Based on those functions and forms above, Yule distinguished two kinds of speech acts: i direct speech acts, and ii indirect speech acts. When there is a
direct relationship between the form and the function of utterances, it is called direct speech act. When there is indirect relationship between the form and the
function of utterances, it is called indirect speech acts.When a declarative form and interrogative form is used to make request command, it is called indirect
speech acts. Besides, when an imperrative one used to make commandrequest, it is called direct speech acts.
2.2.2. Directives Speech Acts
In the case of directive speech acts, Vandervaken aimed to investigate the set of illocutionary forces. According to him, these illocutionary forces are categorized
as illocutionary points or illocutionary acts 1990:167. Based on hisher categorization, there are 56 illocutionary points of directive
speech acts namely: direct, request, ask, question, inquire, interrogate, urge, encourage, discourage, solicit, appeal, petition, invite, convene, convoke, beg,
supplicate, beseech, implore, entreat, conjure, pray, insist, tell, instruct, demand, require, claim, order, command, dictate, prescribe, enjoin, adjure, exorcise, forbid,
prohibit, interdict, proscribe, commission, charge, suggest, propose, warn, advise, caution, alert, alarm, recommend, permit, allow, authorize, consent, invoke,
imprecate, and intercede 1990:189.
2.2.3. Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices IFIDs
Yule in his book, explained the most significant devices for indicating the illocutionary forces namely IFIDs illocutionary force indicating devices
1990:49. According to this explanation, there are five devices for indicating illocutionary forces: i explicit performative verb, ii implicit performative verb,
iii word order, iv intonation, and v stress. To make things clearer, please refer to the following example.
1 I order you that you come to the party.
2 You come to the party.
3 Honestly, he is a bad boy.
4 Can I meet your sister \
Falling intonation 5
I tell you that there is no one here
2
In the utterance 1, there is the basic format for explicit performative verb as follows:
I hereby Vp you that you do something
According to this IFID namely explicit performative verb, the speaker orders someone to come to the party.
In the utterance 2, the speaker implicitly expresses an utterance meaning which is shown below:
I hereby tell you that you come to the party.
According to this IFID, the speaker may tells the hearers to come to the party.
2
The underlined words indicate the stressed words
In the utterance 3, the speaker tells the hearer that he is a bad boy. According to this IFID, the speaker uses the word order to order the
speaker that heshe believe that he is a bad boy. In the utterance 4, the speaker is asking the hearer a question---can shehe
meet hear er’s sister?
According to this IFID, the speaker may ask the hearer that heshe call herhis sister.
In the utterance 5, the speaker tells the hearer that there is no one here. According to this IFID, the speaker may tell the hearer that there is
nobody around by using stress device.
2.2.4. Theory of Felicity Conditions
