35
3.10 Water Quality Standard
Water quality standard has been calculated following the calculation below:
Maximum Pollution Load
BPM = Cmj x Dm x f ……………………………………………............………….. 2 Notes:
BPM = Tolerable Maximum Pollutant Load, kg parameter per day. Cmj = Maximum concentration of parameter j mgl.
Dm = Discharge of Maximum Liquid Waste Liters liquid waste per second per hectare.
f = conversion factor = 1 kg1.000.000 mg 24 hoursday x 3600 secondhours =
0,086
Actual Pollution Load can be calculated as below:
BPA = CAj x DA x f .................................................................................................... 3 Notes:
BPA = Actual Pollution Load kg parameter per day CAj = Actual concentration of parameter j mgl.
DA = Actual Waste Discharge liters
f = Conversion factor = 0,086
3.11 Water Quality Evaluation
According to the water quality standard above, the evaluation of Pollution Load is BPA should not more than BPM.
36
3.11.1 The Government Regulation
References of the regulation can be listed at follows: 1
Government Regulation No. 822001 about Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control.
2 Environmental Ministerial Decree No. 1152003 about the Guidance of Water Quality
Status Calculation. 3
Regional Regulation - West Java Province No. 32004 about Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control.
4 Regional Regulation about Guidance of Water Quality Status Calculation.
3.11.2 River Water Quality 3.11.2.1. Parameter of the Water Quality
According to the Government Regulation PP 822001, generally the classification
of parameters of water quality is classified into 4 main groups, which are: Physics, Chemistry, Biology Microbiology and Radioactivity, the later separating chemistry
parameter into Inorganic Chemistry and Organic Chemistry.
3.11.2.2 Determination of Water Quality Parameter
The number of water quality parameters depends on the usage and class of water. There is a standard on this subject. Water Quality Standard, called BMA Baku Mutu Air
which is effectively used in West Java was based on the classification of water as the Group A, B, C, D and Group BDC as well Group CD.
3.11.2.3 Grouping of Water Quality Characteristics
Study of water quality parameters show 8 groups of parameters as follow:
37 1
Physics parameter, Anion and Cation; 2
Cation parameters, Anion and pH; 3
Anorganic parameters, Non metal 4
Biodegradable organic and Dissolved Oxygen: BOD COD; 5
Metals and Heavy metals; 6
Non pesticide Organic parameters 7
Pesticide parameters; 8
Microbiology parameter; 9
Radioactivity parameters; 10
Water flow debit.
3.11.2.4 Monitoring the Water Quality
The procedures of monitoring as well as the parameters to be obtained are depend
on the needs and the program see Table 7 Table 7. Purpose of Water Quality Monitoring and Time Period
BPLHD, 2006 No
Purposes Code
Period 1
Inventory Inv
5 years
2 Status of water quality based on BMA
SMA Yearly, representative
of two seasons.
3 Recovery modeling, pollution carrying capacity
of water and eutrofication. DTP
As needed
4
Calculation of pollution load caused by inhabitants.
EPP As needed
5
Identification of bacterial pollution’s source either from human or livestock’s.
BMH As needed
6
PROKASIH Program PKS
According to planned
7 Impact of Pollution
DPA Pollution case study
38
Table 8. Monitoring Parameters Selection BPLHD, 2006
No Groups Parameters
Monitoring Purposes
Physics Temperature, Temperature Deviation,
Colours, Turbidity, Transparencies. Inv, SMA, PKS
Chemistry Cation and Anion
KA Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, Na, SAR,
RSC, Hardness Inv, SMA
Acidity and Acidity Alkalinity
pH Inv, SMA, PKS
Alkalinity, Acidity C02 Inv
Inorganic Non Metal INM
B, Cl2, CN, F, H2S-S, SiO2 Inv, SMA
Total P, PO4-P Inv, SMA, DTP
Nitrogen NH4-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, Organik N,
Total N Inv, SMA, DTP,
PKS
Organic Biodegradable and
DO OB BOD, COD, DO
Inv, SMA, DTP, EPP, PKS
Metal and Heavy Metals LB
Hg, As, Ba, Fe, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Se, Zn, Cr6
Inv, SMA, PKS
Organik Non Pestisida ONP
Detergent , Phenol, Oil - Fats Inv, SMA
Pesticide P AldrinDieldrin, BHC, Chlordane,
DDT, Endrin, Heptachlor Heptachlor epoxide, Lindane, Methoxychlor,
Toxaphen Inv, SMA
Biology Coli secretion, Coli Total
Inv, SMA, BMH Escheresia.Coli
BMH RADIOACTIVITY
Gross a, Gross b Inv, SMA
Water flow Debit Water flow Debit
Inv, SMA 3.11.3
Evaluation of Class and Status of Water 3.11.3.1
Evaluation of Water Class Status
Government Regulation No. 82 Year 2001 classifying the water into four classes’ base on the usage of water. The polluted or heavily polluted water normally classified into
the fifth class.
