instruction carefully to the needs of learners and teach them how to listen to other, how to talk with others, and how to negotiate meaning in a shared context.
In this research, speaking activities means all teaching learning activities that facilitate students to practice producing oral languange.
3. Communicative Approach
Communicative approach is also often called communicative language teaching . Richards and Rodgers 2001: 155 say that for some, communicative
language teaching means little more than an integration of grammatical and functional teaching. As they cite, Littewood states that one of the most
characteristic features of communicative language teaching is that it pays systematic attention to functional as well as structural aspects of language.
Richards and Rodgers 2001: 169 state that a variety of games, role plays, simulations, and task-based communication activities have been prepared to
support communicative language teaching. They add that many proponents of communicative language teaching have advocated the use of authentic, “from life”
materials in the classroom. In this research, the writer proposes the use of authentic materials and
activities that present the real communication in the speaking classrom.
4. The Eleventh Grade Students of Tourism Department of
SMK Karya Rini YHI Kowani
The eleventh grade students of tourism department of SMK Karya Rini YHI Kowani are vocational school students, in the same level as senior high
school, majoring tourism field. Pusat Pengembangan Penataran Guru Kejuruan
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Bisnis Pariwisata says in Materi Sosialisasi Kurikulum SMK 2004 Mata Diklat Bahasa Inggris that they are prepared to work in tourist-related industries such as
hotels as public area attendants, room attendants, order takers, linen and uniform attendants and also laundry attendants, etc.
Eleventh grade is perceived as the second year in vocational school to learn the theoretical subjects including English. They will focus on the National
Examination on the third year of the study and do the practical subjects related to tourism field in the fourth year of their study.
The writer finds some interesting basic competences in Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan 2006 which can be used to develop some topics of the
designed speaking materials based on communicative approach for the eleventh grade students of tourism department of SMK Karya Rini YHI Kowani.
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11
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter mainly discusses the review of related literature to support the research. There are two parts of discussion. The first part is Theoretical
Description consists of brief discussion on some theories as the basis of the study. The theories are discussed to establish the framework of the study. The second
part is Theoretical Framework that summarizes all the major relevant theories for designing the materials.
A. Theoretical Description
There are three topics to discuss in this section. They are Speaking Skill, Communicative Approach, and Designing Instructional Materials. Therefore, this
section is divided into three parts. Each part reviews the theories of the topics mentioned previously.
1. Speaking Skill
Richards 2002: 204 states that speaking a language is especially difficult for foreign language learners because effective oral communication
requires the ability to use the language appropriately in social interactions. Learning to speak a foreign language requires knowing not only its grammatical
and semantic rules but also how native speakers use the language in the context of structured interpersonal exchange. Therefore, Richards adds that it is difficult for
English for Foreing Language learners, especially adults, to speak the target
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