connotative, vi pondok pesantren, vii Islamic priests as public figure, and viii teaching activities of kitab kuning.
2.2.1. Theories of Speech Acts
In this first explanation, the researcher sequently explains some theories of speech acts: i the speech acts classification by Searle 1977:34 cf Mey, 1993:163, and
ii the direct and indirect speech acts by Yule 1996.
2.2.1.1. Speech Acts Classification by Searle published in 1969
The second theory is the speech acts classification by Searle 1977:34 cf Mey, 1993:163. According to his classification, there are five categories: i
representatives, ii directives, iii commissives, iv expressives, and v declarations.
The first category is representative assertive. It means that the speaker tells the hearer that shehe the speaker believes to be the case or not. In other words,
the speaker brings the value as ‘true’ or ‘false’ but there is a core point that the
speaker considers hisher words as truth condition. According to Yule, the kinds of assertives are: assertions, statements of fact, conclusions, and descriptions
1990:53. The second category are directive. It means that the speaker orders the
hearer to do something. The speaker wants to express what heshe wants. According to Yule, the kinds of directives are: command, order, request, and
suggestion 1990:54.
The third category is commissive. It means that the speaker uses the words to commit herselfhimself to some action in the future. According to Yule, the
kinds of commissives are: promises, threats, refusals, and pledges and so on 1990:54.
The next category is expressive. It means that the speaker wants to express what heshe feels. According to Yule, the kinds of expressives could be statements
of scary, anger, sorrow, happy, and so on 1990:53 The last one is declarations. It means that the speaker changes the world
through their utterances. According to Yule, the kinds of declarations are the declarations in a certain context with a decisive role 1990:53.
2.2.1.2. The Direct and Indirect Speech Acts by Yule
Based on the previous speech act classifications from Searle 1969, there are five general functions: i declarations, ii representatives, iii expressives, iv
directives, v commisives. Besides Yule also explained structurally three forms of utterance: i declarative, ii imperative, iii interrogative 1996:55.
In terms of forms of utterances, please attend to these examples below. You drink a cup of coffee.
declarative Do you drink a cup of coffee?
interrogative Drink a cup of coffee
imperative According to those examples, there are three uses of those forms: i
declarative form used to make a statement, ii interrogative form used to make a question, iii imperative one used to make commandrequest.
Based on those functions and forms above, Yule distinguished two kinds of speech acts: i direct speech acts, and ii indirect speech acts. When there is a
direct relationship between the form and the function of utterances, it is called direct speech act. When there is indirect relationship between the form and the
function of utterances, it is called indirect speech acts.When a declarative form and interrogative form is used to make request command, it is called indirect
speech acts. Besides, when an imperrative one used to make commandrequest, it is called direct speech acts.
2.2.2. Directives Speech Acts
