A Brief Description Of English And French As A Relative Language In Indo-European Language Family

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A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ENGLISH AND FRENCH AS A RELATIVE LANGUAGE IN INDO–EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY

A PAPER BY

DEPO PATRA DINATA REG. NO. 062202067

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN

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Approved by Supervisor,

Dra. Hartisari, M.A.

NIP. 131284301

Submitted to Faculty of Letters University of North Sumatera

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English.

Approved by

Head of English Study Program,

Dra. Syahyar Hanum, DPFE

NIP. 130702287

Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera As a Paper for the Diploma (D-III) Examination

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the D-III Examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera

The examination is held on

At Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera Dean,

Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A., Ph.D

NIP. 132098531

Board of Examiners and Readers:

Examiner : Dra. Hartisari, M.A. Reader : Dra. Syahyar Hanum, DPFE

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, DEPO PATRA DINATA, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : Date :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : DEPO PATRA DINATA

Title of paper : A Brief Description Of English and French As A Relative Language In Indo–European Language Family.

Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed : Date :

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ABSTRACT

Linguistik adalah ilmu yang mengambil bahasa sebagai objek kajiannya. Pada kertas karya ini berisikan deskripsi singkat yang mengkhususkan pada bahasa Inggris dan Perancis sebagai objek kajian utamanya, karena kedua bahasa tersebut memiliki hubungan kekerabatan dengan memperlihatkan bentuk-bentuk dan terdapat kesamaan serta kemiripan seperti pada unsur perbendaharaan kata, fonologi, morfologi, dan semantik. Selain itu kedua bahasa tersebut berasal dari rumpun atau keluarga bahasa yang sama yaitu rumpun atau keluarga bahasa Indo-Eropa. Adapun manfaat dari penulisan kertas karya ini adalah memberikan informasi bahasa apa saja yang tergabung dalan rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa dan cara mengklasifikasikannya, serta memecahkan mitos dan anggapan orang-orang bahwa bahasa perancis adalah bahasa yang sulit dipelajari dikarenakan strukturnya yang kompleks dan polanya yang tidak jelas. Tetapi dengan terlebih dahulu kita mempelajari dan memahami bahwa sebenarnya kedua bahasa ini berasal dari rumpun bahasa yang sama, dan sangat banyak memiliki persamaan dan kemiripannya. Dengan demikian Bahasa perancis dapat lebih mudah kita pelajari selayaknya kita mempelajari bahasa Inggris, selain itu dari segi kosa kata (Vocabulary) lebih dari 10,000 kosa kata bahasa Perancis diadopsi menjadi kosa kata bahasa Inggris, hanya pengucapannya (Pronunciation) saja yang berbeda. Dalam mengerjakan tugas akhir ini penulis menggunakan beberapa cara yaitu :

1. Metode library research (penelitian kepustakaan) dengan mengumpulkan buku-buku yang dianggap relevan sebagai bahan referensi.

2. Dengan menelusuri situs-situs yang berhubungan dengan topik kertas karya.

Diakhir kata penulis menyimpulkan bahwa bahasa Inggris dan Perancis adalah bahasa sekerabat dalam rumpun atau keluarga bahasa Indo-Eropa. Setelah memahami hubungan kedua bahasa itu maka mitos tersebut akan pupus dengan sendirinya, dan pemahaman itu akan membantu kita untuk lebih mudah lagi dalam memahami “logika” bahasa Perancis.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank to the Almighty God, Allah SWT for the strength and love forever in my life, especially when I start study in English Diploma Program, Faculty of letters, the University of North Sumatera until I am able to complete writing this paper.

Furthermore, I would like to express my honest gratitude to Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A. Ph.d., as the dean of Faculty of letters, University of North Sumatera. I would like to convey my best gratitude to Dra. Syahyar Hanum, DPFE the head of English Diploma, who has given the information of the guiding process in writing paper. I would also like to thank to my supervisor Dra. Hartisari, M.A., who has given her advice, critic, and precious time in reading and correcting this paper for its completeness. And to all Teachers and lecturers who have given many valuable idea, comments, suggestion, and guidance in writing this paper.

The most special thank is dedicate to my beloved parents, Alm. Tengku. Syahril and Suhaimi, for their love and patience, supporting me morally, spiritually, and financially in completing this paper. My thank also goes to my lovely sisters and my little brother, K’Titi Lustenberger and Mike Parel, K’Gita, Anggi, and Ega, thank you for supporting me.

