helpful for the reader in having the insight of her characteristics in that play. Those characteristics are important to understand in order to know how her
motive to hide Lucy’s identity.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding on the term appeared on the title, this study tries to make the same understanding about the term motive.
According to Charles G. Morris, “motive is a specific need, desire, or want
such as hunger, thirst or achievement, that energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior” 1990: 408. Holman and Harmon 1986: 314 explain that a motive is
the product of the “combination of the character’s moral value with the circumstances in which the character is placed”. From those explanations above,
the researcher can define that motive is the desire or need in a person’s mind that
can stimulate the person to have a certain action. Motive is something that ‘causes
motion’ or something that ‘causes somebody to act’.
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter consists of three parts. The first part is the review of related studies. The second is review of related theories and the third is theoretical
framework.
A. Review of Related Studies
In this part, the researcher reviews two theses from several students in Sanata Dharma University that have similar topic with this study.
The first is a thesis conducted by Yuliana Kusumaningsih in 2004, a student of English Language Education Study Program, titled “A Study on
Maggie Morans’s Motive to Reunite Jesse and Fiona as Seen in Tyler’s Breathing Lessons
”. The second, “Motives behind Character’s Decision Making in Choosing Good and Evil Deed in J.R.R Tolkien’s The Lord Of The Rings: The Fellowship
Of The Ring ” done in 2012 by a student of English Letters Study Program, Anggi
Georgie Christiansent. Kusumaningsih, in her thesis, analyzes what motivates Maggie to reunite
Jesse and Fiona. Besides, she also tries to describe the character of Maggie. Through her thesis, she explains that every single person has reasons of their
action. They always have reasons why they behave or do actions, even when they
behave extraordinarily. There are factors within them that motivate them to realize what they want. Therefore, we cannot blame someone who acts
extraordinarily without knowing his or her reasons in doing such thing 2004: 2
Moreover, she adds, “motives give a strong influence to human actions. Motives have power to encourage people to do actions in their life” 2004: 4.
The other study still deals with motive. Christiansent, tries to find out not only the character’s motives in making decision in the novel The Lord of the
Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, but also how these motives show their good and evil decisions. According to Christiansent
, “A motive is the reason why somebod
y makes a certain action” 2012: 4. In everyday life, making an action is a common thing, such as getting up
in the morning, having breakfast, and going to work. However, someone does not deal with trivial things all the time. Sometimes, a person has to
d
eal with a more serious thing that concern with other’s necessity, like whether he has to use an atomic bomb in the battle to win the war or not.
In this case, he has to make a right decision since many human lives depend on his decision. Therefore, knowin
g one’s motive is important to understand the decision one’s makes 2012: 4.
Besides those studies which discuss the same topic, there is a paper discusses on the same object with this study, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber
of Fleet Street . This paper entitled “Pretty Women: Urban Crisis and Female
Objectification in Stephen Sondheim’s Sweeney Todd” conducted by Ashley Marian Pribyl, M. Music in 2013. The paper focuses on the character of Johanna
and the three songs sung about her by the three main male leads. According to Pribyl,
Understanding the role of Johanna and the other women in Sweeney Todd became even more important for me after viewing the play and seeing and
hearing the female characters become victims of rape, incest, and murder, all as Sweeney Todd and Judge Turpin, two of the male leads, sing about
“Pretty Women” 2013: 1
Pribyl’s study deals with one of the female characters in the play, Johanna. In the analysis, it explains how women, specifically Johanna are treated badly in
that play. It also shows the perspective of female characters that has been silenced by the time of Industrial Revolution London.
Those studies are related with this study. The two of them have the same topic, while the last one has the same object with this study. The first and the
second focus on the motive. Both of them analyze the motive based on the novel, while this study tries to find out the motive based on a play. Besides, the theory of
motive which is used in the two studies is different with this study. The two studies use the theory by Worchel and Shebilske and also by Morris while this
study focuses on the motive’s theory by Abraham Maslow.
The last study uses the same object, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street but it has different focus. It focuses on Johanna as one of the female
characters in the play, while this study focuses on Mrs. Lovett.
B. Review of Related Theories
This is the second part of this chapter. This part includes two theories to answer several problems. The first theories are the theories of character and
characterization and the second is the theory of basic needs.
1. Theories of Character and Characterization
According to Abrams and Harpham, characters are, the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are
interpreted by the reader as possessing particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their
distinctive ways of saying it
– the dialog – and from what they do – the action 2009: 42.
E. M. Forster 1927 states in Abrams’s that there are two kinds of
characters. The first type is flat character also called a type, or “two
