-BATAK LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH

1.2 Research Focus

This research is about the equivalence between the patterns of the logical meanings of TBL and English. The study of the patterns of the logical meanings between the ST and TT focuses on the logico-semantic relation theory of SFG. The study of the translation process to represent the patterns of the logical meaning of TBWS as the ST into the patterns of the logical meanings of English as the ST is based on bottom-up translation approach. The study of the functional equivalence between the patterns of the logical meanings of the ST and the TT is focused on the transitivity system and the logico-semantic relation of SFG.

1.3 Research Problems

In accordance with the research focus presented above, three research problem formulations are stated as in the followings:

(1) What are the patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the wedding speeches of the TBL text as a ST?

(2) How are the translationally related patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the ST represented in the English language text as a TT? (3) Why are the patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the wedding

speeches of the Toba-Batak language text as a ST represented as they are in the English language text as a TT?

1.4 Research Objectives

objectives are to describe:

(1) the patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the wedding speeches of the Toba Batak language as a ST.

(2) how the patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the ST are represented in the TT.

(3) why the translationally related patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the ST are represented as they are in the TT

1.5 Research Scope

The scope of the problem investigated in this research is limited to the equivalence between the pattern of the logical meanings of TBWS as a ST and the TT in English as a lingua franca. The study is limited to the ST containing 15 wedding speeches which were delivered in a traditional wedding party of the TBP held in December 19th, 2011 in a public hall in Balige, the capital city of Toba Samosir district, the province of North Sumatera, Indonesia. The study is limited to this The ST because it is considered as an ideal model of TBWS since it was created by all relevant speakers who have the tasks to deliver the speeches in a traditional wedding party according to the sociocultural relation of the speakers to the weds and parents of the weds. The scope of the study is limited to the patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the ST based on Transitivity System and Logico-Semantic Relation theories of SFG (Halliday, 1994), how the patterns of the logical meanings which occur in the ST are represented in the TT based on Bottom-up translation approach (Manfredi, 2008), and why the patterns of the

logical meanings which occur in the ST and TT based as they are based on Transitivity System and Logico-Semantic Relation of Systemic Functional Linguistic theories (Halliday, 1994) and bottom-up translation approach (Manfredi, 2008).

1.6Key Terms

(1) Logical meaning refers to the logico-semantic relation of clause simplex in clause complexes

(2) The patterns of the logical meanings refer to the realization of the logico-semantic relation of clause simplex in clause complexes.

(3) Bottom-up translation approach refers to the translation strategy which involve stages in analyzing the patterns of the logical meanings occurring in the ST, realizing how that patterns of the logical meanings in the TT as they are, analyzing why that patterns of the lo`gical meanings which occur in the ST are represented in the target as they are.

(4) Functional equivalence refers to the concept in which the functions of a clause and its lexico-grammatical features in a clause complex are equivalent between the ST and TT.

(5) TBWS refers to the speeches of the parents of a bride and the close relatives of the parents of the bride and the close relatives of the parents of the groom which are delivered in a traditional wedding party of the BTP to the weds to have a harmonic family life in order to have off spring, wealthiness, power, healtiness and long life in the future.

(6) TBP is an ethnic group of Batak people who mainly live around the coast of Toba-Lake in the districts of Toba Samosir and who speak TBL.

(7) English is a lingua franca which is used by the international societies as the tool of a communicative interaction.

1.7 Research Significances

The findings of this research are expected to have two types of significance i.e. theoretical significance and practical significances.

Theoretically, the findings of this research may have some significance which can be presented as follows.

(1) The findings of this research can offer contribution for the conceptual development of the mutual relation between linguistics and translation studies in general, and specifically the mutual relation between SFG and translation studies.

(2) The findings of this research can offer contribution to the conceptual development of the equivalence between the patterns of the logical meanings which occur in the ST of a SL and the patterns of the logical meanings which are represented in the TT as they are.

(3) The findings can offer contribution to the conceptual development of the functional equivalence of the patterns of the logical meanings between the ST and TT.

(4) The findings can offer contributions for the conceptual development of bottom-up translation approach which is used to analyze the patterns of

the logical meanings which occur in the TT, to represent that patterns of the logical meanings in the TT as they are, and to analyze the functional equivalence of the patterns of the logical meanings between the ST and the TT.

Practically, the findings of this research may have some significance which can be presented as follows.

(1) The findings of this research can offer information to help translators analyze how the patterns of the logical meanings occur in a ST, how to realize that patterns of the logical meaning in the TT, and how to analyze the functional equivalence of the patterns of the logical meanings between the ST and TT.

(2) The finding of this research can offer information for translator to interpret why the patterns of the logical meanings which occur in the ST are represented in the TT as they are.

(3) The findings of this research can offer information for translators to determine what equivalence must be used as the criteria of the intertextual relationship in the translation of the ST into the TT.