Finally, my greatest thank to all my best friends “Keluarga besar PEMA FS USU 08-09” and “KOMPAS-USU” [ All of members JR-16, my bro : Ripa, Zizah, Fakhriza, Ruth, Cristin, Lutfi, Mld. Putri ] for their loyalty, love, and support. Thank you for being my true friends who are always care. I have no

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idea how much you all mean to me. To my Special friend, D. Sari Thank you for your greatest true love, supports, and suggestions. Last but not least, my thank to all my friends in class A 2006 who I cannot mention one by one here.

However, I realize that this paper is still far from being perfect because it is not easy to finish it to my satisfaction. Therefore, I welcome any contractive criticism and suggestion to give more advantages in the future.

Medan, ………2009 The Writer,

Depo Patra Dinata Reg. No:062202067

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

ABSTRACT ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

1. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Scope of the Study... 2

1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 3

1.4 Significance of the Study ... 3

2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES .. 4

2.1 Indo-European Languages ... 4

2.2 Method of Classification Indo-European Languages ... 4

2.2.1 Genetic Classification ... 5

2.2.2 Typological Classification ... 7

2.2.3 Area Classification... 7

2.2.4 Sociolinguistic Classification ... 8

2.3 Some Languages in Indo-European Languages Family ... 9

2.3.1 The Italic Languages ... 9

2.3.2 Balto-Slavic Languages ... 11

2.3.3 Germanic Languages ... 12

2.3.4 Hellenic Languages ... 13

2.3.5 Celtic Languages ... 14

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3. SIMILARITIES ENGLISH AND FRENCH LANGUAGES ... 17

3.1 Similarities in Vocabulary ... 19

3.2 Similarities in Phonology ... 21

3.3 Similarities in morphology ... 24

3.4 Similarities in semantic ... 25

4. CONCLUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 27

4.1 Conclusions ... 27

4.2 Suggestions ... 27

REFERENCES APPENDICES

1. Diagram of Indo-European Family Languages

2. The explanation of Diagram Current Family Languages

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ABSTRACT

1. Metode library research (penelitian kepustakaan) dengan mengumpulkan buku-buku yang dianggap relevan sebagai bahan referensi.

2. Dengan menelusuri situs-situs yang berhubungan dengan topik kertas karya.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the study

Language is one of identities of a nation or a country. Although every language in the world has many differences, but there are some similarities. And the language has universal characteristic. Gaynor (1975:119) states “Language is a system of communication by sound, through the organs of speech and hearing, among human, being of certain group or community, using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary conventional meaning”.

From the statement above language is emphasized as a symbol system to relate communication in a group or community. This group or community can be called as a great nation that uses the same source language, for example the languages in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Though every area uses many different languages, but it can be proved that the languages in that area come from one source of the same language.

The first experiment to find the history of world languages scientifically was done in the last 18th century. The scientist appealed language with detail and systematic way, to show there is relationship or not. If the relationship can be proved, it can be concluded that the language is expanded from the same source, although this source may not be found again.

The evidence of the source the same language is easy found in Europe namely English, French, Spain, Italian, and other languages. Those languages have similarities in linguistic in substance, vocabulary, phonology, morphology, and semantic. This evidence can convince everybody that there is a language

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which becomes the source of many Eurasia/European languages. This language is called the Proto Indo-European language.

From the Indo-European language family, I specialize the topic in English and French language. I choose both of that because those have many similarities and close relation as a relative language in Indo-European language family. So, from this paper it will be known that French language is not difficult to study because it has many similarities with English Language.

In globalization era French language is the second International after English language. French language has an important influence in many aspects like : economy, politic, cultural, technology, and other life aspects as in regional or international.

1.2Scope of the Study

This study is focused on the description related to the classification of Indo-European language as the world languages and to show the similarities of English language and French language that show linguistic aspects like i.e. substance, vocabulary, phonology, morphology, and semantic.

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1.3Purpose of the Study

According to the explanation above, the general purpose of this paper is to describe the world languages that classify Indo-European Language Family. Beside that there are also several specific purposes of writing this paper:

1. To show the similarities of linguistic aspect between English language and French language as a relative language in substance, vocabulary, phonology, morphology, and semantic.

2. To motivate the reader omitting the myth that French language is a difficult language to study because it’s complex and unclear structure.

