al-Ashwati al-arabiyah inda ibni jinay wa kaal Muhammad ali basyar
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ(
ﲝﺚ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ )(s.s
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ:
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺱ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ103021027393 :
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ
ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
2007ﻡ1428/ھ
1
2
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ(
ﲝﺚ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ )(s.s
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ :
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺱ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ103021027393 :
ﲢﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ
)ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺳﻴﻮﻃﻲ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﺎﺳﻮﺗﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ(
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ
ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
2008ﻡ1428/ﻫ
3
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ
ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺻﺮﺣﺖ ﺑﺄﻥ :
.1ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻰ ﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ
ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ -ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
.2ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ-
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
.3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻯ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺩﻭﻥ
ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻓﺄﺳﺘﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺘﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻗﺮﺭﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ
ﺍﷲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ -ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 2 ،ﻳﻨﺎﻳﻲ 2008
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎ ﺱ
4
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺱ :ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺧﻄﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ .ﻻ
ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻷﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ.
ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ،ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ ،ﻭﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ :ﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ .ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰱ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ .ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﻩ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ.
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮﰱ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺭﺎ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺎ .ﻭﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ
ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ.
5
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ .ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺻﻞ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻭﺑﺎﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺬﻫﺐ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﻨﻮﺭﻩ ﰱ ﶈﺔ ﻭﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺳﻌﻪ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﷲ.
ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻘﻪ ﲤﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻁ
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺷﺪﻩ
ﻭﺃﻋﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲤﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﻓﻤﻦ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ:
.1ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳋﲑ
ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
6
.2ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺞ ﺃﺳﺪﺍﺭﻯ
ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ .ﻭﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﻜﺮﺗﲑ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺯﺑﲑ
ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ.
.3ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺃﲪﺪ ﺳﻴﻮﻃﻰ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﺎﺳﻮﺗﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻗﺎﻡ
ﲟﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ.
.4ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ.
.5ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ .ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﺃﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ.
.6ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ.
.7ﺇﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺩﻓﻌﻮﻧﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺟﻮﻩ.
ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ،ﻳﺮﺟﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﷲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ.
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ،ﻳﻨﺎﻳﲑ2008 ،
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺱ
7
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ ..................................................ﺃ
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ..................................................ﺏ
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ..............................ﺝ
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ ......................... ................................ﺩ
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ .................... ................................ھ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .................................................ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 1 ............................................
ﺃ.
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ 1 ......................................
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ 6 ......................................
ﺝ .ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻩ 7 ................................
ﺩ.
ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ 7 ............................
ھ .ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 8 .......................................
8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ :ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ 10 ..........................
ﺃ.
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ 10 ....................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ 11 ......................................
ﺝ .ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ 12 .......................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭﺃﺭﺁﺋﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ 26 ...............................................
ﺃ.
ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ 26 ..............................................
ﺏ .ﺍﺭﺁﺋﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ 29 ................................
ﺝ .ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ 37 ....................................
ﺩ .ﺍﺭﺁﺋﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ 40 ................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺑﺸﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ 59 ........................................
9
ﺃ.
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﳘﺎ 59 ...........................
ﺏ .ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﳘﺎ 61 .......................................
ﺝ.
ﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﳘﺎ 61 .......................................
ﺩ.
ﺻﻔﺎﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﳘﺎ 66 .........................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ 76 .......................................
ﺃ.
ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 76 ..........................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ 79 ............................................
10
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ -ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﻭﺃﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺻﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻘﺔ ﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ.
11
ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰱ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ،ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ
1
ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ.
ﻭﻛﻔﻰ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﴰﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ،
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ،ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ "ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻳﻌﱪ ﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺿﻬﻢ".
2
ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ،ﻭﳍﺎ
ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺎ.
ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﻟﻜﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻯ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﹾﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺘﺮﻛﺐ
1ﺃﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﺪﻳﻊ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ،ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ،ﺩﺕ( ،ﺩﻁ،
ﺹ .13
2ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ،ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰉ1952 ،ﻡ( ،ﻁ ،2ﺝ ،1
ﺹ .33
12
ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻣﺜﻞ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﰱ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ .ﻭﺗﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻰ
ﻣﺎ ﺍﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ .ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﰱ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﲔ ،ﰒ
ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ،ﰒ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ،ﰒ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ،ﰒ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ،
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ.
ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ "ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻒ ﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎ
ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺎ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻮﺕ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲣﻀﻊ ﳍﺎ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ،ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﳉﻤﻞ".
3
ﻗﺪ ﻋﲏ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ
ﺍﳍﺠﺮﻯ ،ﺣﱴ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ
3ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺏ ،ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﳒﻰ،
1988ﻡ( ،ﻁ ،3ﺹ 13
13
ﻭﺻﻔﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻭﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﺫﺍﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻦ ﺃﲪﺪ
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻫﻴﺪ )170-100ﻫـ791-719 /ﻡ( ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ .ﻭﺃﺧﺬ
ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻛﺴﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ )188-125ﻫـ801-843/ﻡ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺻﻒ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ" ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﻏﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ
)392-330ﻫـ1002-942/ﻡ( ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼ ﰱ ﻋﻠﻢ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ "ﺳﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ" ،ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ )428-380ﻫـ-980/
1003ﻡ( ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺻﻨﻒ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﲰﻬﺎ "ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ
ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ" ،ﻭﺯﳐﺸﺮﻯ )538-467ﻫـ1132-1062/ﻡ( ﺍﻟﺬﻯ
ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻞ" ،ﻭﺳﻜﺎﻛﻰ
)626-554ﻫـ1221-1149/ﻡ( ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰱ
ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ" .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﻢ
ﻳﺮﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻭﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻪ .ﺗﻠﻚ ﻫﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﳎﻬﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ
ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ.
4
4ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ،ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ " ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ" ﲟﺠﻠﺔ ﳎﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻱ1963 ،ﻡ( ،ﺩ ﻁ ،ﺝ ،15ﺹ 43
14
ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻒ ﳎﻬﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺯﻋﻤﺎﺀﻫﻢ ﻭﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ
"ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ" ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ" ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻓﺼﻞ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ-ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻧﺎﺗﻴﻚ"،
ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ" ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ" ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ
"ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ" ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ"،
ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ" ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ
ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ" ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ"
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ.
ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ
ﻭﺟﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﰱ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ
ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰱ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﶈﺪﺛﲔ .ﻭﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ
ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰱ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ
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ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ
ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺳﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ" ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ
ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ " ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ".
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﰱ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﻰ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰱ ﻧﻄﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻌﺎﱏ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻻﻳﻨﻄﻖ ﺎ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﺃﻣﺮ
ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ.
ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ
ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﺮ" )ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ(
ﺏ -ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ،
ﳚﺪﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ
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ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
.1ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳎﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ؟
.2ﻛﻴﻒ ﺃﺭﺁﺋﻬﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ؟
.3ﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ؟
ﺝ -ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻩ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻬﻰ:
.1ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ.
.2ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺭﺁﺀ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
.3ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻬﻰ:
.1ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
.2ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ.
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ﺩ -ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﱮ ﲝﻴﺚ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺗﻠﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ،ﲝﻴﺚ
ﻳﺼﻒ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﺭﺁﺀ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺭﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ.
ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺎ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ .2007
ﻫ -ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ:
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ،ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ،
ﻭﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻩ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ،
ﻭﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
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ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ :ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ
ﻭﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲰﻪ ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﺭﺁﺋﻪ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﲰﻪ ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺑﻪ ﻭﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﺭﺁﺋﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ
ﺑﺸﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ.
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ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ
ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﺃ-
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ،ﻭﻫﻮ
ﻟﻐﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ .ﻭﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ
ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﻛﻨﻬﻬﺎ5"،ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ
ﻭﻻﻳﺬﻭﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻻﳝﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻪ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﺑﻞ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ .ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ
ﻋﺮﻓﻪ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ "ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺫﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻄﺮﺩﺓ
ﺣﱴ ﻭﻟﻮﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﺍ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎ ﺣﻴﺎ 6".ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﻤﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺲ
ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱏ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻠﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺻﻮﺗﺎ.