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Review

2.1.1 Linguistics and Translation Study

This research runs in the field of an interdisciplinary study. The typical problems investigated cluster around linguistics and translation studies. Halliday (1994) says that linguistics is an independent science which is developed to explain the nature of language as it is. As a discipline, it works to give a scientific and accountable explanation on how the aspects of a language operate to create functions or meanings in its context. On the other side, (Holmes, 1988b/2000:173 in Munday, 2001: 5) says that translation studies concern with the problems clustered around the phenomenon of translating and translation. Beside, it is said that this discipline is to study the problems in the phenomenon of translation as a process of transferring the meanings of a ST into a TT and the problem of the phenomenon of translation as the product of translation as a process. In this research, the umbrella of the theoretical framework used to handle the clustered problems is woven from the mutual relationship between linguistics and translation studies.

The mutual relationship between linguistics and translation studies is that linguistics deals with what language is as it is and how it works as it does; translation studies concerns with what translation must be and how it must work

(Cf. Halliday, 2001: 13). By this relationship the findings in the field of linguistics offer information for translation studies to understand the clustered problems of the phenomenon of translation as a process and of the phenomenon of translation as the product of translation process. Linguistics investigates how a language works to create meanings or functions in its context as it does. Translation studies explore how translation must be done in the process of transferring meanings or functions from a ST into a TT. The contribution of linguistics to translation studies is to provide information for translators to develop translation strategies involving stages on how the ST must be analized for the acquisition of its meanings, the transfer of that meanings from the ST into the TT, and how the TT must also be analyzed for the translation quality as the relation between the ST and TT. The contribution of translation studies to linguistics is to provide information for linguists to develop linguistic theories. By conforming to the main concept of the mutual relationship between linguistics and translation studies, the aim of this review is to provide information of the relevant linguistic theories for translation studies to develop a relevant translation strategy used to analyze the TBWS for the acquisition of its logical meanings, the transfer of these meaning to the TT, and the analysis of the TT for the translation quality between the ST and TT; and to provide information of the clustered problems in the phenomenon of the translation process in transferring the patterns of the logical meaning from the ST into the TT for the refinement of the relevant linguistic theories in the future.

2.1.1.1 SFL-Based View of Language, System and Realization

SFL views language as a semiotic system (Halliday, 1994). This indicates that meanings are realized by a network system. This system include phonological aspects, lexicogrammatical aspect, discourse semantic aspects, context of situation, context of culture and context of ideology. The realization of meanings from the view point of SFL deals the language metafunctions i.e. the ideational metafunction, the interpersonal metafunction and the textual function. The ideational metafunction is realized by the transitivity system; the interpersonal metafunction is realized by the mood system; and the textual metafunction is realized by thematic structure system. Within the metafunctions, meanings are created based on bottom-up approach; while within register, culture and ideology, they are created based on top-down approach. Comprehensively SFL views meanings both from bottom-up and top-down approaches which can be observed in Martin‟s diagram (1993:158) quoted by Sinar (2007) as follows.

2.1.2. Translation Theories

2.1.2.1 Definition

Translation is defined as process to transfer the logical meanings of the ST into an equivalent TT. This definition indicates some important concepts. First, it refers to translation as a process (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997: 181; Bell, 1991: 13; Manfredi, 2008: 21). Here, as a process, it involves some stages for the acquisition of the logical meanings of the ST and their transfer into the TT. Second, it refers to translation as a product of the process of translation (Bell, 1991: 13; Halliday, 1992:15; Manfredi, 2008: 21). Here, as a product, it refers to a translation which serves as TT. It has the function which is the same as the function of the ST (Catford, 1965: 20; House, 2001:247). It functions to provide the logical meanings which are similar the one of the ST. In such a nature and extent, it is viewed as the replacement of the ST. Third; it refers to translation as equivalence. It implies that as equivalence, it is used to account the translation quality which shows the nature and extent of the relation between the ST and TT (House, 2001: 247; Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997: 49). Based on the three theoretical concepts, translation is defined a process of acquiring and transferring the meanings of a ST into an equivalent TL from a SL into a TL which is different from the SL.

2.1.2.2 Translation as a Process

Translation as a process is a term which is used to differentiate it from translation as a product. Shuttleworth & Cowie (1997: 181) says that translation is

divided into process and product. It means that translation as a process is different from the one as a product. Similarly Bell (1991: 13) also differentiates translation as a process from a product. Halliday (199β:15) says that “In English we use the term “translation” to refer to the total process and relationship of equivalence between two languages; we then distinguish, within translation, between “translating” (written text) and “interpreting” (spoken text).” It is said that translation is a total process of either a spoken or written text. A clear boundary between a process and a product is given by Manfredi (2008: 21) saying that as a process, translation refers to the activity of turning a ST into a TT in another language. Here it means that translation as a process refers to the activity of a translator to transfer the meaning of the ST into the TT by turning the gramatical aspect of the ST which represent the logical meaning into the lexico-grammatical feature of the TT, and that of a product is the translated text. So it is defined that translation as a process refers to the activity of a translator to replace the lexico-grammatical features of the ST into TT in order to represented the equivalent meaning.