1.4Significance of the study

This paper is written to share the information about Indo-European language family especially the relationship between English and French language. By knowing this information, the reader will get the interesting thing to study French language because its similarities with English language. The writer believes that French language has important influence as English language.

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2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

2.1 Indo-European languages

Family language is a group of language that has same pioneer called Proto Language, the evidence of relationship in a relative language can be guarded from the characteristic of that language. A family language that is identified exactly is a genetic unity that means all of family languages have developed move from a pioneer to all of the descant languages which are grouped in the family. Most of languages in the world are the members of relative language.

Indo-European language family is the biggest around the world, if seen from the number of original speakers more than a half of 6 billion people in the world have an Indo-European language as a mother language. This relative language is called Indo-Europe because the original speaker comes from Europe area. This language family for the first time is found by Sir William Jones. Indo-European languages have six big subfamily, namely Italic, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Hellenic, Celtic, and Indo-Iranian.

2.2 Method of Indo-European language Classification

The language in the world has similarities and differences or the unique characteristic. Before the twentieth century, it didn’t have many developments. However in Europe this development is so rapid. So the linguists begin to make the classification for languages in the world. Especially classification in Indo-European languages. The classification is done by looking at the same characteristic which exists in every language. The language which has the same

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characteristic is grouped in one group. Beside the group, there is a subgroup which is smaller.

Practically to classify language in the world, there are many approach to be involved, but only four approaches can be mentioned here namely (1) Genetic approach, (2) Typological approach, (3) Area approach, and (4) Sociolinguistic approach.

The genetic approach views that all languages have diverged from a common ancestor, the result is called genetic classification or genealogical. The typological approach uses the similarities of typology on the basis of phonology, morphology, and syntax. The result is called typological classification. The area approach uses the influence of being on both sides between one language and the other language. While the sociolinguistic approach classifies based on the relationship between language and society. The result is called sociolinguistic classification.

2.2.1 Genetic Classification

The genetic (or genealogical) classification is performed based on the assumption that languages have diverged from a common ancestor. In a sense that one language is derived or diverged from a common ancestor. According to the theory of this genetic classification, a proto language (common ancestor, original language) will split and beat two or more new languages.

For instance, there is a proto language “A”. The language “A”, then splits into three new language i.e. A1, A2, and A3. Then the language A1, A2, and A3 split again into the new languages and become A11, A12, and A13, A21, A22 and

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A31, A32 respectively. For the next step, A11 beats A111 and A112. So do A12 and the others. When being diagramed, it will be seen as follow.

The diagram above shows that the splitting languages are illustrated like a tree with the branches. Therefore, the theory founder that is a Schleicher calls it as a theory of tree.

SCHLEICHER’S FAMILY TREE 1866

Proto Language “A”

A1 A2 A3

A11 A12 A13 A21 A22 A31 A32

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2.2.2 Typological Classification

Typological classification is performed based on a comparison of the formal similarities which exist between languages. It is an attempt to group languages into structural types on the basis of phonology, grammar, vocabulary, etc.

Therefore the result is arbitrary because it is not structured with the certain type but can use whatever types. However the result is still exhausted and unique. The classification has been performed by a lot of people and field a greet number especially in Indo-European language.

2.2.3 Area Classification

The area classification is performed based on the reciprocal relationship between one language and other language in an area or region without having noticed whether the language belongs to be a family genetically or not.

The attempt of the area classification was ever done by Wilhelm Schmidth (1868-1954) in his book “Die Sprachfamilien and Sprachenkreise der Ende”, which is enclosed with map. The map mentioned showed the geographical distribution of the important language group, accompany with certain features of the languages.

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2.2.4 Sociolinguistic Classification

Sociolinguistic classification is performed based on the relationship between the language and the factors which exist in society; rather it is based on the status, function, and the evaluation provided by the society toward language.

The sociolinguistic classification was ever by William A. Stuart in 1962 which can be seen “An outline of linguistic typology for describing multilingualism”. This classification was done based on four criteria, i.e. historicity, standardization, vitality, and homogeneities.

The historicity is related the development of language of history or the language use. The criterion of this historicity will become positive if the language has the development of history or language use. The criterion of standardization is connected with a standard language or not. Its statue in language use formal or informal language.

The vitality is related to whether the language daily activity actively or not. While homogeneities is connected with whether lexicon or structure of the language is descended. By utilizing the four features above, the result of the classification can be exhausted because all languages in the world can be grouped into certain groups.