39
Table 9. Class of Water and the Usage PP 822001
Class Intention of Usage
First Class Drinking waters, or any other use with the similar requirements.
Second Class Service water, recreational, gardening or any other use with the similar requirements.
Third Class Fresh water aquacultures, farming, , or any other use with the similar requirements.
Fourth Class Irrigation water or any other use with the similar requirements.
Fifth Class
Lower quality than the above classes
3.11.3.2 Evaluation of Water Quality Status Using Storet Method
The determination of water quality status by Stored methods is to compare between water quality and water quality standard according to the suitable using. The classification
of water quality status as a result as following on Table 10, which is to show the total
score higher than water quality standardBaku Mutu Air, BMA and water quality status and also pollution level. The number of score is found from the evaluation for each water
quality parameter and its frequency or number of datanumber of sample which is higher
than BMA on certain monitoring site. Table 11 shows the method of calculating. The
assumption of the methods is follows: 1
Every parameter which fulfills BMA has been scored null 0. 2
Every parameter which is not fulfilling BMA has been scored minus 1 -1. This also applicable to a single data, a time series of data where n 10. Chemical’s parameter
which is not fulfilling BMA, scored valued is minus 2 -2. Biology’s parameter which is not fulfils BMA, scored valued is minus 3 -3.
3 Parameters which their average values are not fulfils BMA in term of number of data or
sample 10 has been scored of physics -3, chemistry -6 and Biology -9. 4
Whenever the number of data or number of samples for time series more than 10, the final score multiplies by 2.
40
Table 10 Scoring Procedure of Water Quality Parameters BPLHD, 2006
Number of data samples
Description Score of Parameter not fulfils
BMA Physics
Chemistry Biology
1 Single
-1 -2
-3 10
Maximum -1
-2 -3
Minimum -1
-2 -3
Average -3
-6 -9
= 10 Maximum
-2 -4
-6 Minimum
-2 -4
-6 Average
-6 -12
-18 Fulfils the
Requirements
Table 11. Relation Between Score and Water Quality Status
BPLHD, 2006
Total Score Quality Status
Pollution Level
A Fulfil Standard Water Quality
-1 to -10 B
Lightly polluted -11 to -30
C Polluted
Less than -31 D
Heavily polluted
Evaluating the water quality with STORET can be applied through current or time series data. Quality status and pollution level obtained from the total score, which reflect
the number of unfulfilled parameter’s score, more numbers means more pollution in water. STORET evaluation method does not have the way to evaluate the degree of
pollutions, this only show the conformation toward the standard. This is differ with the evaluation of water quality based on the class, where higher degree of pollution make the
41 higher number of class, even this caused by one parameter only. Example; The status of
water from Citarum River, sample taken at Nanjung, October 2004: 1
From one sample, evaluation gave the score -19, therefore conclude as C category heavily polluted.
2 At the same year, with 3 set of data from multiple samples, therefore data have the
range of minimum, maximum and average values, gave the score -83, therefore conclude as D category heavily polluted.
3.11.3.3 Evaluation of Water Quality Status Using Pollution Index Method
Pollution Index use to mention the level of pollution in order of to establish it toward Standard Water Quality BMA. Higher value of pollution index represent more
pollutant in the respective water see Table10.
L
ij
represent the parameter’s concentration according to the Usage of Water
j
, and
C
i
represent water quality parameter
i
, therefore
PI
j
is the Pollution Index for certain usage
j
as the function from
C
i
L
ij.