2.1.2.3 Translation as a Product

House (β001:β47) says, “Translation is thought of as a text which is a representation or reproduction of an original one produced in another language.” This implies that as a product, translation is the representation of the original one. In addition to that, translation has the function to serve the function of the original one. Catford (1965: 20) says that translation is the replacement of a textual

material in another language. It is similar to the type of interlingual translation as translation proper from an original language into another language mentioned by Jakobson (1959/2000). Further Nord (1991: 28) says that translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanding function of a target language. It implies that translation as a product functions to serve a specific function according to the demanding function in the TT. So translation as a product is seen as a translated text in the other language which works to serve the equivalent function of the ST in the TT.

2.1.2.4 Translation Equivalence

According to House (2001: 247), equivalence for non-linguistically persons is a text which is some sort of reproduction of another text, originally written in another language. It means that people in general accept equivalence as the reproduction of a SL text in a TL text. Shuttleworth & Cowie (1997: 49) say that basically equivalence is a concept used by the people in the translation studies to explain the nature and extent of the relationship which exists between the source text and target text. It is said that equivalence is the relationship between the ST and TT. It is based on a specific nature and extent as the criteria of the good translation. This concept is strengthened by Kenny in Baker (1998: 77) saying that usual equivalence as the relationship allows the target text to be considered as a translation of the source text. But It is also said that there could never achieve full equivalence on code unit between the source text and target text

(ibid. 36). According to Nida and Taber (1969: 12), translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, the first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style. It implies that the nature and extent of equivalence between the ST and TT refers to the meaning and style. According to Catford (1965: 21), the central problem of translation practice is that finding target language translation equivalence. This means that the central task of a translator is to define the nature and extent of translation equivalence.

In this research equivalence is defined based on the equivalent function of lexico-grammatical features between the ST and TT, which is different from the function of the purpose mentioned by Bell (1991: 7) between the ST and TT, or different from the similar function of register features mentioned by Steiner (2001) between the ST and TT. But the concept of functional equivalence elaborated here is similar to the concept given by Manfredi (2008) saying that functional equivalence refers to the equivalent function of the lexico-grammatical features of the ST which are replaced into the lexico-grammatical features of the TT. Further the concept is also inspired from the parameter of the functional equivalent mentioned by Halliday (2001: 15) i.e. stratification, metafunction, and rank. Here the concept of the nature and extent of the equivalence is concentrated to the parameter of rank. The decision to determine the use of parameter as the nature and extent of functional equivalence is that the logical meaning of a text is created when a simple clause together with the other simple clause as its co-text,

both work as immediate constituents, enter into a complex clause, in which the rank of a clause simple is lower from the rank of a clause complex. So according to Hallidayan SFG (Manfredi, 2008), a clause simple as a lexico-grammatical feature of a lower rank works to make its logical function or logical meaning when it enters together with the other equal rank of lexico-grammatical feature into a clause complex in a text. So theoretically, the concept of functional equivalence in this research refers to the nature and extent of the logical meaning which is created by a clause simple when it enters with the other clause simple of the same rank into a clause complex of a higher rank.

2.1.2.5 Translation Strategy

Translation strategy is a conscious plan in choosing a ST to translate and a method in solving the problem faced in the process of translating the ST based on a set of [linguistic and translation] competencies by some heuristic and flexible stages which favor the acquisition, storage and utilization of the message or meaning of the ST to be translated into an equivalent TT (Cf. Venuti, 1998: 240). A model of the strategy which can be applied in the process of the translation of the meaning from a ST into a TT is the one containing three stages elaborated by (Seguinot, 1989), they are: 1. translating without interruption, 2. correcting the surface error of the translation, and 3. leaving the monitor for qualitative stylistic error to improve the translation. Such a strategy is considered as a conscious plan (Cf. Kring, 1986: 8, Loescher, 1991: 8 and Cohen, 1984: 4) in choosing a ST to translate and a method in solving the problem faced in the process of translating a

ST into a TT. Such a strategy is a heuristic one with flexible stages which favor the acquisition, storage and utilization of the message or meaning of the ST to be translated into an equivalent target text (Cf. Venuti, 1998: 240). In this research, the concept of the translation strategy is by following the one containing three stages, they are: 1. translating without interruption, 2. correcting the surface error of the translation, and leaving the monitor for qualitative stylistic error to improve the translation (Cf. Seguinot, 1989). This concept is used as the basic view of the translation strategy which is used in this research, and the other tenet of the view such as Manfredi‟s study, Venuti‟s study, Kring‟s study, Loescher‟s study, Cohen‟s study, Bell‟s study, Jaaskelainen‟s study and Seguinot‟s study are also involved to enrich the understanding on the concept of the translation strategy which is used as the mechine of the process of translating the logical meaning from TBWS as the ST into English as a TT.