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2.3 Some Languages in Indo-European Languages Family

The largest and most important language family, from the point of view of both the social importance of the major languages in the group and their interest to linguists is the Indo-European. The comparative method is very early applied to the study of this family, and more comparative work has been done on Indo-European than on all other groups together. As a result, many features of the family are well known.

2.3.1 The Italic Languages

The Italic languages are divided into three main groups: Sabellic languages, Latino-Faliscan languages, and Romance languages. The only surviving Italic languages are the Romance languages. Sabellic languages were originally spoken in Italy until they were replaced by Latin; the Latino-Faliscan languages include Latin and Faliscan. The Romance languages are descended from Latin, and though they are the only surviving members of the Italic family, this is not to say that all Romance languages are still "living languages

Italic languages were originally spoken only in Italy, but the area in which the surviving Romance languages are spoken is much greater. French, for example, is spoken on every continent of the world. Also, though Latin is often considered an extinct language, it is the official language of the Vatican and the liturgical language of the Roman Catholic Church. Many Latin expressions have been preserved in other languages, and there are even efforts to revive Latin

The Romance Languages contain five very important written languages: Portuguese is the language of Portugal and Brazil and the official language of the

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Portuguese Empire in Africa and Asia. Spanish is the language of the larger part of Spain and of most of Latin America other than Brazil. French is the official language of French and many French territories, and one of the official languages in Belgium, Belgian Congo, Switzerland, and Canada. Italian is the official language of Italy, and the spoken language of many Italian emigrants.

Roumanian is the official language of Romania. In the Romance area, language and political boundaries seldom coincide with any precision. Within Spain the well-marked Catalan dialect area is commonly recognized as separate language, and the Galician dialects are more closely related to Portuguese then to Spanish. In the south of France the local dialects are known collectively as Provençal; but for the political accident, they might have provided the base for another important written language.

Sardinian is quite distinct from Italian. In the Alpine regions of northeastern Italy and adjoining Switzerland is a group of closely related dialects known to linguists as Rhæto-Romanic. One of these, known as Romansch, has developed a written form and become (with German, French, and Italian) one of the official languages of the Swiss Republic. In some areas outside of Europe, local vernaculars derived from Romance languages have developed.

Many countries in which Romance languages were official languages later colonized, or at least controlled, other lands outside of Europe. In some of these areas, new languages called creoles were formed as a result of contact between the colonizers and peoples who did not speak Romance languages. These "Romance creoles" are often included among the Romance languages. For example, France colonized what is now Haiti and brought many African slaves there. To facilitate

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communication between the slaves and the French, a Creole was formed by combining French with elements of various African languages. This Creole, now known as Haitian Creole, is a member of the Romance group.

Since writings in Latin have been preserved to this day, there is no need for a reconstruction of "Proto-Romance." It is possible to observe and track changes from Latin to modern-day Romance languages. This unique characteristic of Romance languages is an advantage to historical linguists, since it provides clues about how to reconstruct other older and extinct languages.

2.3.2 Balto-Slavic Languages

A large part of Eastern Europe is occupied by Speakers of Balto-Slavic languages. About a half of this population use Russian, originally the language of the region centering on Moscow but now spoken across northern Asia, in which area it is supplanting many of the indigenous languages. In which other languages are dominant and in countries of Soviet sphere. This gives it a position as one of the leading languages of the world, probably second only to English in social and political significance.

East and south of the Russian area within the Soviet Union are the slightly different Byelorussian and Ukrainian languages. Three other Balto-Slavic languages served as the nuclei around which independent states were organized following World War I. These are Polish, Czech, and Slovak (dialects of one language), and Serbo-Croatian (with its two written languages, Serbian and Croatian).

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While the Balto-Slavic, and especially the Baltic languages of Eastern characteristics that strongly suggest they are highly conservative, most especially Baltic and retain features akin to Proto-Indo-European. No Slavic language is attested until the mid-9th century A.D. And no Baltic language until the 14th century, Old Church Slavonic and Old Prussian became extinct, but Slavic and Baltic sibling languages survived.

2.3.3 Germanic Languages

The Germanic languages consist of the three groups of important languages: English-Frisian, Dutch-German, and Scandinavian. The first includes only English, with more speakers than any other languages of the present day, and Frisian, spoken by a relatively small population along the cost in the Netherlands and Germany.

