Both in M. edulis and P. viridis sexes are separate without external sign of dimorphism Seed 1976; Rajagopal et al. 2006. However, hermaphrodites may
occur in blue mussel population. Male and female gonads are distinguishable either in M. edulis or P. viridis. Ovaries are reddish in M. edulis and bright
orange in P. viridis whereas testes are cream in M. edulis and milky white in P. viridis
. The hot spot monitoring in this present study attempted to apply the two
selected biomarkers i.e. ChE and phagocytic activities which are originated from M. edulis
in Indonesia waters which is populated by P. viridis. The use of P. viridis
as eco-sentinel organism in stressor effects investigation campaigns in Indonesia is efficacious due to widely distribution of the animal from expected
pristine to heavily polluted waters. The hot spot monitoring was conducted in three different sites. The expected pristine site is located at coastal area of
Pangkajene Kepulauan Pangkep district, while the heavily polluted sites are located in Jakarta Bay, namely Kamal Muara and Cilincing. The three extreme
environments are considered to be appropriate location models for applying the biomarkers to picturize adverse effects status of the deteriorated coastal
environments.
1.4. Objectives of the Studies
The studies were aimed to elaborate the use of selected biomarkers, cholinesterase ChE, phagoctic and siphoning activities of marine mussels to
detect environmental stressors both in terms of in vivo and in situ applications. To achieve the objectives, the studies were composed as the following:
1. To detect the effects of dimethoate on ChE and phagocytic activity of M. edulis.
2. To evaluate the effects of trichlorfon on ChE activity and siphoning rate of M. edulis. The evaluation was focus on to know
different sensitivity of ChE activity in different organs of M. edulis and transformation of inhibition of the ChE activity from
innervated organs to inhibition of the siphoning rate.
3. To characterize ChEs enzyme of inervated organs of green mussel P. viridis
as a rational basis for the use of the ChE activity as a biomarker.
4. To study the applications of selected biomarkers, phagocytic and ChE activities, from green mussel, P. viridis in hot spot
biomonitoring in Indonesian coastal waters.
1.5. Purposes of the Studies
The studies on selected biomarkers contribute to establish rational basis of screening test and pollutant response detections in biological compartments of
eco-sentinel organisms particularly marine mussel. In addition, since the state of the art of the use of biomarkers is to detect the pollutant effects in living organism
in early destructive conditions the hot spot study underlie biomonitoring programs to detect early deterioration of pollutants effects on living organism. Therefore,
the study gives environmental manager to characterize the hazards of environmental stressor at early state which trigger more detailed ecological risk
assessments.
1.6. Hypothesis
The working hypothesis of the four studies are: 1. There are adverse effects of the OP pesticide, dimethoate, on nervous and
immune system of blue mussels M. edulis. 2. OP pesticide, trichlorfon induces both ChE activity and siphoning rate of
M. edulis in different sensitivity levels.
3. ChEs enzyme from different organs of M. edulis show different sensitivity to the OP Pesticide, trichlorfon.
4. There is relationship between the induced ChE activity from inervated organs of M. edulis and the siphoning rate.
5. Properties of ChEs enzyme of P. viridis differ from orthodox characteristic of vertebrate.
6. Selected biomarkers, phagocytic and ChE activities of P. viridis can be used to distinguish different effects of pollutants which exist in selected
coastal area of Indonesia.
1.7. Novelties