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ
ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺷﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻚ ﺟﺴﻢ ﲜﺴﻢ ﺃﻭﺗﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺮﺑﲔ
5ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ،ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﳒﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ1990 ،ﻡ( ،ﻁ ،3ﺹ 6
6ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ1979 ،ﻡ( ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺹ 67
20
ﻭﻫﻠﻢ ﺟﺮﺍ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ
ﰱ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ .ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺃﲪﺪ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ "
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺴﻢ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺬﺑﺬﺏ
ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺴﻢ
7
ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ".
ﺏ -ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻓﻬﻮ" ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺎ
ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﻭﺗﺼﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﲰﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ
ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ"8،ﺃﻭ"
ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ" 9،ﺃﻭ "ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ
ﺍﳊﻨﺠﺮﺓ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ ﳝﺮ ﺑﺎﳊﻨﺠﺮﺓ ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ
7ﺃﲪﺪ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ1991 ،ﻡ( ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺹ 20
8ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ1979 ،ﻡ( ،ﻁ ،2ﺹ
77
9
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﺏ ،ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ،ﺩﺕ( ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺹ 133
21
ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ،ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ
ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ".
10
ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱏ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳊﻨﺠﺮﺓ ،ﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﰒ
ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱏ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱏ ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ.
ﺝ -ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ،ﻭﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ
ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺎ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺳﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ "ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺻﻮﺗﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ
ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ".
11
-1ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ
10ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ،ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ 8
11ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ،ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ 51
22
ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺃﲪﺪ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﲬﺴﺔ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﲔ ﺻﻮﺗﺎ ،ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱃ:
ﺃ( .ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ
ﺏ( .ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ
ﺝ( .ﺻﻮﺗﺎﻥ ﻷﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻞ
)
12
ٍ◌ ◌ٍ(short vowels
)(long vowels
)(semi vowels
ﺩ( .ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺻﻮﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺍﻛﲔ
)(consonant
ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﻫﻰ:
ﺍﳉﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ
13
ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ
1ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ 2ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ
-ِ
i
ُ--
u
3
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ
-َ
a
4
ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ )ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺪ(
ﻱ
iﺃﻭ īأو ii
5
ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ )ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﺪ(
ﻭ
uﺃﻭ ŭﺃﻭ uu
6
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ )ﺍﻷﻟﻒ(
ﺍ
aﺃﻭ aأو aa
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ
12ﺃﲪﺪ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ ،ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ 313
13ﻧﻔﺲ
ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ..
ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰉ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ
23
ﺃﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻞ 7
8
ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﻛﻦ
9
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ
ﻭ
w
ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ
ﻱ
j
ﺍﳍﻤﺰﻩ
ﺀ
?
ﺏ
b
ﺕ
t
ﺙ
θ
ﺝ
d
ﺡ
ħ
ﺥ
x
ﺩ
d
ﺫ
ð
ﺭ
r
ﺯ
z
ﺱ
s
ﺵ
∫
ﺹ
ş
ﺽ
d
ﻁ
ţ
ﻅ
ð
ﻉ
؟
ﻍ
V
10ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ
11ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ
12ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺀ
13ﺍﳉﻴﻢ
14ﺍﳊﺎﺀ
15ﺍﳋﺎﺀ
16ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ
17ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻝ
18ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ
19ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻯ
20ﺍﻟﺴﲔ
21ﺍﻟﺸﲔ
22ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩ
23ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺩ
24ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺀ
25ﺍﻟﻈﺎﺀ
26ﺍﻟﻌﲔ
27ﺍﻟﻐﲔ
24
28ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ
29ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ
30ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ
31ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﻗﻘﺔ
32ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﺨﻤﺔ
33ﺍﳌﻴﻢ
34ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ
35ﺍﳍﺎﺀ
ﻑ
f
ﻕ
q
ﻙ
k
ﻝ
l
-
ļ
ﻡ
m
ﻥ
n
ﻫـ
h
-2ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﺻﻮﺍﺋﺖ
ﻭﺻﻮﺍﻣﺖ
ﺃ( .ﺻﻮﺍﺋﺖ
ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺋﺖ "ﺻﻮﺕ
ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳝﺮ ﺣﺮﺍ
ﻃﻠﻴﻘﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳊﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻒ ﰱ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺃﻯ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﺃﻭ
25
ﺣﺎﺋﻞ ،ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻴﻖ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺿﻴﻘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ
ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﺎ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻋﺎ".