On the continent of Europe the Dutch-German language area supports three well known written languages, German, Dutch, and Flemish. The first two, especially, have been carried abroad and are spoken in many parts of the world. Afrikaans, one of the two official languages of the Union of South Africa, is a development from Dutch. Yiddish is basically a German dialect with a written language using the Hebrew alphabet. Continental Scandinavia supports for written languages:

Danish in Denmark, Swedish in Sweden and Finland, Bokmål and Nynorsk, two competing writing convention in Norway. Icelandic is also of the Scandinavian group. The oldest extensive document in any Germanic languages

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are the Gothic Scriptures translated by Wulfila in the fourth century, of which, unfortunately, only a part has been preserved. The most ancient Scandinavian records of any length are in Old Norse from the twelfth century.

The document from the Dutch-German area before the rise of the modern standard languages represent a number of dialects, of which the most commonly mentioned included Old Saxon and Old High German. Old English is the best designation for the Germanic dialect of Britain before the Norman Conquest, though the less suitable Anglo-Saxon is often used.

2.3.4 Hellenic Languages

For all practical purposes, the Hellenic family is represented by a single language spoken i the various older forms of Greek, comprises the Greek branch. Ancient Greek is a complex of dialect successive waves of Indo-European speaking peoples spreading into Aegean Area.

Recent decipherment has extended the known history of Greek to over three millennia. Within such a time-span there must, of course, be considerable chance, so that it is important to maintain a careful distinction between the different stages. Unfortunately it is common practice to speak merely of “Greek” without recognizing these differences or indicating the form of Greek which is meant.

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2.3.5 Celtic Languages

Of the Celtic languages, formerly much more widespread only four retain any vitality. Breton in the extreme northwest of France competes with French and is slowly losing ground. Maxs, Irish, Welsh, and Sots Gaelic resist submersion in English only isolation and local nationalism. Groups from the Italic branch, spreading across southern

As centuries passed, their language evolved into one group of languages labelled Continental, and another labelled Insular (spoken in the Continental Celts later adopted Latin, or Greek in the case of those in the Continental Celtic languages, attested from the 6 th century B.C., were lost. Insular Celtic split into a Goidelic subgroup that developed in Brythonic subgroup that developed in Celts migrated t from the Anglo-Saxons returned to the Continent and settled in Brittany, on the western point of

2.3.6 Indo-Iranian Languages

The Indic branch includes most of the languages of northern India and Pakistan. There are a very considerable number of languages in the branch, and several of them are spoken by large populations. A classification based on the spoken dialects does not accord with the usual understanding of the people in India and Pakistan, since Hindi and Urdu are two literary languages which are used in association with widely divergent spoken forms.

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Hindi is now the official language of the Republic of India, and Urdu is official in Pakistan. Bengali, Assamese, Oriya, Marathi, Gujarati, Sindhi, Punjabi, Kashmiri, and Nepali are among the bet-known of the group. Sinhalese, the chief language of Ceylon, though far removed from the main area, is also Indic.

The Indic branch has a long literary history. A large part of this literature is in Sanskrit, still widely used as a literally and liturgical language in India. Sanskrit is of great interest to linguists because of the high development of descriptive linguistic technique culminating in the work of Pānini in the fourth century. And because of the stimulus which the introduction of Sanskrit to Western scholarship gave to the development of modern linguistic science. The Vedas, in a language related to classical Sanskrit, are the oldest documents in any Indo-European language. The other Indic languages are known collectivity as Prakrits.

The Iranian branch contains four important spoken language or perhaps groups of closely related languages. In the mountains of eastern Turkey, Iraq, and Western Iran is Kurdish. A large part of Iran used Persian, and Persian is also an important second language among Muslims in India and Pakistan. Part of Afghanistan and adjacent areas in Pakistan use Pashto or Afghan. Balochi is the main language of Baluchistan in Pakistan.

A large number of older Iranian languages have left important literally remains. The oldest is Old Persian, known from the sixth to the third century B.C. Avestan is the language of the Zoroastrian scriptures. Pahlavi was used in the

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Persian Empire of post Christian times. The Indic and Iranian languages are sometimes classed together as Indo-Iranian.

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3. SIMILARITIES ENGLISH AND FRENCH LANGUAGES

English and French have a lot of similarities, a fact which should simplify French to English translation. Both languages are subject-prominent languages whose SVO (subject-verb-object) word order is relatively stable. Despite their common grammatical structure, the two languages have vastly different literary conventions. Both English and French are Indo-European languages. English is a derivative of the Germanic branch while French is a derivative of the Italic.

