The first-layer is the first-order meaning. It means two meanings: i the lexical meaning of a word, and ii the combination of the lexical meanings of
individual words Kittay, 1987:42. The second-layer is the second-order meaning. Kittay defines it as the
functions of first-order meaning 1987:44. In other words, she explained that second-order meaning occurs when features of the utterance and its context
indicate to the listeners that the expression of first-order meaning is not appropriate 1987:42.
In terms of second-order meaning, Kittay also explained that there are some forms of second-order meaning like metaphor, indirect speech acts, and
connotative meaning 1987:147. In order to encourage the complete explanations, I will explain the theory of metaphors, simile, and connotative
meaning that have been suggested by some people as follows.
2.2.7. Simile and Connotative Meaning
In this sub chapter, the researcher will explore four components: i simile, and ii connotative meaning.
2.2.7.1. Simile
There are some definitions of simile proposed by: a Randal Holme, ii Josef Stern, and iii Evan Green.
The first is Holme ’ definition. He considers simile as the expression of
similarity which is signalled by the existence of the words ‘as’ and ‘like’.
According to him, this expression is to compare two things that are almost the same in characteristics. 2004:81.
The second is Stern’ definition. He regards simile as the elliptical simile. According to Stern, metaphor differs from simile in terms of
‘similarity and comparison’. Metaphor is expression of similarity while simile is expression of comparison. 2000:146.
The third one is Evan Green’s definition. Similar to the previous explanation, they also differenciate metaphor and simile. They consider
metaphor as implicit comparison while simile as explicit comparison 2006:293. In other words, metaphor is comparison between two entities that
is implicitly marked while simile is comparison between two entities which is explicitly marked by ‘as’ and ‘like’.
The examples of simile : ‘Tina’s heart is as smooth as cotton’
‘Tina’s heart is smooth, like cotton’
2.2.7.2. Connotative Meaning
The researcher will explain some concepts of connotative meaning suggested by some experts: i Barthes, ii Cliff Goddard, iii Evan Green, and iv
Leech. The first is Barthes’ s concept. In terms of communication studies, he
describes the definition of connotative meaning. According to himher, connotation is an interaction among the sign, the feelings,
the users’ emotions,
and values of their culture cf Fiske, 1990:86. So, heshe assume that connotative is emotional and subjective.
The second is Goddard’s concept. In semantics, he considers connotation as associative meaning Goddard, 1998:21. According to his explanation,
connotation is an opposition of a fixed meaning. Similar to the previous explanation, Goddard also regarded connotative meaning as subjective
meaning. The third is Evan Green’s concept. According to them, in cognitive
semantics, connotative meaning is association among essential aspects and non essential aspects of word meaning Evan Green, 2006:10. Essential
aspect means that semantic core of a set of entities in the world that word can refer to while non essential aspect refers to
cultural stereotypes, human’s emotion, feelings, domestic habits, so on.
The last one is Leech’ s concept. Leech 1976 explained that connotative meaning is a change of dennotative meaning cf Chaer, 2009:65. According to
him, this change is resulted from more communicative value and feelings than its conceptual content.
2.2.8. Pondok Pesantren