14
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺍﺋﺖ ﻗﻴﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﳎﻬﻮﺭﺍ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻓﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻄﻘﻬﺎ ﰱ
ﺍﳊﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﻀﻴﻖ ﳎﺮﻯ
ﺍﳍ ﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻓﲑ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻢ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻓﲑ ﳍﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺎ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﻣﺖ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ.
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺋﺖ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ،ﰒ ﺗﺰﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ.
ﺏ( .ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﺖ
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ "ﻳﻨﺤﺒﺲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ
ﺍﳓﺒﺎﺳﺎ ﳏﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﲟﺮﻭﺭﳊﻈﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ
14ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﺮ ،ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ،ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ)،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ1990 ،ﻡ( ،ﺩﻁ،
ﺹ 74
26
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﻯ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﻀﻴﻖ ﳎﺮﺍﻩ ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻔﻴﻒ"،
15
ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻮﺳﺔ،
ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﰱ ﻧﻄﻘﻬﺎ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻓﲑ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻠﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎ
ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺎ ،ﻭﺗﺼﻒ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ،ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺋﺘﺔ.
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﺘﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺍﻯ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﲔ ﻭﺍﳉﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ.
15ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ،ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ،ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ 26
27
ﰒ ﺗﺰﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺋﺘﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺋﺖ ﻓﻬﻰ
ﺻﻮﺗﺎﻥ ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ.
16
-3ﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ،ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱏ
ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺮﺝ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺴﻢ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﳐﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻰ:
ﺃ( .ﺷﻔﻮﻯ :
17
)(Bi-labial
ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺘﲔ
ﺑﻀﻤﻬﻤﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻔﺎﳍﻤﺎ ﰱ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻔﻮﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ
ﺏ( .ﺷﻔﻮﻯ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﱏ ) : (Labio-dentalﻫﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ
ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻀﻴﻴﻖ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻔﻮﻳﺎ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ
16
17ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺹ 111 -110
28
ﺝ( .ﺃﺳﻨﺎﱏ ) : (Dentalﻣﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺎﺀ.
ھ( .ﺃﺳﻨﺎﱏ ﻟﺜﻮﻯ ) : (Denti-alveolarﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺜﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﻳﺎ.
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﺜﻮﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺍﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺀ.
ﻭ( .ﻟﺜﻮﻯ ) : (Alveolarﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺜﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺜﻮﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ.
ﺯ( .ﻏﺎﺭﻯ
)(Palatal
:ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ
ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭ )ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺜﺔ( .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻏﺎﺭﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻪ ﺍﳉﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﲔ.
29
ﺡ( .ﻃﺒﻘﻰ
)(Velar
:ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻖ
)ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﰱ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ( .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ.
ﻁ( .ﳍﻮﻯ ) : (Uvularﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻬﺎﺓ )ﻭﻫﻰ
ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﰱ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻖ( .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
ﳍﻮﻳﺎ .ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ
ﻱ( .ﺣﻠﻘﻰ ) : (Pharyngalﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻀﻴﻴﻖ ﺍﳊﻠﻖ،
ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻨﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻢ .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ
ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺀ
ﻙ( .ﺣﻨﺠﺮﻯ ) : (Glottalﻭﻫﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻔﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻴﻴﻖ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﰱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﻨﺠﺮﺓ .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
ﺣﻨﺠﺮﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ
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-4ﺻﻔﺎﺎ
ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺎ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻮﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻰ
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺎ ﰱ ﳐﺮﺝ
ﻣﺎ )ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ
ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ( ﻭﺣﺪﺙ ﺫﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻣﻪ )ﺍﻬﻮﺭﺓ
ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻤﻮﺳﺔ( ﻭﲢﺮﻙ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﲢﺮﻛﺎ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ
ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﰱ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ )ﺍﳌﻔﺨﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻗﻖ(.