Although these two languages share many syntactic parallels, their literary conventions are quite dissimilar: wherefrom the challenge of French to English translation. French tends to be a language of long sentences carefully constructed with copious commas and stacked phrases, appositives and subsequent actions. English tends to be more limited in sentence construction, often requiring connectors in place of mere commas. So the French to English translator frequently finds himself faced with a French sentence that is too long by English standards and which will not translate gracefully. Talented French to English translator must be prepared to dissect the lengthy sentence into pieces that will make sense to an English reader. Regrettably, this de-stacking breaks apart the rhythm of the original. Another major hurdle in French to English translation is the separation of a noun phrase from its modifier. Because French includes noun genders and verb conjugations, it is not difficult for French readers to ascertain to what a modifying clause refers. English, on the other hand, has neither of these morphology properties and English writers are taught to place modifying phrases directly adjacent to the noun phrase to which they refer. Ultimately, translators

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must reorganize sentences and perform various linguistic somersaults so that nouns and their modifiers are friendly and flow naturally in the English.

People often think that because French and English are linguistic cousins, French to English translation is fairly uncomplicated. Although the two languages have a common Indo-European base and similar basic syntax, their literary traditions are separated by centuries. The English language has been shaped by a number of other languages over the centuries, and many English speakers know that Latin and German were two of the most important. What many people don't realize is how much the French language has influenced English.

Without going into too much detail, there are a little bit of background about the other languages which shaped English. It was born out of the dialects of three German tribes (Angles, Jutes, and Saxons) who settled in Britain. This group of dialects forms what linguists refer to as Anglo-Saxon, and at some point this language developed into what we know as Old English. This Germanic base was influenced in varying degrees by Celtic, Latin, and Scandinavian (Old Norse) - the languages spoken by invading armies.

Bill Bryson calls the Norman conquest of 1066 the "final cataclysm which awaited the English language." When William the Conqueror became king of England, French took over as the language of the court, administration, and culture - and stayed there for 300 years. Meanwhile, English was "demoted" to everyday, unprestigious uses.

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These two languages existed side by side in England with no noticeable difficulties; in fact, since English was essentially ignored by grammarians during this time, it took advantage of its lowly status to become a grammatically simpler language and, after only 70 or 80 years existing side-by-side with French, Old English.

Linguistics in general and Indo-European linguistics in particular arose with the comparison of the similarities in vocabulary, similarities in phonology, similarities in morphology, similarities in semantic between English and French language.

3.1 Similarities in Vocabulary

During the Norman occupation, about 10,000 French words were adopted into English, some three-fourths of which are still in use today. This French vocabulary is found in every domain, from government and law to art and literature. More than a third of all English words are derived directly or indirectly from French, and it's estimated that English speakers who have never studied French already know 15,000 French words.

There are many similarities between English and French in the substance of vocabularies. By using the analysis method like found in the list of vocabularies below it can be proved evidence that the two of these languages have a close relationship in vocabularies not only in letter but also in meaning.

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Table 1: The Examples of Similarities in Vocabulary Between English and French

English French Gloss

Letter Table Example Rapid Accept Magnificent Satisfy Talent Toilet Restaurant Arrive Descend Type Introduce Pay Competent Person Dictionary Polite Opinion Lettre Table Exemple Rapide Accepter Magnifique Satisfaire Talent Toilette Restaurant Arriver Decendre Type Introduire Payer Competent Personne Dictionnaire Poli Opinion Surat Meja Contoh Cepat Menerima Bagus Sekali Memuaskan Bakat Kamar Kecil Restoran Tiba Turun Tipe Memperkenalkan Membayar Mampu Seseorang Kamus Sopan Pendapat

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From the examples above it I obvious that there are a lot of French vocabularies which are adopted ether direct or indirect into English. And the vocabularies will be changed from time to time.

3.2 Similarities in Phonology

Phonology is a science of sound which study about language sounds that are produced by the human articulation tools. Language sound which is produced by articulation tools is called FON (phone). The sound which is learned in the phonology is called as a phoneme. The phoneme does not have meaning but its contribution in the language is very essential because it can compare the meaning. So phoneme is a unity little sound from a language which can show the contras of meaning. If the contrasts of meaning are not happened, so a language sound can not be mentioned as a phoneme which is different.

