Overall, the relationship between reduction of the siphoning activity which is behavior that plays key roles both in terms of individual or ecosystem and
inhibition of ChE activity from organs of concern of M. edulis induced by the OP pesticide suggesting that it is an ecological relevant parameter. As a consequence
it is promising to establish ecosystem health standards by involving those two selected biomarkers along with others relevant biomarkers from molecular to
individual levels.
6.7. Conclusion
In laboratory test, ChE and phagocytic activity from M. edulis were able to detect the effects of OP pesticide, dimethoate. The serial dilutions of dimethoate
promoted effects on the ChE activity dose-dependently, while hormetic-like responses of the phagocytic activity were observed.
The different sensitivity of different organs to trichlorfon in terms of cholinergic enzyme, ChEs, has been detected in the studied M. edulis. Gill was
the most sensitive organs compare to other studied organs including foot, mantle, posterior adductor muscle PAM, hemolymph and digestive gland. The
inhibition of the ChE activity of the organs turned back to the level of control after the animals transferred to the clean media except foot and mantle.
Reduction of siphoning activity of studied mussels was also observed after the animals were exposed to serial dilutions of trichlorfon. It was intriguing that
the sensitivity of the siphoning activity to the OP pesticide was in range of sensitivity of the ChE activity to the OP pesticide. The recovery of the siphoning
activity was observed after the animals were put in clean media as well. The exposure of trichlorfon experiment revealed correlation responses
between the siphoning activity and the ChE activity of the relevant organs including mantle, gill and posterior adductor muscle. The correlations are
efficacious in promoting overview that enzymatic biomarkers such as ChE activity can be translated to higher biological integrity and population levels via a
good connector namely the siphoning activity. From the siphoning activity the way for interpreting ecological significance of the ChE activity inhibition can be
deducted.
Characterization of ChEs enzyme from tropical green mussels P. virisis based on substrates specificity and inhibitors sensitivity strategies displayed that
there were two types of ChEs anzyme namely typical Acetylcholinesterase AChE and atypical Butyrylcholinesterase BuChE. These enzymes were
present in varying mount in studied organs of the mussels in which the typical AChE was present dominantly in gill, while the atypical BuChE existed
profoundly in the posterior adductor muscle PAM. Hot spot monitoring strategy which were conducted in two heavily
polluted areas of Jakarta Bay and pristine site in Pankajene Kepulauan demonstrated that two selected biomarkers i.e. ChE and phagocytic activity from
P. viridis were suitable biomarkers that were able to distinguish the effect of environmental stressors between the heavily polluted sites and the reference site in
dry season.
6.8. Recommendations
