3. images size are very limited for large group. From all previous statements, it seems that unsuitable pictures or bad pictures
can cause several problems in teaching learning process. Sometimes, the learners do not always know how to read the pictures or what the pictures describe about.
It is caused by the pictures which are too complex to read. Further, the size of pictures is too small to see if the class is big. Hence, to make the usage of pictures
are effective, the teacher should choose simple, clear, and big enough pictures to make the learners understand easily about the material that taught by the teacher.
2. Perception a. Nature of Perception
In defining the perception, the researcher defines it as an interpretation of something as a result of observing and sensing. In general sense, according to
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, perception is an idea, a belief or an image you have as a result of how you see or understand something.
24
Additionally, in psychological term, Mike May on his book Sensation and Perception define
perception as something what you observe and how you interpret it.
25
Further, Santrock also
states that “Perception is the interpretation of what is sensed”.
26
For example, the information about physical events that contacts the ears may be
interpreted as musical sounds. Briefly, perception is the process of interpreting information through human’s sense organ system.
b. Factors of Perception
Someone’s perception toward one object is influenced by some factors. Acccording to Bimo Walgito, those factors are the following:
27
1. Object are perceived
24
A. S Hornby, op.cit., p.977
25
Mike May, Sensation and Perception, New York: Chelsea House, 2007, p. 1
26
John W. Santrock, Life Span Development, Eight Edition, New York: McGraw- Hill Companies, 2002, p. 145
27
Bimo Walgito, Pengantar Psikologi Umum, Yogyakarta: Andi, 2004, pp. 89-90
Stimulus object raises the sensory organs or receptors. Stimulus not only can come from outside the individual, but it can also come from within the individual
itself. In fact, the bulk of the stimulus comes from outside the individual. 2. Sensory organs, nerves, and central nervous system
Sensory organs or receptors are some means to receive the stimulus. Besides, there should be a sensory nerve as a mean to continue the stimulus received by the
receptors to the central nervous system. 3. Attention
To realize the perception, someone needs attention which is the first step as a preparation in order to perceive the object. Attention is a centralization or
concentration of all individual activities toward something or objects.
c. Process of Perception
Psychologists distinguish between bottom-up and top-down processing in sensation and perception. In bottom-up processing, sensory receptors register
information about the external environment and sent it up to the brain for analysis and interpretation.
28
Bottom-up processing means that taking in information and trying to make sense of it.
In contrast, top-down processing starts out with cognitive processing at the higher level of the brain.
29
In top-down processing, we begin with some sense of what is happening and apply that framework to information.
In addtion, according to Alex Sobur, there are three main components in the process of perception.
30
They are: 1. Selection
Selection is a process of selection by sensory organs toward stimulus which come from outside of individual.
2. Interpretation
28
John W. Santrock, Psychology Updated Seventh Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005, p. 177
29
John W. Santrock, op.cit, p. 177
30
Alex Sobur, Psikologi Umum, Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2003, p. 447