ﺃ( .ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﻯ/ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ
ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ "ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺒﺤﺲ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ ﺣﺒﺴﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ(
ﲝﺚ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ )(s.s
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ:
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺱ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ103021027393 :
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ
ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
2007ﻡ1428/ھ
1
2
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ(
ﲝﺚ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ )(s.s
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ :
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺱ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ103021027393 :
ﲢﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ
)ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺳﻴﻮﻃﻲ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﺎﺳﻮﺗﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ(
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ
ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
2008ﻡ1428/ﻫ
3
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ
ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺻﺮﺣﺖ ﺑﺄﻥ :
.1ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻰ ﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ
ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ -ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
.2ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ-
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
.3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻯ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺩﻭﻥ
ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻓﺄﺳﺘﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺘﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻗﺮﺭﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ
ﺍﷲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ -ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 2 ،ﻳﻨﺎﻳﻲ 2008
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎ ﺱ
4
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺱ :ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺧﻄﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ .ﻻ
ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻷﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ.
ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ،ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ ،ﻭﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ :ﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ .ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰱ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ .ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﻩ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ.
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮﰱ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺭﺎ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺎ .ﻭﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ
ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ.
5
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ .ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺻﻞ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻭﺑﺎﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺬﻫﺐ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﻨﻮﺭﻩ ﰱ ﶈﺔ ﻭﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺳﻌﻪ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﷲ.
ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻘﻪ ﲤﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻁ
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺷﺪﻩ
ﻭﺃﻋﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲤﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﻓﻤﻦ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ:
.1ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳋﲑ
ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
6
.2ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺞ ﺃﺳﺪﺍﺭﻯ
ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ .ﻭﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﻜﺮﺗﲑ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺯﺑﲑ
ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ.
.3ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺃﲪﺪ ﺳﻴﻮﻃﻰ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﺎﺳﻮﺗﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻗﺎﻡ
ﲟﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ.
.4ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ.
.5ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ .ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﺃﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ.
.6ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ.
.7ﺇﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺩﻓﻌﻮﻧﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺟﻮﻩ.
ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ،ﻳﺮﺟﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﷲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ.
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ،ﻳﻨﺎﻳﲑ2008 ،
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺱ
7
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ ..................................................ﺃ
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ..................................................ﺏ
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ..............................ﺝ
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ ......................... ................................ﺩ
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ .................... ................................ھ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .................................................ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 1 ............................................
ﺃ.
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ 1 ......................................
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ 6 ......................................
ﺝ .ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻩ 7 ................................
ﺩ.
ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ 7 ............................
ھ .ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 8 .......................................
8
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ :ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ 10 ..........................
ﺃ.
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ 10 ....................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ 11 ......................................
ﺝ .ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ 12 .......................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭﺃﺭﺁﺋﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ 26 ...............................................
ﺃ.
ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ 26 ..............................................
ﺏ .ﺍﺭﺁﺋﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ 29 ................................
ﺝ .ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ 37 ....................................
ﺩ .ﺍﺭﺁﺋﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ 40 ................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺑﺸﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ 59 ........................................
9
ﺃ.
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﳘﺎ 59 ...........................
ﺏ .ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﳘﺎ 61 .......................................
ﺝ.
ﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﳘﺎ 61 .......................................
ﺩ.
ﺻﻔﺎﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﳘﺎ 66 .........................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ 76 .......................................
ﺃ.
ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 76 ..........................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ 79 ............................................
10
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ -ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﻭﺃﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺻﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻘﺔ ﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ.
11
ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰱ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ،ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ
1
ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ.
ﻭﻛﻔﻰ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﴰﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ،
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ،ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ "ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻳﻌﱪ ﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺿﻬﻢ".
2
ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ،ﻭﳍﺎ
ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺎ.
ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﻟﻜﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻯ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﹾﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺘﺮﻛﺐ
1ﺃﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﺪﻳﻊ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ،ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ،ﺩﺕ( ،ﺩﻁ،
ﺹ .13
2ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ،ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ) ،ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰉ1952 ،ﻡ( ،ﻁ ،2ﺝ ،1
ﺹ .33
12
ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻣﺜﻞ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﰱ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ .ﻭﺗﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻰ
ﻣﺎ ﺍﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ .ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﰱ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﲔ ،ﰒ
ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ،ﰒ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ،ﰒ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ،ﰒ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ،
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ.
ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ "ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻒ ﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎ
ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺎ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻮﺕ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲣﻀﻊ ﳍﺎ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ،ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﳉﻤﻞ".
3
ﻗﺪ ﻋﲏ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ
ﺍﳍﺠﺮﻯ ،ﺣﱴ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ
3ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺏ ،ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﳒﻰ،
1988ﻡ( ،ﻁ ،3ﺹ 13
13
ﻭﺻﻔﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻭﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﺫﺍﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻦ ﺃﲪﺪ
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻫﻴﺪ )170-100ﻫـ791-719 /ﻡ( ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ .ﻭﺃﺧﺬ
ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻛﺴﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ )188-125ﻫـ801-843/ﻡ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺻﻒ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ" ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﻏﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ
)392-330ﻫـ1002-942/ﻡ( ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼ ﰱ ﻋﻠﻢ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ "ﺳﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ" ،ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ )428-380ﻫـ-980/
1003ﻡ( ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺻﻨﻒ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﲰﻬﺎ "ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ
ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ" ،ﻭﺯﳐﺸﺮﻯ )538-467ﻫـ1132-1062/ﻡ( ﺍﻟﺬﻯ
ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻞ" ،ﻭﺳﻜﺎﻛﻰ
)626-554ﻫـ1221-1149/ﻡ( ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰱ
ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ" .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﻢ
ﻳﺮﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻭﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻪ .ﺗﻠﻚ ﻫﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﳎﻬﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ
ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ.
4
4ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ،ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ " ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ" ﲟﺠﻠﺔ ﳎﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻱ1963 ،ﻡ( ،ﺩ ﻁ ،ﺝ ،15ﺹ 43
14
ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻒ ﳎﻬﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺯﻋﻤﺎﺀﻫﻢ ﻭﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ
"ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ" ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ" ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻓﺼﻞ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ-ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻧﺎﺗﻴﻚ"،
ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ" ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ" ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ
"ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ" ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ"،
ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ" ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ
ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ" ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ"
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ.
ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ
ﻭﺟﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﰱ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ
ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰱ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﶈﺪﺛﲔ .ﻭﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ
ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰱ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ
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ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ
ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺳﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ" ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ
ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ " ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ".
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﰱ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﻰ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰱ ﻧﻄﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻌﺎﱏ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻻﻳﻨﻄﻖ ﺎ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﺃﻣﺮ
ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ.
ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ
ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﺮ" )ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ(
ﺏ -ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ،
ﳚﺪﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ
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ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
.1ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳎﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ؟
.2ﻛﻴﻒ ﺃﺭﺁﺋﻬﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ؟
.3ﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ؟
ﺝ -ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻩ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻬﻰ:
.1ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮ.
.2ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺭﺁﺀ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
.3ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻬﻰ:
.1ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
.2ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ.
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ﺩ -ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﱮ ﲝﻴﺚ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺗﻠﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ،ﲝﻴﺚ
ﻳﺼﻒ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﺭﺁﺀ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺭﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ.
ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺎ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ .2007
ﻫ -ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ:
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ،ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ،
ﻭﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻩ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ،
ﻭﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
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ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ :ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ
ﻭﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲰﻪ ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﺭﺁﺋﻪ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﲰﻪ ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺑﻪ ﻭﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﺭﺁﺋﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ
ﺑﺸﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ.
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ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ
ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﺃ-
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ،ﻭﻫﻮ
ﻟﻐﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ .ﻭﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ
ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﻛﻨﻬﻬﺎ5"،ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ
ﻭﻻﻳﺬﻭﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻻﳝﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻪ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﺑﻞ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ .ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ
ﻋﺮﻓﻪ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ "ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺫﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻄﺮﺩﺓ
ﺣﱴ ﻭﻟﻮﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﺍ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎ ﺣﻴﺎ 6".ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﻤﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺲ
ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱏ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻠﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺻﻮﺗﺎ.
