d. Hidden Narration
The description about the characterization of a character can be seen through the opinion, thought, and idea of the other characters. As Reaske notes,
“One of the devices of characterization frequently employed is having one character in a play narrate something ab
out another character” 1966: 47.
e. Language
This is the very important aspect in analyzing the characterization of a character. The language of a character can be one way to identify the personality
of a character. Reaske explains , “In short, the way a character speaks and the
expressions he uses sh ould always be our first concern” 1966: 47-48.
Furthermore, the characterization can be observed by seeing the attitude while a character expresses the speech.
f. Character in action
As Reaske argues, “As the characters become more involved in the action
of the play we quite naturally learn more about them” 1966: 48. Moreover,
Reaske adds that the characters must have certain reasons in doing an action in a particular way on the stage.
Reaske provides several ways of
identifying the elements of characterization. They are the appearance of the character, asides and soliloquies,
dialogue between characters, hidden narration, language, and character in action. The knowledge about those elements of characterization is used to help the reader
in identifying the characterization of a character in a drama.
2. Theory of Basic Needs
Both literature and psychology are related one and another, as stated by Rene Wellek and Austin Warren,
By ‘psychology of literature’, we may mean the psychological study of the writer, as type and as individual, or the study of the creative process, or the
study of the psychological types and laws present within works of literature, or, finally, the effects of literature upon its readers audience
psychology 1956: 81.
Fur thermore, they add that “Characters in plays and novels are judged by
us to be ‘psychologically’ true” 1956: 91. In another statement, David H. Russell argues, “Both may attempt to describe human lives not only in terms of overt
action but in relation to personality” 1964: 421. Russell also notes, “The
delineation of character and the record of human behavior may be explicitly set down or it may be subtly implied in a short story, in a play, or in other literature”
1964: 421. In addition, Russell adds that the understanding of psychology is able to help us to know more about a writer and his surroundings.
Another argument by Dasmard et al., “Literature and psychology both, pay
attention to fancy, thinks, feelings sensations and soul psychical issues” 2012: 9420. According to them, “The relation between psychology and literature is a
bilateral relation. Human’s soul makes the literature and literature nourishes human’s soul” 2012: 9420.
Since literature and psychology are related, Abraham H. Maslow as the most important exponent of humanistic personality theory and also one who is
interested in studying the psychologically healthiest people shows that fundamental human needs form a hierarchy, in which higher level needs do not
become motivating or even recognizable until lower level needs have been satisfied.
Abraham H. Maslow notes, “The needs that are usually taken as the starting point for motivation theory are the so-called physiological drives
” 1954: 35. According to Maslow in Barbara Jo Krieger 1996: 288,
“basic psychological and safety needs must be satisfied before a person will attempt to
fulfill “higher” order needs such as the desire for love or self-esteem”. The most basic drives are physiological needs air, water, food, shelter, sleep, sex. After
that, comes the need for safety protection from danger and threats, then the desire for love and belongingness, and then quest for esteem. We are driven to
satisfy the lower needs, but we are drawn to meet the higher ones.
a. Physiological Needs
Maslow claims that these psychological needs are the most significant of all needs. It becomes the major motivation for a person. “A person who is lacking
food, safety, love, and esteem would most probably hunger for food more strongly than for anything else” 1954: 37. According to Maslow in Ewen 2003: 220,
“The lowest level of the hierarchy involves the psychological needs, including hu
nger, thirst, sex, oxygen, sleep, and elimination”. Maslow also explains, At once other and higher needs emerge and these, rather than
psychological hungers, dominate the organism. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new and still higher needs emerge, and so on. This is
what we mean by saying that the basic human needs are organized into a hierarchy of relative prepotency 1954: 38.
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