2.1.2.5.1 Manfredi‟s Study

The translation strategy elaborated by Manfredi (2008: 38) is termed as Bottom-up translation approach which is applied based on the relation between language and context. It is said that this strategy is focused on language which is embedded in context which can prove it a real help in the act of translating. Further, it is also said that such an strategy is the one in which the act of translating goes from the lexico-grammatical realizations to the identification of meanings these represent in the text and also to reconstruct the context which activates such meanings and wording, then a translator will be able to translate it accordingly, taking into

account both the source and the target context. Further, she also says that in SFG, by context a translator must refer to the meaning of a text around the text, for which the term is called “co-text”. In addition, it is also claimed that a translator must refer to a precise and specific concept of text.

Manfredi (2008: 38) says that activity of a translator in a translation process according to Bottom-up Approach focuses on the views of SFG on the way to make function or meaning in context, and a part of SFG is SFG. Grammar must be a part of the education of a translator, and in SFG since it is concerned with language in text and with the role of the grammar it plays, in combination with lexicon, in carrying out specific function and realizing specific type of meaning (Cf. Taylor Torsello, 1996: 88). Manfredi (2008) says that Bottom-up translation approach is the basic component of a translation strategy in which the translator views how language works to make meaning based on the theories of SFG as a part of SFG. By this approach, translation strategy must contain the stages as follows: (1) the analysis of the ST into its clauses; (2) the analysis of the components of the clause based on the transitivity system; (3) The analysis of how the clause create the meanings in the clause complexes based on the logico-semantic relation; (4) the transfer of the logical meanings of the ST into the TT by selecting the equivalent components of the clauses from the TL to replace the components of the clauses of the ST to represent the equivalent meaning of the clauses into the TT, and (5) The assessment of translation quality of the meaning between the ST and TT based on the transitivity system and logico-semantic

relation. The application of these stages is conducted to the translation of the meanings of a language it crate in its context from the ST into a functional equivalent TT.

β.1.β.5.β Venuti‟s Study

The contribution of this study in this research is for the enrichment of the understanding of a translator in the application of Bottom-up translation approach elaborated by Manfredi (2008) as a theoretical framework of translation strategy in the process of transferring the logical meaning from TBWS into English. Venuti (1998:240) says that translation strategies involve the basic tasks of choosing a foreign text to be translated and developing a method to translate it. He employs the concepts of domestication and foreignization to refer to the translation strategies. The focus here is to choose a ST to translate into a TL and to develop a translation method to apply in the translation. The concept of the translation method meant here refers to the ideology of a translator whether to do domestication or foreignization in the translation. A translator is free to choose a ST to translate into a TL. It depends on the purpose of a translator as in the extension of a wider reader. In such a case, the purpose of a translator can be to introduce the culture in the ST into the wider prospective readers of the TL. Domestication can be done in respect of the language system of the TL as well as to keep the meaning value of the ST, while the foreignization can be done in respect to a specific unique nature of any section of the ST which can be grasped

in the TL without any considerable difficulty. The selection of the method can be used from any section to the other one in the same text as a whole.

β.1.β.5.γ Kring‟s Study

The contribution of this study in this research is also for the enrichment of the understanding of a translator in the application of Bottom-up Translation Aprroach elaborated by Manfredi (2008) as a theoretical framework of translation strategy in the process of transferring the logical meaning from TBWS into English. Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as a potential conscious plan of a translator in solving the factual translation problem in the framework of a concrete translation task. The focus of a strategy in this definition deals with three main things, they are: conscious plan, concrete translation task, and translation problem solution. This implies that any translation project involves some problems. It commonly deals with the one such as how a meaning is expressed in a text, how it is reconstructed, how it must be transferred into the TL, what linguistic system must be selected to replace it into the TL. The task is then to provide a solution. The solution is a kind of conscious plan dealing with the series of the problems.

β.1.β.5.4 Loescher‟s Study

The contribution of this study in this research is also for the enrichment of the understanding of a translator in the application of Bottom-up translation approach elaborated by Manfredi (2008) as a theoretical framework of translation strategy in the process of transferring the logical meaning from TBWS into

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Letter 6: The Letter of Recommendation from Pendeta HKBP Resort Balige,

Pdt. Julson Pasaribu, S.Th.

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Letter 8: The Letter of Recommendation from from Dr. Hilman Pardede,

M.Pd.

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Letter 9: The Letter of Recommendation from Dra. Selviana Napitupulu, M.Hum.

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