Definition of Teacher’s Written Feedback Types of Teacher’s Written Feedback

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2. Theory of Teacher’s Written Feedback

In this part, the researcher presents the theory of teacher‟s written feedback. The theory of teacher‟s written feedback includes the definition of teacher‟s written feedback and the types of teacher‟s written feedback.

a. Definition of Teacher’s Written Feedback

Hyland and Hyland 2006, p. 206 state that teacher written feedback is designed to carry a heavy informational load, offering commentary on the form and content of a text to encourage students to develop their writing and consolidate their learning. The teachers become one of the sources of any information about writing for the students. Therefore, they have an important role to give comments on the students‟ writing. The comments are not only about the form but also the content of the text after they read the text carefully. Moreover, the comments should give contributions to the students to improve their skill. In detailed, Srichanyachon 2012, p. 8 explains that teacher ‟s written feedback can be given in the form of written commentary as response from teacher. Therefore, teacher ‟s written feedback was given to students in order to indicate problems and improve the next papers. The explanation above is very clear that giving written feedback is very important to improve the students‟ skill on writing. Teacher‟s written feedback does not only give responses to the students‟ writing but also help the students to develop their skill on writing. Lewis 2002, p. 3 explains that feedback is a method for teachers to describe their students‟ language. It also gives the teachers information about individual and collective class progress. Therefore feedback 22 can be a form of evaluation on their teaching activity. From that, the researcher knows that the use of feedback in the learning language activity is very important. The teachers respond the stu dents‟ writing in the form of meaningful comments then the students will revise their writing. The revision is a progress from the students that is also used by the teachers to evaluate their teaching.

b. Types of Teacher’s Written Feedback

In this part, the researcher shows the types of teacher‟s written feedback to the student‟s writing. According to Park 2006, pp. 3-9, there are three types of written feedback; 1 form-focused feedback, 2 content-based feedback, and 3 integrated feedback which are the most commonly used in second language writing class. In this research, the teacher used written feedback in Critical Reading and Writing II Class for the ELESP students. Leng 2013, p. 390 states that written feedback is used to teach writing skill that are able to help students improve their writing. There were 3 types of teacher‟s written feedback in order to improve students‟ skill on writing. 1 Form-focused Feedback According to Park 2006, pp. 3-5, the first type is form-focused feedback. The form-focused feedback is the written feedback provided by the teachers about the grammar correction on the students‟ writing. Grammar correction is related how to use language correctly based on grammar. Therefore, the students can compose sentences using correct grammar after obtain the form-focused feedback. 23 It can be useful for the improvement on grammatical knowledge such as identifying and correcting students‟ errors. 2 Content-based Feedback Park 2006, pp. 6-7 states that the second form of teacher ‟s written feedback is content-based feedback. It is also called as meaning-based feedback. The content-based feedback focuses on the quality of content and organizational features in the students‟ writing composition. The teachers provide overall comments on which the student‟s writing does not make sense in terms of content or give some comments on logical fallacies in writing without pointing out the specific grammatical errors. Content-based feedback also related to ideas organization. 3 Integrated Feedback The third form of teacher‟s written feedback, Park 2006, pp. 8-9 mentions integrated feedback. The integrated feedback is a kind of written feedback by combining grammar correction with content-related feedback. The teachers do not only give a correction on the grammar in order to help the students improve the accuracy of grammar in writing but they also give motivational comment s on the students‟ ideas. Thus, it makes the students become more confident in the writing. These theories about feedback in this research focus on the teacher‟s written feedback in the definition, form, and purpose in order to help the reader to 24 understand the feedback in learning. The kinds of feedback in this research can be recognized from the form, direct or indirect feedback and the types, form-focused feedback, content-based feedback or integrated feedback. It will be analyzed to find out what kind of feedback used by the ELESP teachers to interpret teacher‟s beliefs in Critical Reading and Writing II Class.

3. Theory of Teacher’s Beliefs