The contrast of meaning is a require for a validity of FON or language sound is called phoneme. Meanwhile phonemic is a field of language science which is particularly studied only statement sound that has function. This language sound which has function is called phoneme. From this word appears the term of phonemic.

The similarities from the substance of phonology between English and French can be evidenced by analyzing those similarities in the substance phonetic. Phonetic is a science that learns all of sound pronouncement with term or symbol of phonetic. In English and French language, the alphabet of phonetic can be divided into two groups, they are:

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1. Vocal and Diphthongs 2. Consonants

The similarities in phonetic between English and French languages, it can be seen in the tables below.

Table 2: Vocal English

Symbol Description of Sound

English

Symbol Description of Sound

Indonesian Indonesian Example Spelling

/ a / Father / e / Safe

/ o / Coat Cow / u / Food / ai / Bike / au / House

/ a / Table / e / Le / eu / Seul / e / Père / o / Bateau Mort / u / Sous / i / Lit / y / Eu

/ a / Apa / e / Lemah Pekat Ember / o / Foto Kopi / u / Susu / ahi / Jahit / ahu / Tahu

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Table 3: Dipthongs English

Symbol Description of Sound

English

Symbol Description of Sound

Indonesian Indonesian Example Spelling

/ ey / Pay / ow / Now / oy / Boy

/ ε / Vin / œ / Brun / ã / Chambre / / Son

Table 4: Consonants English

Symbol Description of Sound

English

Symbol Description of Sound

Indonesian Indonesian Example Spelling

/ b / Rub / p / Lip / d / Red / t / Let / g / Dog / k / Like / j / Jhon / c / Chruch / v / Victim / f / Fan / z / Zeal

/ b / Bateau / p / Papa / d / Donc / t / Table / g / Garçon / k / Comme / j / Nier

/ v / Vendre / f / Fort / z / Zéro

/ b / Batu / p / Pak / d / Duduk / t / Toko / g / Gigi / k / Kucing / j / Jalan / c / Cacing / v / Veto / f / Fisika / z / Zat

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/ s / Send / sy / Shoot / m / Main / n / Noon / l / Love / r / Very / w / Wane / y / You / h / Hope

/ s / Somme / / Chapeau / m / Femme / n / Non / l / La / r / Mari / w / Louis

/ / j’ai / / Peigne / / Camping

/ s / Sumur / sy / Syukur / m / Minta / n / Nama / l / Lima / r / Roda / w / Wasit / y / Yang / h / Hari

From the tables above it can be seen that there is relationship between English and French languages, but only some are differences.

3.3 Similarities in morphology

Morphology is a field of language study which inspects structure, form, and classification of words. The units of grammar i.e. structure, form, and classification of words are known as morpheme.

Morpheme is a unit of the smallest grammatical which has meaning. There are some similarities between English and French morpheme. In English and French grammar, there is a process of morpheme to be word and get the meaning.

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There are two kinds of morpheme in English and French, they are dependent and independent morpheme.

Independent morpheme is a morpheme that has meaning and it can be used without presence another morpheme, for examples:

English: we, eat, house, good, sleep.

French: nous, manger, maison, bien, dormer.

We can use those morphemes should not joint with the other morpheme whether they are affix, prefix, or suffix, but they have meaning. While dependent morpheme is a morpheme that can not stand alone or to be joined with another morpheme, but has the meaning. Such morpheme has to be joined by adding prefix or suffix, for examples:

English: maker, responsible, disintegrated, dislike. French: faiseur, responsible, désintégrér, aversion.

3.4 Similarities in Semantic

Semantic is a field of linguistic which study about meaning. The similarities between English and French can be seen from the following table:

Table 5: The examples of English and French words which have similarities universal of meaning

English French Meaning

Pollution Television

Pollution Télévision

The process make dirty air, water, and land System of sending and receiving pictures and

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International Source Document

Vacation Ordinary Airport Electricity Encore

International Source Document

Vacances Ordinaire Aèroport Eélectricité Encore

sound over a distance by radio waves Existing between nations or countries Where something comes

Articles or paper which give information of writing

Period when activities work stopped, holiday Normal; usual

Place where aircraft land or take off Form of energy used for Electric tools Repeated performance

From the examples in the table above it is clear that there are a lot of English and French words which have similarities universal of meaning.

