System Development LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.8 The Statement of Clean River Superkasih

In addition to the Proper, the government through decree from the chairman of Environmental Impact Management Agency Bapedal introduced the Superkasih program. Superkasih stand for Surat Pernyataan Kali Bersih, which means a letter of intent to clean river. It is an alternative strategy that is developed based on the voluntary commitment of the industries to process their product through clean production. The program is developed based on several considerations, among others 1 increasing number and type of industries along watershed system, 2 increasing pollution especially Top down programs that need greater support are among others, Proper and Prokasih program. Constrains faced in the implementation of pollution prevention and reduction strategies lie in the lack of institutional capability especially in the provincial and district levels, and inadequate industrial-stakeholders’ participation which results from weakness in local organizations and lack of awareness of the issues.

2.9 System Development

The system approach to problem solving uses a systems orientation to define problem and opportunities and develop solutions. When the systems approach to problem solving is applied to the development of information system, it called information system development or application development. Most computer based information systems are conceived, designed, and implemented using some form of systematic development process. In this process, end user and information specialists design information systems based on an analysis of the information requirements of organization. Thus a major part of this process is known as system analysis and design O’Brien, 2002. 23 The traditional system development is the waterfall model or known as system development life cycle SDLC. O’Brien 2002 describes in Figure 7 that SDLC includes the steps of 1 investigation, 2 analysis, 3 design, 4 implementation and 5 maintenance. Figure 7 . System Development Life Cycle - SDLC O’Brien, 2002 Investigation stage intended to understand the business problem or opportunity. Analysis stage describes what a system should do to meet the information needs of user. Design stage specifies how the system will accomplish this objective. Once the new information systems have been designed, it must be implemented. The final stage is maintenance, which involves the monitoring, evaluation, and modifying of a system. In many case, the traditional SDLC have to be modified because its limitation such as the SDLC approach is costly and time consuming, inflexible, and discourage change, and ill-suited to decision making. One alternative approach that can be used is prototyping. According to O’Brien 2002, prototyping is the rapid development and testing of working 24 model, or prototypes, of new application in an interactive, iterative process that can be used by both systems analysts and end-user. Prototyping is an interactive process that combines steps of the traditional systems development. Figure 8 . Prototyping Development Stages O’Brien, 2002 The advantages of prototyping are users are involved in design and captures requirements in concrete form. Prototyping makes the development process faster and easier for system analyst, especially for projects where end-user requirements are hard to define.

2.10 The Stage of Activity