Every values of
C
i
L
ij
attributing the relative pollution caused by any parameter of water quality. Concentration of DO parameter show the higher pollution when the parameter values
decreased. Theoritical value or maximum value
C
im
saturated DO value. In this case the measured
C
i
L
ij
value are replaced with calculated
C
i
L
ij
value. When standard value
L
ij
are from the range of values, i.e. in pH value, the calculated value
C
i
L
ij
are in use. The equation is shown below:
Plj = √ CiLij
2 M
+ CiLij
2 R
2 ...................................................................................4
42
Table 12. Relation Between Score and Water Quality Status
IP Values
Quality Status Level of Pollution
0 = PIj = 1,0
A Fulfils the requirements
1,0 = PIj = 5,0
B Light pollution
5,0 = PIj = 10
C Polluted
PIj 10
D Heavily polluted
3.11.3.4 Calculation Sample of Pollution Index
Pollution Index Method does not cover the calculation of PI in the situation where Standard Water Quality BMA is zero 0. Whereas the data value is greater than zero, thus
CL value become infinite. Standard Water Quality BMA for Group BCD; oil = 0, the concentration is 0.4 mgl, CL = infinitive, therefore the calculated CL = infinitive, this
make the status become D grade or heavily polluted. Therefore, for Standard Water Quality BMA is zero 0, the best practice is to use
the Detection Limit Method, even this methode is much depend on the analysis procedure and the accuracy of instrumentation. Example; Citarum case at Nanjung , September 2004,
Pollution Index = 7.59, status = C polluted.
3.11.3.5 Water Quality Monitoring
Selection of water quality parameters use in water quality monitoring is depending on the purpose of monitoring. Water quality inventory is the activity with data acquisition
from the river, lake, dam and ground water at the given period. The result can be use for studying the characteristics of water resources at the given period. Water quality inventory
is done during the whole year or sampling at several months provides it covering the whole seasons.
43
3.11.3.6 Industrial and Other Activities with Waste Water Effluent
Several type of industry and other activities with waste water effluent classified according to Environment Minister Regulations are as follow:
1 Kep-51MENLH101995, about Quality Standard of Liquid Waste for Industrial
Activities. This rule regulate 21 kind of liquid waste from industry. 2
Kep.Gub.No.61999 about Standard of Waste Water Quality for Industrial Activities
in West Java. 3
Kep-52MENLH101995, about Quality Standard of Liquid Waste for Hotel Industry.
3.12. Location of Wastewater Monitoring
3.12.1. Information of Monitoring Site
Information about monitoring site will consist of: 1
Type and activity at the source of waste water effluents. 2
Serial number of the source. 3
Address and location of the activities. 4
River or branch of river where the waste water effluent discharge. Type of activity must be described in the monitoring site, as well as in the table or
maps. Serial number of effluent source indicating the number of monitoring site within administrative region. Industry location including the administrative address and coordinate
of real position from GPS acquisition. The number of effluent discharge are need to know for the calculation of pollution load of the rivers.
44
3.12.2 Record of Monitoring Site Location
Monitoring site location are recorded at the field base on address and or local information and coordinate measurement.
1 Location of the effluent source, either industry, mining etc. Also some remark about
administration and environmental incharge of the area. 2
GIS measurement of the coordinates, it have to be done at gate of the private properties or at the fences wherever possible, to eliminate the permit to entry
requisition. In case of a necessity the coordinate measurement also can be done at the actual point within the private area.
3.12.3 River at the Discharge of Effluents
Industry as the source of effluents have the discharge canal conveying the waste water effluent into the river or river’s branch. The discharge may also directly into the river
if the location are close. The information about the river is important, and must be recorded in Waste Water Information System for the purpose of pollution load calculation. Whenever
the industry are within an industrial estate and have the joint waste water treatment facility IPAL, this inforamtion have to be acknowledge by the syatem.
3.13. Parameter of Wastewater Quality
Monitoring parameter of waste water quality determined by the Standard of Waste Water Quality as mentioned in KepMenLH, and Local Regulation such as applied in West
java i.e. Kep.Gub.No.61999 about Standard of Waste Water Quality for Industrial
Activities in West Java. Generally the standard consist of parameter of the contents, debit of
waste water effluent based by production unit capacities and pollution loads.
45 For certain industry only stipulated the content of parameters, such as for
pharmaceutical, pesticides, hotel and hospital. Activities which using Standard of Waste Water Quality in oil and gas sector, only refineries side, since in the exploration side use
only the stipulated the content of parameters. The kind of process in industry have a wide range of variation, causing the also the
wide variation in their was water effluents. The parameter to be monitored in term of the requirement of Waste Water Quality are different from one to another industry, but the
effluent are discharging into the same river. In some case the waste water quality are fulfils the BMAL’s requirements, but some effluent’s ingredients which potentially as pollutant
are not include in the regulation. Additional parameters such as Hexavalent Chrom Leather tannery, Methyl
Benzene Alkil Sulphonate–MBAS textile-scouring, Cl
2
paper and textile bleaching, SO
2
sugar industry, S textile-dyeing, and NH
4
food seasoning-MSG. The labour intensive industry also tend to discharge the domestic waste water, the
bacterial coli parameter is important. Labour intensive industry such as textile, paper and sugar cane.
3.14 Quality Standard and Wastewater Quality Status