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4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

4.1 Conclusions

Based on the previous description before, it can be drawn several conclusions related to the main topic as follow:

1. There is a language which becomes the parent of many Eurasia/European languages, namely Proto Indo-European Language.

2. There are some methods which are used to classify Indo-European language.

3. There are many similarities or relationships between English and French languages, that show linguistic aspects such as substance, vocabulary, phonology, morphology, and semantic.

4. Many words in English are exist in French which occur because of the borrowing words.

4.1 Suggestions

1. To provide information about many languages in Europe which have similarities on the bases of linguistic aspects such as phonology, grammar, vocabulary by applying them on Indo-European languages family.

2. To motivate everybody to know that English and French belong to Indo-European language family.

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REFERENCES

A, H. Gleason. 1955. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistic. USA : Library of Congress Catalog.

Antony, Rory Hutagalung. 2003. Grammaire Française, Suatu pendekatan Sistematik dan Holistik. Jakarta : Gramedia.

Chaedar, A. Alwasilah. 1993. Linguistik Suatu Pengantar. Bandung : Angkasa. Chaer, Abdul. 2003. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta : Rieka Cipta.

Dale, David. 1999. English-French Dictionary. Scotland : Geddes and Grosset. Echols, John M. and Shadily, Hassan. 1982. Kamus Inggris-Indonesia. Ithaca,

London and Jakarta: Cornell University Press and PT. Gramedia Effendy,Yudy. 2003. Struktur Bahasa Perancis. Jakarta : Restu agung.

F, Charles. Hockett. 1958. A course in Modern Linguistic. USA : Macmillan Publishing Co, Inc.

Hasibuan, Sofia Rangkuti. 2000. English Language Structure: A Complete Reference Book. Jakarta: Djambatan

Keraf, Gorys. 1984. Linguistik Bandingan Historis. Jakarta : Gramedia.

Mallory, J.P., and D.Q. Adams. The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006

Ramat, Paolo. 1998. "The Germanic Languages," in: The Indo-European Languages. London: Rout ledge.

http://www.

http://www.laguage family tree.com.asp

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APPENDIX 1:

DIAGRAM OF INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY LANGUAGES

( Source : fyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 1964 : 94-95 )

INDO-EUROPEAN

ITALIC BALTO-SLAVIC GERMANIC HELLENIC CELTIC INDO-IRANIAN

Latin Polish Serbo- Russian North West Greek Maxs Irish Scotist Welsh Indic Iranian Croatian Germanic Germanic

French

Rumanian Spanish Catalan Portug- Italian Old Swedish Anglo- Old Dutch Old high German Sanskrit Avestan Old Persian

uese Norse Frisian

Old Old Middle Dutch Middle high Bengali Hindi Urdu Gujarati Middle English Frisian German Persian

Middle

Frisian Flemish Dutch Afrikaans German Yiddish Farsi Kurdish

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APPENDIX 2:

The explanation of Diagram Current Family Languages

The chart above shows the relations among some of the languages in the Indo-European family. Though you wouldn't think to look at the tangle of lines and arrows, the chart is very much simplified: many languages and even whole language families are left out. Use it, therefore, with caution. The coverage is most thorough, but still far from complete, in the Germanic branch, which includes English. The dotted line from French to Middle English suggests not direct descent, but the influx of French vocabulary in the centuries after the Norman Invasion.

Some caveats. In the interest of making this readable, I've left out dozens of languages. I've even omitted the entire Anatolian, Albanian, and Tocharian families; I've included no languages from the Baltic branch or the Continental Celtic branch; I've grossly oversimplified the Indo-Iranian family; and so on. The historical phases of some languages Old Swedish, Middle Swedish, Modern Swedish; Vedic Sanskrit, Middle Indic have been left out. I've made no attempt to distinguish living languages from dead ones. I'm not trying to make the definitive statement of the relationships among all the Indo-European languages, only to give my students some idea of the origins of the English language, and its relations to other familiar languages along with a few less familiar ones.

The Indo-European proto-languages, too, evolved each giving rise to its own family of second-generation and later languages. Each family is identified with the proto-language from which it sprung; these families are conventionally listed in order, roughly from west to east with respect to the homelands their

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speakers came to occupy. The six families, linked to modern maps of their homeland areas are:

1. Italic, with languages spoken i

2. Balto-Slavic, with Baltic languages spoken i

Slavic throughout

3. Germanic, with languages spoken i

4. Hellenic, spoken i

5. Celtic, with languages spoken in the

souther

6. Indo-Iranian, with languages spoken from