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ
ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺷﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻚ ﺟﺴﻢ ﲜﺴﻢ ﺃﻭﺗﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺮﺑﲔ
5ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ،ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﳒﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ1990 ،ﻡ( ،ﻁ ،3ﺹ 6
6ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ1979 ،ﻡ( ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺹ 67
20
ﻭﻫﻠﻢ ﺟﺮﺍ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ
ﰱ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ .ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺃﲪﺪ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ "
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺴﻢ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺬﺑﺬﺏ
ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺴﻢ
7
ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ".
ﺏ -ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻓﻬﻮ" ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺎ
ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﻭﺗﺼﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﲰﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ
ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ"8،ﺃﻭ"
ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ" 9،ﺃﻭ "ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ
ﺍﳊﻨﺠﺮﺓ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ ﳝﺮ ﺑﺎﳊﻨﺠﺮﺓ ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ
7ﺃﲪﺪ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ1991 ،ﻡ( ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺹ 20
8ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ1979 ،ﻡ( ،ﻁ ،2ﺹ
77
9
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﺏ ،ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ) ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ،ﺩﺕ( ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺹ 133
21
ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ،ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ
ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ".
10
ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱏ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳊﻨﺠﺮﺓ ،ﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﰒ
ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱏ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱏ ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ.
ﺝ -ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ،ﻭﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ
ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺎ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺳﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ "ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺻﻮﺗﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ
ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ".
11
-1ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ
10ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ،ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ 8
11ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ،ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ 51
22
ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺃﲪﺪ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﲬﺴﺔ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﲔ ﺻﻮﺗﺎ ،ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱃ:
ﺃ( .ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ
ﺏ( .ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ
ﺝ( .ﺻﻮﺗﺎﻥ ﻷﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻞ
)
12
ٍ◌ ◌ٍ(short vowels
)(long vowels
)(semi vowels
ﺩ( .ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺻﻮﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺍﻛﲔ
)(consonant
ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﻫﻰ:
ﺍﳉﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ
13
ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ
1ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ 2ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ
-ِ
i
ُ--
u
3
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ
-َ
a
4
ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ )ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺪ(
ﻱ
iﺃﻭ īأو ii
5
ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ )ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﺪ(
ﻭ
uﺃﻭ ŭﺃﻭ uu
6
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ )ﺍﻷﻟﻒ(
ﺍ
aﺃﻭ aأو aa
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ
12ﺃﲪﺪ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ ،ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺳﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ 313
13ﻧﻔﺲ
ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ..
ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰉ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ
23
ﺃﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻞ 7
8
ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﻛﻦ
9
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ
ﻭ
w
ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ
ﻱ
j
ﺍﳍﻤﺰﻩ
ﺀ
?
ﺏ
b
ﺕ
t
ﺙ
θ
ﺝ
d
ﺡ
ħ
ﺥ
x
ﺩ
d
ﺫ
ð
ﺭ
r
ﺯ
z
ﺱ
s
ﺵ
∫
ﺹ
ş
ﺽ
d
ﻁ
ţ
ﻅ
ð
ﻉ
؟
ﻍ
V
10ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ
11ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ
12ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺀ
13ﺍﳉﻴﻢ
14ﺍﳊﺎﺀ
15ﺍﳋﺎﺀ
16ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ
17ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻝ
18ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ
19ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻯ
20ﺍﻟﺴﲔ
21ﺍﻟﺸﲔ
22ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩ
23ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺩ
24ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺀ
25ﺍﻟﻈﺎﺀ
26ﺍﻟﻌﲔ
27ﺍﻟﻐﲔ
24
28ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ
29ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ
30ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ
31ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﻗﻘﺔ
32ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﺨﻤﺔ
33ﺍﳌﻴﻢ
34ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ
35ﺍﳍﺎﺀ
ﻑ
f
ﻕ
q
ﻙ
k
ﻝ
l
-
ļ
ﻡ
m
ﻥ
n
ﻫـ
h
-2ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﺻﻮﺍﺋﺖ
ﻭﺻﻮﺍﻣﺖ
ﺃ( .ﺻﻮﺍﺋﺖ
ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺋﺖ "ﺻﻮﺕ
ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳝﺮ ﺣﺮﺍ
ﻃﻠﻴﻘﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳊﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻒ ﰱ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺃﻯ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﺃﻭ
25
ﺣﺎﺋﻞ ،ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻴﻖ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺿﻴﻘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ
ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﺎ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻋﺎ".
