Literature Review LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS,

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS,

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKAND RECEARCH MODEL

2.1 Literature Review

Several scientific theses, journals, and articles which are concerned with the field of translation studies are reviewed in this chapter. This review covers the explanation about the previous studies related to the topic of the present study. They have been done by the students of the translation studies program as their graduate thesis. The previous research of translation of metaphors in the area of English Indonesian translation was conducted by Sudrama 2003. He discussed the types of metaphors, and the strategies used to translate metaphors. He concluded that first the types of metaphors are classified into live and dead metaphors. Second, the strategies of translation proposed by Larson 1984 were applied to translate metaphors; they are metaphors which were translated into metaphors, metaphor which were translated into similes, and metaphors which were translated nonfiguratively. In comparison with Sudrama’s study, this present study discusses the translation shifts, the translation strategies proposed by Newmark 1981, and conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson 2003. His study 8 contributes significantly to this research especially in connection with the ways of translating metaphors. Sudana 2008 wrote a thesis entitled “The Strategies of Translating Metaphor and Similes with Reference to the Translation of the Novel the Other Side of Midnight into Lewat Tengah Malam”. The theories used in his study were the theory of translating metaphors proposed by Larson 1998, the theory used to classify the kinds of metaphor proposed by Mulino 1989, and the theory proposed by Vinay and Venuti 2000 which was used to analyze the procedure of translating metaphors. It is considered important to review his study here, as it is concerned with the translation of metaphors. Meanwhile, Sudana’s study is different from the present study; this study discusses the strategy of translation proposed by Newmark 1981, the translation shifts proposed by Catford 1974, and conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson 2003. His study contributes significantly to this research especially in connection with the ways of translating metaphors. Mahendra 2011, in his thesis entitled “The Translation of Metaphor found in the Novel Eat, Pray, Love” which was translated into “Makan, Doa, Cinta”, discussed the mapping of conceptual metaphorical meaning and the procedure of translation used to translate metaphorical expressions. The theory proposed by Newmark 1981 was used in his analysis to investigate the procedure of translation of metaphorical expressions, and the theory proposed by Kovecses 2002 was used to investigate the mapping of the conceptual metaphorical meaning. In comparison with Mahendra’s study, this present study discusses the translation of metaphors in the area of Japanese Indonesian translation. The theory proposed by Catford 1974 is used to identify the type of shifts, and the theory of conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson 2003 are used to investigate the translation of the conceptual metaphors from the source language into the target language. However, it isconsidered important to review his study as it is an essential reference to this present study, especially the way of analyzing the procedure of translating metaphors. Brata 2011 in “Seminar Nasional Bahasa Ibu IV”, wrote an article about “Realization of Terms of Address Shifts in Translation”. He discussed the types of shifts made by the translator in the translation of the English terms of address in the Luke’s Bible into Balinese. The theories used in his paper were the theory of translation shifts by Catford 1965 and the theory of dynamicfunctional equivalence by Nida 1982. His study is similar to the present study in that the theory of translation shifts proposed by Catford is also used, and the difference is that his article focused on the translation of the terms of address in the Luke’s Bible into Indonesian and this present study focuses on the translation of the metaphors in Japanese poetry into Indonesian. In particular, his article gives an explanation of how to analyze the translation shifts, and contributes to this present study in the way of giving a view about shifts in translation. Lilasari 2012, in her study discussed about the translation of live metaphors. She analyzed the meaning of the live metaphors using the theory proposed by Larson 1998, and identified the topic, image, point of similarity and non figurative meaning. The types of shifts were also discussed in her study. In comparison with Lilasari’s study, it is similar to the present study in that both studies discuss the translation shifts taking place in the translation of metaphors proposed by Catford 1974. The difference is that thispresent study uses poetry as the data source, discusses the strategy of translation proposed by Newmark 1981, and conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson 2003. She contributes to this present study by giving a brief explanation about the translation shifts taking place in the translation of metaphors. The thesis “Metapora dalam Puisi Imam Safii” written by Arianto 2013 discussed the types of metaphors found in the Imam Safii poetry, types of language forms contained in Imam Safii poetry, and the analysis of related metaphors of Imam Safii poetry with the Arabic culture. There are some similarities and differences between his study and the present study. The similarity is that both discuss the metaphor in poetry. The difference is that his study discussed the Arabic poetry and this present study discusses the Japanese poetry. His study focused on the types of metaphors proposed by Halay 1980, and types of language forms proposed by Keraf 1969, while this present study focuses on the translation stategies proposed by Newmark 1981, the translation shifts proposed by Catford 1974, the conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson 2003. He contributes to this present study by giving a brief explanation about the theory of metaphors especially the metaphors found in poetry. The studies which discuss metaphorical expressions are also written in the form of articles published in journals. One of such studies was written by Safarnejad 2013, and it was publilshed in the form of an article entitled “Rendering Happiness Metaphors: A Cognitive Analysis from Persian into English”. He discussed about the translation of emotive metaphorical expressions of happiness from Persian into English in the Persian novel. The theory metaphor identification procedures MIP proposed by the Pragglejaz group 2007 was used to identify the potential metaphorical lexical items, and used the conceptual metaphor theory CMT proposed by Lakoff and Johnson 1980 to determine the contextual meaning; he also discussed the metaphorical mapping. Compared to Safamejad’s study, this present study discusses about the translation strategy, the translation shift taking place in the translation of metaphors and the comparison of the conceptual metaphor in source language and target language. The Safarnejad’s study is very important to this study, and it also contributes to the principal concept of metaphor identification procedure and conceptual metaphor theory. The International Journal of Applied Science and Technology “Metaphor Translation Methods” written by Oliynyk 2014 deals with Peter Newmark’s theory 1988 on metaphor as a stylistic device and the way of its translation into the Ukrainian language according to a distinguished type. This journal also discussed about the classification of metaphors: dead, cliché, stock, adapted, recent, and original. The types of metaphors and the way of translating themare illustrated as follows: the dead metaphor is translated literally, the only semantic meaning is rendered. The cliché metaphor is translated by conveying a whole set of the cliché metaphors, and translator must either remove all imageries of the translated metaphors or offer less figurative metaphors. The stock metaphor is translated by picking up the equivalent metaphor with a similar image in the target language. The adapted metaphor is translated by strive to preserve the shape and content of the adapted metaphor of the SL in TL. The recent metaphor is guided by the principle of the translation of neologism. The original metaphor is translated by rendering close meaning and replacing the unknown image on the image which is familiar to the recipient. In comparing with Oliynyk’s study, this present study uses another theory proposed by Newmark 1981; there are seven strategies used to translate metaphors:1 Reproducing the same image in the target language, 2 Replacing the image in the source language with a standard target language image, 3 Translation of metaphors by similes, retaining the image, 4 Translation of metaphors or similes by similes plus sense, 5 Conversion of metaphorsinto sense, 6 Deletion, and 7 the same metaphor is combined with sense. Meanwhile, this journal contributes to this study in the way of giving the principle concept of metaphor types, and the way of translating them.

2.2 Concepts