14
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺍﺋﺖ ﻗﻴﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﳎﻬﻮﺭﺍ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻓﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻄﻘﻬﺎ ﰱ
ﺍﳊﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﻀﻴﻖ ﳎﺮﻯ
ﺍﳍ ﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻓﲑ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻢ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻓﲑ ﳍﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺎ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﻣﺖ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ.
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺋﺖ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ،ﰒ ﺗﺰﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ.
ﺏ( .ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﺖ
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ "ﻳﻨﺤﺒﺲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ
ﺍﳓﺒﺎﺳﺎ ﳏﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﲟﺮﻭﺭﳊﻈﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ
14ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﺮ ،ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ،ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ)،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ1990 ،ﻡ( ،ﺩﻁ،
ﺹ 74
26
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﻯ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﻀﻴﻖ ﳎﺮﺍﻩ ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻔﻴﻒ"،
15
ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻮﺳﺔ،
ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﰱ ﻧﻄﻘﻬﺎ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻓﲑ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻠﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎ
ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺎ ،ﻭﺗﺼﻒ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ،ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺋﺘﺔ.
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﺘﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺍﻯ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﲔ ﻭﺍﳉﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ.
15ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ ،ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ،ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ 26
27
ﰒ ﺗﺰﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺋﺘﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺋﺖ ﻓﻬﻰ
ﺻﻮﺗﺎﻥ ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ.
16
-3ﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ،ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱏ
ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺮﺝ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺴﻢ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﳐﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻰ:
ﺃ( .ﺷﻔﻮﻯ :
17
)(Bi-labial
ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺘﲔ
ﺑﻀﻤﻬﻤﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻔﺎﳍﻤﺎ ﰱ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻔﻮﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ
ﺏ( .ﺷﻔﻮﻯ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﱏ ) : (Labio-dentalﻫﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ
ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻀﻴﻴﻖ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻔﻮﻳﺎ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ
16
17ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺹ 111 -110
28
ﺝ( .ﺃﺳﻨﺎﱏ ) : (Dentalﻣﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺎﺀ.
ھ( .ﺃﺳﻨﺎﱏ ﻟﺜﻮﻯ ) : (Denti-alveolarﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺜﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﻳﺎ.
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﺜﻮﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺍﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺀ.
ﻭ( .ﻟﺜﻮﻯ ) : (Alveolarﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺜﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺜﻮﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ.
ﺯ( .ﻏﺎﺭﻯ
)(Palatal
:ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ
ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭ )ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺜﺔ( .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻏﺎﺭﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻪ ﺍﳉﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﲔ.
29
ﺡ( .ﻃﺒﻘﻰ
)(Velar
:ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻖ
)ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﰱ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ( .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ.
ﻁ( .ﳍﻮﻯ ) : (Uvularﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻬﺎﺓ )ﻭﻫﻰ
ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﰱ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻖ( .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
ﳍﻮﻳﺎ .ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ
ﻱ( .ﺣﻠﻘﻰ ) : (Pharyngalﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻀﻴﻴﻖ ﺍﳊﻠﻖ،
ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻨﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻢ .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ
ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺀ
ﻙ( .ﺣﻨﺠﺮﻯ ) : (Glottalﻭﻫﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻔﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻴﻴﻖ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﰱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﻨﺠﺮﺓ .ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
ﺣﻨﺠﺮﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ
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-4ﺻﻔﺎﺎ
ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺎ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻮﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻰ
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺎ ﰱ ﳐﺮﺝ
ﻣﺎ )ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ
ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ( ﻭﺣﺪﺙ ﺫﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻣﻪ )ﺍﻬﻮﺭﺓ
ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻤﻮﺳﺔ( ﻭﲢﺮﻙ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﲢﺮﻛﺎ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ
ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﰱ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ )ﺍﳌﻔﺨﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻗﻖ(.
ﺃ( .ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﻯ/ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ
ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ "ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺒﺤﺲ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ ﺣﺒﺴﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